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Avasiloaiei DI, Calara M, Brezeanu PM, Murariu OC, Brezeanu C. On the Future Perspectives of Some Medicinal Plants within Lamiaceae Botanic Family Regarding Their Comprehensive Properties and Resistance against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050955. [PMID: 37239315 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamiaceae is one of the largest botanical families, encompassing over 6000 species that include a variety of aromatic and medicinal spices. The current study is focused on three plants within this botanical family: basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). These three species contain primary and secondary metabolites such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds, fatty acids, antioxidants, and essential oils and have traditionally been used for flavoring, food preservation, and medicinal purposes. The goal of this study is to provide an overview of the nutraceutical, therapeutic, antioxidant, and antibacterial key features of these three aromatics to explore new breeding challenges and opportunities for varietal development. In this context, a literature search has been performed to describe the phytochemical profile of both primary and secondary metabolites and their pharmacological uses, as well as to further explore accession availability in the medicine industry and also to emphasize their bioactive roles in plant ecology and biotic and abiotic stress adaptability. The aim of this review is to explore future perspectives on the development of new, highly valuable basil, summer savory, and thyme cultivars. The findings of the current review emphasize the importance of identifying the key compounds and genes involved in stress resistance that can also provide valuable insights for further improvement of these important medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Calara
- Vegetable Research and Development Station, 600388 Bacău, Romania
| | | | - Otilia Cristina Murariu
- Department of Food Technology, Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS), 700490 Iasi, Romania
| | - Creola Brezeanu
- Vegetable Research and Development Station, 600388 Bacău, Romania
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MRABTİ NN, MRABTİ HN, DOUDACH L, KHALİL Z, KACHMAR MR, MEKKAOUİ M, FAOUZİ MEA, ABDALLAH EM, ZENGİN G, BOUYAHYA A, ELHALLAOUİ M. Mineral contents, antimicrobial profile, acute and chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Moroccan Thymus vulgaris in rodents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2022. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.1106820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Moroccan flora is rich in plants used in traditional medicine, but the further scientific investigation is necessary. The aim of the research was to evaluate the nutritional content and antimicrobial activity of Moroccan Thymus vulgaris, as well as its possible acute and chronic toxicological effects on rodents. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used to determine the mineral content. The antimicrobial activity was determined using a well-diffusion test, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and a minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) assay. Acute and chronic toxicity studies were conducted in vivo on mice and rats, respectively. Following that, haematological, serum-biochemistry, and histological investigations were performed. Moroccan Thyme was shown to be a source of numerous minerals which are necessary for health promotion. All antimicrobial testing, disc diffusion, MIC, and MBC tests revealed that thyme had potent antibacterial activity against all microorganisms tested. Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible bacterium, followed by Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. Additionally, thyme exhibited great antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans. The acute toxicity results indicated that the aqueous extract of T. vulgaris is almost non-toxic when taken orally. According to the chronic toxicity study, the extract is generally safe when taken orally over an extended period of time. The biochemical and haematological characteristics of the serum and blood were within acceptable limits, and histological examination revealed no abnormalities. In conclusion, the findings of this investigation, confirm the antimicrobial efficacy of the aqueous extract of Moroccan T. vulgaris and its safety for experimental animals.
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Palmieri S, Pellegrini M, Ricci A, Compagnone D, Lo Sterzo C. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thyme, Hemp and Coriander Extracts: A Comparison Study of Maceration, Soxhlet, UAE and RSLDE Techniques. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091221. [PMID: 32887367 PMCID: PMC7555591 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate and standardized techniques for the extraction of secondary metabolites with interesting biological activity from plants are required. In this work, a comparison of different conventional and unconventional extraction techniques (maceration—M, Soxhlet—S, ultrasound assisted extraction—UAE, and rapid solid-liquid dynamic extraction—RSLDE) was investigated. Bioactive compounds were extracted from Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme), Cannabis sativa L. (industrial hemp) and Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) and chemically characterized for their volatile fraction and polyphenolic content by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV). Linalool (48.19%, RSLDE) and carvacrol (21.30%, M) for thyme, caryophyllene (54.78%, S) and humulene (14.13%, S) for hemp, and linalool (84.16%, RSLDE) for coriander seeds were the main compounds among terpenes, while thyme was the richest source of polyphenols with rosmarinic acid (51.7 mg/g dry extract-S), apigenin (7.6 mg/g dry extract-S), and luteolin (4.1 mg/g dry extract-UAE) being the most abundant. In order to shed light on their potential as natural food preservatives, the biological activity of the extracts was assessed in terms of antioxidant activity (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid—ABTS˙+, ferric reducing antioxidant power—FRAP, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl—DPPH˙ assays) and phenolic content (Folin–Ciocâlteu method). For thyme, Soxhlet extracts showed best performances in FRAP and ABTS˙+ assays (74 mg TE/g dry extract and 134 mg TE/g dry extract, respectively), while Soxhlet and RSLDE extracts recorded similar activity in DPPH˙ (107–109 mg TE/g dry extract). For hemp and coriander, indeed, RSLDE extracts accounted for higher antioxidant activity as evidenced by FRAP (80 mg TE/g dry extract and 18 mg TE/g dry extract, respectively) and ABTS˙+ (557 mg TE/g dry extract and 48 mg TE/g dry extract, respectively) assays. With respect to DPPH˙, the best results were observed for UAE extracts (45 mg TE/g dry extract and 220 mg TE/g dry extract, respectively). Our findings suggest that all the investigated techniques are valid extraction methods to retain bioactive compounds and preserve their activity for application in food and pharmaceutical formulations. Among them, the innovative RSLDE stands out for the slightly higher antioxidant performances of the extracts, coupled with the facility of use and standardization of the extraction process.
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Maoz I, Kaplunov T, Raban E, Dynkin I, Degani O, Lewinsohn E, Lichter A. Insights into the chemosensory basis of flavor in table grapes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1405-1417. [PMID: 31646647 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The full flavor of grape berries is determined by the interaction of sugars, acids, volatile compounds, and other berry properties, such as astringency. Sugars and acids are important for berry taste, whereas volatile compounds are important for the unique berry flavors, e.g., monoterpenes for the Muscat varieties. RESULTS We explored the basis for 'fruity' flavor perception in table grapes. Samples were collected from 134 new table grape lines and commercial varieties and tested chemically for their volatile profiles and organoleptically by tasting panels. At the sensory level, flavor impression was strongly correlated with berry preference, whereas among 'fruity', 'neutral', 'herbaceous,' and 'Muscat', only the 'fruity' flavor was correlated with berry preference. At the chemical level, 114 volatile compounds were detected in the 81 breeding lines and cultivars examined, and grouped into 'core' and 'unique' categories. The typical berry flavor seemed to depend on the major volatile aldehydes - 1-hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal - accounting for up to an average 85% of the berry's core volatile concentration. We found four volatile compounds - α-bergamotene, geranyl formate, aristolene and α-penansinene - previously undetected, to our knowledge, in fresh grape berries. CONCLUSIONS High 'fruity' flavor scores were related to three independent factors: (i) presence of unique volatile compounds, such as the sesquiterpene α-copaene, (ii) higher total concentration of volatile compounds, (iii) optimal maturity associated to high total soluble solids (TSS) levels, interacting with berry volatile composition. These combined sensory and analytical data on the flavor of table grapes improve our understanding of the complex interface between chemical and sensory perception in fruit. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Maoz
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Tatiana Kaplunov
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eyal Raban
- The Agricultural Extension Service of Israel, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Irina Dynkin
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Oded Degani
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Amnon Lichter
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Chang X, Sun P, Ma Y, Han D, Zhao Y, Bai Y, Zhang D, Yang L. A New Method for Determination of Thymol and Carvacrol in Thymi herba by Ultraperformance Convergence Chromatography (UPC 2). Molecules 2020; 25:E502. [PMID: 31979387 PMCID: PMC7037148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraperformance convergence chromatography is an environmentally friendly analytical technique for dramatically reducing the use of organic solvents compared to conventional chromatographic methods. In this study, a rapid and sensitive ultraperformance convergence chromatography method was firstly established for quantification of thymol and carvacrol, two positional isomers of a major bioactive in the volatile oil of Thymi herba, the dried leaves and flowers of Thymus mongolicus or Thymus przewalskii, known in China as "Dijiao." Using a TrefoilTM CEL1 column, thymol and carvacrol were separated in less than 2.5 min and resolution was enhanced. The method was validated with respect to precision, accuracy, and linearity according to the National Medical Products Administration guidelines. The optimized method exhibited good linear correlation (r = 0.9998-0.9999), excellent precision (relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 1.50%), and acceptable recoveries (87.29-102.89%). The limits of detection for thymol and carvacrol were 1.31 and 1.57 ng/L, respectively, while their corresponding limits of quantification were 2.63 and 3.14 ng/L. Finally, the quantities of the two compounds present in 16 T. mongolicus and four T. przewalskii samples were successfully evaluated by employing the developed method. It is hoped that the results of this study will serve as a guideline for the quality control of Thymi herba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Chang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (X.C.); (P.S.); (Y.M.); (D.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.)
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (X.C.); (P.S.); (Y.M.); (D.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.)
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (X.C.); (P.S.); (Y.M.); (D.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.)
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dongchen Han
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (X.C.); (P.S.); (Y.M.); (D.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.)
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (X.C.); (P.S.); (Y.M.); (D.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.)
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yue Bai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (X.C.); (P.S.); (Y.M.); (D.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.)
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (X.C.); (P.S.); (Y.M.); (D.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.)
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; (X.C.); (P.S.); (Y.M.); (D.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.B.)
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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Morshedloo MR, Mumivand H, Craker LE, Maggi F. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils in
Origanum vulgare
subsp.
gracile
at different phenological stages and plant parts. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasan Mumivand
- Department of Horticultural science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of LorestanLorestan Iran
| | - Lyle E. Craker
- Medicinal Plant Program, Stockbridge School of AgricultureUniversity of MassachusettsAmherst Massachusetts
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Botany UnitUniversity of Camerino, Sant'Agostino 1Camerino Italy
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Saija A, Speciale A, Trombetta D, Leto C, Tuttolomondo T, La Bella S, Licata M, Virga G, Bonsangue G, Gennaro MC, Napoli E, Siracusa L, Ruberto G. Phytochemical, Ecological and Antioxidant Evaluation of Wild Sicilian Thyme: Thymbra capitata
(L.) Cav
. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1641-1655. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Saija
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali; Università di Messina; Contrada Annunziata IT-98168 Messina
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali; Università di Messina; Contrada Annunziata IT-98168 Messina
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali; Università di Messina; Contrada Annunziata IT-98168 Messina
| | - Claudio Leto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (SAF); Università di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze 13 IT-90128 Palermo
| | - Teresa Tuttolomondo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (SAF); Università di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze 13 IT-90128 Palermo
| | - Salvatore La Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (SAF); Università di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze 13 IT-90128 Palermo
| | - Mario Licata
- Co.Ri.S.S.I.A. Consorzio di Ricerca per lo Sviluppo di Sistemi Innovativi Agroambientali; Via Libertà 203 IT-90100 Palermo
| | - Giuseppe Virga
- Co.Ri.S.S.I.A. Consorzio di Ricerca per lo Sviluppo di Sistemi Innovativi Agroambientali; Via Libertà 203 IT-90100 Palermo
| | - Giuseppe Bonsangue
- Co.Ri.S.S.I.A. Consorzio di Ricerca per lo Sviluppo di Sistemi Innovativi Agroambientali; Via Libertà 203 IT-90100 Palermo
| | - Maria Cristina Gennaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (SAF); Università di Palermo; Viale delle Scienze 13 IT-90128 Palermo
| | - Edoardo Napoli
- Istituto del CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare; Via Paolo Gaifami 18 IT-95126 Catania
| | - Laura Siracusa
- Istituto del CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare; Via Paolo Gaifami 18 IT-95126 Catania
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Istituto del CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare; Via Paolo Gaifami 18 IT-95126 Catania
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Llorens-Molina JA, Vacas S. Effect of drought stress on essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris L. (Chemotype 1, 8-cineole) from wild populations of Eastern Iberian Peninsula. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1211561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Llorens-Molina
- Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Vacas
- Centre for Agricultural Chemical Ecology – Mediterranean Agroforestry Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Díaz-García MC, Castellar MR, Obón JM, Obón C, Alcaraz F, Rivera D. Production of an anthocyanin-rich food colourant from Thymus moroderi and its application in foods. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1283-1293. [PMID: 25042091 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins and other polyphenols from flowers and bracts of Thymus sp. are studied. An anthocyanin-rich food colourant with interesting high antioxidant activity from Thymus moroderi has been obtained, and applied to colour foods. RESULTS Anthocyanins and other polyphenols from T. moroderi and another five Thymus sp. were extracted in methanol/hydrochloric acid 0.1 mol L(-1) (50/50, v/v) 2 h stirring at 50 °C. They were identified and quantified by HPLC-PDA-MS and UHPLC-PDA-fluorescence, as total individual polyphenols. Total polyphenols were also determined. Flowers had higher anthocyanins and other polyphenols concentrations than bracts; for example, total polyphenols content of T. moroderi were 131.58 and 61.98 g GAE kg(-1) vegetal tissue, respectively. A liquid concentrated colourant was obtained from T. moroderi using water/citric acid as solvent. It was characterised and compared with other two commercial anthocyanin-rich food colourants from red grape skin and red carrot (colour strength of 1.7 and 3.6 AU, respectively). T. moroderi colourant had 1.2 AU colour strength, and high storage stability (>97.1% remaining colour after 110 days at 4 °C). It showed a higher polyphenols content than commercial colourants. Its antioxidant activity was 0.707 mmol Trolox eq. g(-1) plant dry weight, 69.5 times higher than red carrot. The three colourants were applied to colour yogurts, giving pinky tonalities. The colour did not change evidently (ΔE*(ab) < 3) when stored under refrigeration during 1 month. CONCLUSIONS T. moroderi can be a source of anthocyanin-rich food colourant (E-163) with both high polyphenols content and high antioxidant activity. This colourant gives a stable colour to a yogurt during 1 month. These results expand the use of natural colourants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cristina Díaz-García
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica Cartagena, P° Alfonso XIII, 52, Cartagena, Spain
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Effects of Dietary Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and Fish Oil on Semen Quality of Miniature Caspian Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rainis G, Ternes W. Identification and characterization of dimeric oxidation products of p-cymene-2,3-diol isolated from Thymus vulgaris L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:235-243. [PMID: 24354309 DOI: 10.1021/jf404193y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidation products of p-cymene-2,3-diol, a major antioxidative constituent of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Although a dimeric form of p-cymene-2,3-diol and some derivative substances exhibiting valuable food technological and health-promoting properties have been reported in earlier publications, no obvious correlation has been shown between these substances. A modified HPLC-ESI-MS method made it possible to prove that two dimers, 3,4,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-5,5'-diisopropyl-2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl (1) and the newly identified 3',4'-dihydroxy-5,5'-diisopropyl-2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl-3,4-dione (2), are oxidation products of p-cymene-2,3-diol. 2 was characterized by the fragmentation pattern determined by multiple mass spectrometry, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, H-H COSY, HSQC, and HMBC. Both biphenyls were also quantitated in freeze-dried thyme as well as in a food matrix spiked with thyme extract. Model experiments using raw and cooked minced pork meat as matrix and sodium nitrite as oxidizing and reduction agent with and without ascorbic acid as protective reagent showed the correlation between food processing and dimer generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Rainis
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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Nezhadali A, Akbarpour M, Shirvan BZ, Mousavi M. Comparison of Volatile Organic Compounds ofThymus VulgarisUsing Hydrodistillation and Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Abu-Darwish MS, Alu’datt MH, Al-Tawaha AR, Ereifej K, Almajwal A, Odat N, Al Khateeb W. Seasonal variation in essential oil yield and composition fromThymus vulgarisL. during different growth stages in the south of Jordan. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26:1310-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.576344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Herraiz D, Santana O, Cabrera R, González-Coloma A, Sánchez-Vioque R, De los Mozos-Pascual M, Rodríguez-Conde MF, Laserna-Ruiz I, Usano-Alemany J. Perfil químico y biológico de aceites esenciales de plantas aromáticas de interés agro-industrial en Castilla-La Mancha (España). GRASAS Y ACEITES 2012. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.129611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Chemat S, Cherfouh R, Meklati BY, Belanteur K. Composition and microbial activity of thyme (Thymus algeriensis genuinus) essential oil. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2012.645303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Pérez-Camino MC, Gómez-Coca RB, Moreda W. Waxy fraction containing long-chain aliphatic aldehydes in virgin olive oils. Food Chem 2011; 132:1451-1456. [PMID: 29243635 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain aliphatic aldehydes are natural minor components occurring in the cuticle of numerous plant species and also evidenced in virgin olive oils. The fraction containing these compounds can be isolated from the oil samples by using a solid-phase extraction silica-gel cartridge and then directly analysed by GC on a 5% diphenyl-95% dimethylsiloxane capillary column, using an on column-injection system. The proposed methodology showed that extra virgin olive oils contain long-chain aliphatic aldehydes, with even carbon-atom numbers from C22 to C30. Quantitative results, using the synthesised aldehyde C21 as internal standard, give concentrations of total long-chain aliphatic aldehydes in a variable range below 116mgkg-1, being hexacosanal (C26-al) the most abundant aldehyde. The different experimental conditions utilised during olive oil extraction processes influence the total aldehydes concentration. Besides contribution to the knowledge of the minor-component composition present in olive oil, their interest and relationship with wax esters, aliphatic alcohols and n-alkanes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Pérez-Camino
- Food Quality and Characterization Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Padre García Tejero 4, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - R B Gómez-Coca
- Food Quality and Characterization Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Padre García Tejero 4, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - W Moreda
- Food Quality and Characterization Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Padre García Tejero 4, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Verma RS, Padalia RC, Chanotiya CS, Chauhan A. Chemical investigation of the essential oil of Thymus linearis (Benth. ex Benth) from western Himalaya, India. Nat Prod Res 2011; 24:1890-6. [PMID: 21108114 DOI: 10.1080/14786411003754322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymus linearis (Benth. ex Benth) was collected from five distinct locations of western Himalaya (India) during the summer season. The hydro-distilled essential oil (yield 0.84-0.95%) was analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 56 constituents, representing 81.55% to 98.11% of the total oil composition, were identified. Thymol (52.28-66.65%), p-cymene (1.81-21.60%) and γ-terpinene (1.94-12.48%) were the major constituents in all populations. Other constituents identified in significant amounts were carvacrol, p-cymen-8-ol, borneol, terpinen-4-ol and thymol methyl ether. The presence of high phenol and essential oil contents in this species make it a suitable substitute for common thyme oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Verma
- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - CSIR, Uttarakhand, India.
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19
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Wojtowicz E, Zawirska-Wojtasiak R, Adamiec J, Wąsowicz E, Przygoński K, Remiszewski M. Odor active compounds content in spices and their microencapsulated powders measured by SPME. J Food Sci 2010; 75:S441-5. [PMID: 21535518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within this study, main odorants of marjoram and thyme (linalool and thymol) were determined in spices and microencapsulated powders using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Analyses were conducted on selected batches of spices before and after decontamination and on microencapsulated powders prepared for technological purposes (improvement of aroma in decontaminated spices). Conditions of SPME analyses were determined for individual compounds and matrices. Determination of total and surface contents of compounds and the percentage dependencies between encapsulated and surface aroma made it possible to identify the best powders in terms of their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wojtowicz
- Dept. of Food Concentrates in Poznań, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Poland, 61-361 Poznań, ul. Starołęcka 40
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20
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Grosso C, Figueiredo AC, Burillo J, Mainar AM, Urieta JS, Barroso JG, Coelho JA, Palavra AMF. Composition and antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris volatiles: Comparison between supercritical fluid extraction and hydrodistillation. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2211-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Thymus longicaulis C. Presl subsp. longicaulis var. longicaulis. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1801-5. [PMID: 20385197 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study is designed to examine the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of the hydrodistillated essential oil and various extracts obtained from Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis var. longicaulis. GC and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil were resulted in determination 22 different compounds, representing 99.61% of total oil. gamma-terpinene, thymol and p-cymene were determined as the major compounds of the oil (27.80, 27.65 and 19.38%, respectively). Antioxidant activities of the samples were determined by four different test systems namely beta-carotene/linoleic acid, DPPH, reducing power and chelating effect. Essential oil showed the highest antioxidant activity in beta-carotene/linoleic acid system among the experiments examined. In the case of other test systems, in general, methanol and water extracts exhibited the strongest activity profiles. Especially, reducing power of water extract was found superior than those of synthetic antioxidants. As well as the antioxidant activities of the extracts, they were evaluated in terms of their total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Hexane and water extracts were found to be rich-in phenolics. However, flavonoids were determined in the highest level in methanol extract.
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22
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Nam SY, Chang MH, Do JS, Seo HJ, Oh HK. Essential Oil of Niaouli Preferentially Potentiates Antigen-Specific Cellular Immunity and Cytokine Production by Macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 30:459-74. [DOI: 10.1080/08923970802135187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Application and exploration of fast gas chromatography-surface acoustic wave sensor to the analysis of thymus species. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:117-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Castillejos L, Calsamiglia S, Martín-Tereso J, Ter Wijlen H. In vitro evaluation of effects of ten essential oils at three doses on ruminal fermentation of high concentrate feedlot-type diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis and Thymus hyemalis essential oils. Food Control 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Terpenoids and benzenoids in La Serena cheese made at different seasons of the year with a Cynara cardunculus extract as coagulant. Int Dairy J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Ložienė K, Venskutonis PR, Šipailienė A, Labokas J. Radical scavenging and antibacterial properties of the extracts from different Thymus pulegioides L. chemotypes. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Karaman S, ComlekcIog N. Essential Oil Composition of Nepeta cilicia Boiss. Apud Bentham and
Phlomis viscosa Poiret from Turke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ijb.2007.122.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Nhu-Trang TT, Casabianca H, Grenier-Loustalot MF. Deuterium/hydrogen ratio analysis of thymol, carvacrol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene in thyme, savory and oregano essential oils by gas chromatography–pyrolysis–isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1132:219-27. [PMID: 16945376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Isotope ratio mass spectrometry online coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC-Py-IRMS) on column INNOWAX is used in the origin specific analysis and the authenticity control of the phenolic essential oils (EOs). Isotopic data delta(2)H(V-SMOW) of thymol and carvacrol in natural essential oils were evidently more depleted than synthetic products (from -49 to 7 per thousand for thymol and -61 per thousand for carvacrol). delta(2)H(V-SMOW) values of p-cymene, gamma-terpinene and thymol in authentic thyme oils (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus zygis L.) were found from -300 to -270 per thousand, from -285 to -248 per thousand and from -259 to -234 per thousand, respectively. delta(2)H(V-SMOW) values of carvacrol and p-cymene in authentic oregano oils (Origanum heracleoticum L., Coridothymus capitatus L. and Origanum compactum L.) varied from -223 to -193 per thousand and from -284 to -259 per thousand, respectively. For authentic Satureja montana subsp. montana essential oils, the mean delta(2)H(V-SMOW) value for aromatic compounds were found to be the following: gamma-terpinene -273 per thousand (SD=4.6 per thousand) and p-cymene -283 per thousand (SD=3.0 per thousand), thymol -245 per thousand (SD=1.8 per thousand) and carvacrol -226 per thousand (SD=1.7 per thousand). In addition, p-cymene was previously found as a precursor of the biosynthesis of thymol and carvacrol in thyme oil, thus, we considered p-cymene as an endogenous reference compound (ERC) for D/H ratio analysis. The isotopic fractionation factors alpha(thymol/p-cymene)=1.05 and alpha(carvacrol/p-cymene)=1.08 were obtained and also used to control the authenticity of the phenolic EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran-Thi Nhu-Trang
- Service Central d'Analyse du CNRS, USR 59, Echangeur de Solaize, BP. 22, 69390 Vernaison, France
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30
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Castillejos L, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A. Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:2649-58. [PMID: 16772584 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of several essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation. In the first experiment, 4 doses (5, 50, 500, and 5,000 mg/L) of 5 essential oil compounds were evaluated using in vitro 24-h batch culture of rumen fluid with a 60:40 forage:concentrate diet (18% crude protein; 30% neutral detergent fiber). Treatments were control (CON), eugenol (EUG), guaiacol, limonene, thymol (THY), and vanillin. After 24 h, the pH was determined, and samples were collected to analyze ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The highest dose of all compounds decreased total VFA concentration and increased the final pH. Eugenol at 5 mg/L tended to reduce the proportion of acetate and the acetate to propionate ratio, at 50 and 500 mg/L tended to reduce ammonia N concentration, and at 500 mg/L reduced the proportion of propionate and branched-chain VFA concentration, without affecting total VFA concentration. All other treatments had minor effects or changes occurred only after total VFA concentration decreased. In the second experiment, 8 dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (1,320 mL) were used in 3 replicated periods (6 d of adaptation and 3 d of sampling) to study the effects of THY and EUG on rumen microbial fermentation. Fermenters were fed 95 g/d of DM of a 60:40 forage:concentrate diet (18% crude protein; 30% neutral detergent fiber). Treatments were CON, 10 mg/L of monensin (positive control), and 5, 50, or 500 mg/L of THY and EUG, and were randomly assigned to fermenters within periods. During the last 3 d of each period, samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after the morning feeding and analyzed for peptides, amino acids, and ammonia N concentrations, and total and individual VFA concentrations. Monensin changed the VFA profile as expected, but inhibited nutrient digestion. Eugenol and THY decreased total VFA concentration and changed the VFA profile, and only 5 mg/L of THY tended to reduce the proportion of acetate, increased the proportion of butyrate, and increased the large peptides N concentration without decreasing total VFA concentration. Most of these essential oil compounds demonstrated their antimicrobial activity by decreasing total VFA concentration at high doses. However, EUG in batch fermentation and 5 mg/L of THY in continuous culture modified the VFA profile without decreasing total VFA concentration, and EUG in batch fermentation decreased ammonia N concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Castillejos
- Grup de Recerca en Nutrició, Maneig i Benestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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31
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Guillén MD, Manzanos MJ. Characteristics of smoke flavourings obtained from mixtures of oak (Quercus sp.) wood and aromatic plants (Thymus vulgaris L. andSalvia lavandulifolia Vahl.). FLAVOUR FRAG J 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Díaz-Maroto MC, Díaz-Maroto Hidalgo IJ, Sánchez-Palomo E, Pérez-Coello MS. Volatile components and key odorants of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) oil extracts obtained by simultaneous distillation-extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:5385-9. [PMID: 15969523 DOI: 10.1021/jf050340+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile oil extracts of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) were obtained by simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In general, fennel oil extracted by SDE and SFE showed similar compositions, with trans-anethole, estragole, and fenchone as the main components. In contrast, thymol and p-cymene, the most abundant compounds in thyme leaves, showed big differences, with generally higher amounts of monoterpenes obtained by SDE. However, in this case, the differences between the extracts were higher. Key odorants of fennel seeds determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) showed similar patterns when applying SDE and SFE. trans-Anethole (anise, licorice), estragole (anise, licorice, sweet), fenchone (mint, camphor, warm), and 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom) were the most intense odor compounds detected in fennel extracts. Thymol and carvacrol, with oregano, thyme, and spicy notes, were identified as key compounds contributing to the aroma of thyme leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Consuelo Díaz-Maroto
- Area de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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33
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Molnár-Perl I, Füzfai Z. Chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic and capillary electrochromatographic techniques in the analysis of flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1073:201-27. [PMID: 15909523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of chromatographic methods currently in use to determine flavonoids, including free aglycones, their corresponding glycosides, one by one, and, in the presence of each other. As a basis of selection, the following approaches can be distinguished: critical evaluation of the preliminary steps (extraction/isolation and hydrolysis) as well as the separation, identification and quantitation of constituents both on the basic research level and/or subsequently to various work up procedures. Chromatographic techniques were discussed after extraction/isolation of various flavonoids from several natural matrices. Papers were classified and compared from analytical point of view, primarily on the chromatographic, secondly on the detection techniques applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Molnár-Perl
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest 112, H-1518, PO Box 32, Hungary.
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34
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Kabouche A, Kabouche Z, Bruneau C. Analysis of the essential oil ofThymus numidicus (Poiret) from Algeria. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Sotomayor JA, Martínez RM, García AJ, Jordán MJ. Thymus zygis subsp. Gracilis: watering level effect on phytomass production and essential oil quality. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:5418-24. [PMID: 15315379 DOI: 10.1021/jf0496245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (chemotype thymol) was evaluated on the basis of its phytomass production and essential oil quality. Three different watering levels were assayed to achieve 63, 44, and 30% of the local potential evapotranspiration (Eto). According to the statistical analysis, a water supplement equivalent to 44% Eto in this cultivation area was optimal for maximum plant dry matter production and essential oil yield. Capillary GC-MS analysis of the essential oil allowed the identification of 86 volatile components. Among them, 30 are described for the first time as volatile constituents of the essential oil in this thyme subspecies and chemotype. The watering level effect on essential oil composition was noticeable, because the application of a water supplement equivalent to the 63% Eto favored the production of an essential oil richer in low molecular weight components. However, the greatest thymol concentrations were obtained under the 30 and 44% Eto watering levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Sotomayor
- Murcian Institute of Investigation and Agricultural Development, C./Mayor s/n, 30150 La Alberca (Murcia), Spain
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36
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Rota C, Carramiñana JJ, Burillo J, Herrera A. In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aromatic plants against selected foodborne pathogens. J Food Prot 2004; 67:1252-6. [PMID: 15222560 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.6.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of selected essential oils for the control of growth and survival of pathogenic microorganisms of significant importance in food hygiene and to determine whether the antimicrobial effect was due to the major compounds of the oils. MIC and MBC were determined by the tube dilution method. Essential oils from Thymus vulgaris from Spain and France, Salvia sclarea, Salvia officinalis, Salvia lavandulifolia, Lavandula latifolia, Lavandula angustifolia, three hybrids of Lavandula latifolia x Lavandula angustifolia (Lavandin 'Super', Lavandin 'Abrialis', and Lavandin 'Grosso'), Rosmarinus officinalis, Hissopus officinalis, and Satureja montana were evaluated. Inhibition ranged from the strong activity of Satureja montana and Thymus vulgaris (France) to no inhibition with Salvia sclarea and Hissopus officinalis for each of the test strains: Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b, and Staphylococcus aureus. Because some of the essential oils were highly inhibitory in small quantities to selected pathogenic microorganisms, they may provide alternatives to conventional antimicrobial additives in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rota
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Unidad Higiene, Inspección, Control y Microbiología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177 Zaragoza, Spain.
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37
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Gessner R, Rösch P, Petry R, Schmitt M, Strehle MA, Kiefer W, Popp J. The application of a SERS fiber probe for the investigation of sensitive biological samples. Analyst 2004; 129:1193-9. [PMID: 15565217 DOI: 10.1039/b411690a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of an etched and silver or gold coated SERS fiber probe in combination with a commercially available laboratory micro-Raman setup or a home built mobile micro-Raman setup to perform on-site field measurements was evaluated and successfully tested on different biological samples. The SERS fiber probe allows one to perform measurements with high spatial resolution. Simultaneously, the laser power used for Raman spectroscopy on biological samples as compared with conventional Raman experiments can be reduced by more than two orders of magnitude. This experimental arrangement was tested to investigate sensitive biological samples like mint plants (Bergamot mint, spear mint) and citrus fruits (kumquat). Furthermore, traces of fungicides on wine leaves were detected by means of such a SERS fiber probe setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gessner
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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38
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Pérez-Camino MC, Moreda W, Mateos R, Cert A. Simultaneous determination of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes and waxes in olive oils. J Chromatogr A 2003; 983:283-8. [PMID: 12568392 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01608-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for the simultaneous determination of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes, and aliphatic and triterpenic waxes in virgin olive oils is described. A fraction containing these compounds was isolated from the oil using solid-phase extraction on silica-gel cartridges. The fraction was analyzed by capillary GC on 35%-dimethyl-65%-diphenylpolysiloxane phase using on-column injection. In extra virgin olive oils, the long-chain aliphatic aldehydes with even carbon atom numbers from C22 to C30 were identified by comparison of retention times and mass spectra with those of synthesized standards. The concentration of total aldehydes ranged from 20.2 to 108.0 mg/kg-n-hexacosanal being the most abundant aldehyde. The determination of aliphatic waxes was achieved with similar or better precision than that of the EU official methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Pérez-Camino
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Avda Padre Garcia Tejero, 4 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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39
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Hudaib M, Speroni E, Di Pietra AM, Cavrini V. GC/MS evaluation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) oil composition and variations during the vegetative cycle. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 29:691-700. [PMID: 12093498 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Capillary GC/MS analysis based on polar and non-polar columns has been applied to evaluation of the volatile oils hydrodistilled from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) plants. The adopted methodology has been used to monitor seasonal variations in the composition of the oil obtained from thyme herbs harvested at different periods during the plant vegetative and life cycles. Oils from thyme plants of young (2 years) and old (5 years) cultivations have been evaluated from four and two collections, respectively, effected throughout May/December growth period. Generally, the oil was found to be rich in the active monoterpene phenols (thymol and carvacrol) and their corresponding monoterpene hydrocarbon (HC) precursors (p-cymene and gamma-terpinene), which collectively showed synchronized patterns of variation during the different collection periods and in different seasons. The oil from old plant collected in May/June period (0.15% v/w) was characterized by significantly lower levels of monoterpene HCs (mainly gamma-terpinene) and the highest levels of the oxygenated monoterpenes (linalool and borneol), monoterpene phenols (mainly thymol) and their derivatives (mainly carvacrol methyl ether), sesquiterpenes (mainly beta-caryophyllene) and their oxygenated derivatives (e.g. caryophyllene oxide) in comparison with all other samples. A characteristic presence of camphor and thymodihydroquinone was also observed in the old plant oils. On the other hand, the young plant, collected in June/July just before the end of the vegetative cycle, provided the best oil yield (1.2%) with also the highest % content of the monoterpene phenols (thymol: 51.2% and carvacrol: 4%). This latter growth period can represent the best harvest time of young thyme plants in order to obtain an essential oil with better quality and quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hudaib
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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40
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Karaman S, Digrak M, Ravid U, Ilcim A. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Thymus revolutus Celak from Turkey. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2001; 76:183-186. [PMID: 11390134 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of the volatile constituent from flowering parts of Thymus revolutus C., an endemic plant of Turkey, were analysed by GC/MS. Twenty-two components were identified, and carvacrol was found as a predominant compound in the oil. Furthermore, the essential oil was tested against 11 bacteria and four fungi at different concentrations. Results showed that the oil exhibited a significant antibacterial and antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karaman
- Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department K., Maras, Turkey.
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41
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Composition of flavonoids in fresh herbs and calculation of flavonoid intake by use of herbs in traditional Danish dishes. Food Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Justesen U. Negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation low-energy collision activation mass spectrometry for the characterisation of flavonoids in extracts of fresh herbs. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:369-79. [PMID: 11192169 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoid composition of commonly eaten fresh herbs such as dill, oregano and parsley was analysed by combined LC, MS and low-energy collision induced dissociation (CID) MS-MS. Negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) MS and MS-MS were used to provide molecular mass information and product-ion spectra of the glycosyl compounds. The most prominent fragment was found to arise from the aglycone ion, which provides molecular mass information about the glycosyl substituent and the aglycone. Product-ion spectra of the aglycone verified the identity by comparison with product-ion spectra of authentic standards. Methoxylated flavonoids provide characteristic fragmentation, i.e., loss of *CH3, which add to the usefulness of the method for identifying unknown flavonoids. Negative-mode APCI-MS is thus demonstrated to be a good alternative to the commonly employed positive mode operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Justesen
- Institute of Food Research and Nutrition, Division of Nutrition, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Søborg.
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Guillén MD, Manzanos MJ. Extractable components of the aerial parts of Salvia lavandulifolia and composition of the liquid smoke flavoring obtained from them. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:3016-27. [PMID: 10552602 DOI: 10.1021/jf981260r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The fraction extractable with dichloromethane of the aerial parts of sage (Salvia lavandulifolia) and the liquid smoke obtained from this plant are studied by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. The extract of the aerial parts of the sage plant contains not only terpene, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and their oxygenated derivatives, which are interesting compounds both for their organoleptic properties and for their antioxidant activity, but also a large group of phenolic compounds with abietatriene or related structure, the mass spectra of which are given, many of them having antioxidant, antiviral, and antibacterial properties. The liquid sage smoke obtained is slightly acidic and contains common smoke components in specific proportions, and a large group of aromatic nitrogenated derivatives such as pyrazine and pyridine derivatives in small proportions, together with the main oxygenated terpene derivatives present in the plant; some of the compounds detected in this liquid smoke have not been described as smoke components before.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Guillén
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Vitoria, Spain.
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