Bone-bound enzymes for food industry application

Fibrinolytic Enzyme - An Overview

Cardiovascular diseases, like coronary heart disease or artery disorders (arteriosclerosis, including artery solidification), heart failure (myocardial infarction), arrhythmias, congestive heart condition, stroke, elevated vital signs (hypertension), rheumatic heart disorder, and other circulatory system dysfunctions are the most common causes of death worldwide. Cardiovascular disorders are treated with stenting, coronary bypass surgery grafting, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and other pharmacological and surgical procedures; however, these have limitations due to their adverse effects. Fibrinolytic agents degrade fibrin through enzymatic and biochemical processes. There are various enzymes that are currently used as a treatment for CVDs, like Streptokinase, Nattokinase, Staphylokinase, Urokinase, etc. These enzymes are derived from various sources like bacteria, fungi, algae, marine organisms, plants, snakes, and other organisms. This review deals with the fibrinolytic enzymes, their mechanisms, sources, and their therapeutic potential.

The biocompatible validity of amino acid ionic liquid mediated gold nanoparticles for enhanced activity and structural stability of papain

During the past few decades, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted a lot of attention owing to their biomedical applications, like therapeutics and drug delivery; however, the detailed biomolecular interactions and structural alteration of naturally occurring biomolecules, such as enzymes, in AuNPs remain unknown. The effects of various additives on the thermal and structural properties, and activity of proteins/enzymes have been scavenged and communicated intensively in the literature; however, the synthesis of ionic liquid (IL) mediated AuNPs solely for the purpose of enzyme activity boosting and stability modulation has not yet been reported. In the current study, we explore the role of cholinium tryptophan [CHO][Trp] and tetraethyl tryptophan [TEA][Trp]IL-mediated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the activity enhancement and structural stability of papain. Our results showed that [CHO][Trp] and [TEA][Trp]IL-mediated AuNPs efficiently increased the proteolytic activity of papain, which was increased from 100 to 206% for [CHO][Trp]IL-mediated AuNPs and enhanced from 100 to 136% in [TEA][Trp]IL-mediated AuNPs. Additionally, extended differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that these AAIL-mediated AuNPs maintained the thermal stability of papain only at lower concentration. Spectroscopic studies conclude that the tryptophan (Trp) group of papain is expanded more towards the polar environment in the presence of [CHO][Trp] as compared to [CHO][Trp]IL mediated AuNPs. The far CD spectral and deconvoluted results show that the α-helical and β-turn contents of the secondary structure of papain are preserved to a large extent; however, disruption in the β-sheet has been observed for both AAIL-mediated AuNPs. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results illustrate the distinct interactive behavior of papain for both types of AAIL-mediated AuNPs. The immobilization of papain is higher on [CHO][Trp]AuNPs compared to [TEA][Trp]AuNPs and papain surrounds [CHO][Trp]AuNPs on all sides, which is lacking in [TEA][Trp]AuNPs.

Immobilization of β-galactosidase by complexation: Effect of interaction on the properties of the enzyme

In the present work, we aimed to explore the molecular binding between alginate and β-galactosidase, as well as the effect of this interaction on the activity retention, thermal stability, and kinetic properties of the enzyme. The impact of pH and enzyme/alginate ratio on physicochemical properties (turbidity, morphology, particle size distribution, ζ-potential, FTIR, and isothermal titration calorimetry) was also evaluated. The ratio of biopolymers and pH of the system directly affected the critical pH of complex formation; however, a low alginate concentration (0.1 wt%) could achieve an electrical charge equivalence at pH 3.4 with 93.72% of yield. The binding between β-galactosidase and alginate was an equilibrium between enthalpic and entropic contributions, which promoted changes in the structure of the enzyme. Nevertheless, this conformational modification was reversible after the dissociation of the complex, which allowed the enzyme to regain its activity. These findings will likely broaden functional applications of enzyme immobilization.

Novel technologies in utilization of byproducts of animal food processing: a review

China is one of the countries with most abundant livestock and poultry resources in the world. The average annual growth rate of output value of livestock and poultry industry reaches 13%, and the output value of livestock and poultry industry accounts for more than 35% of total agricultural output. A large number of byproducts are produced in animal slaughtering and processing operations. If livestock and poultry byproducts are effectively utilized, this will make a huge contribution to GDP. At the same time, aquaculture is China's pillar industry. During fish processing, a large number of byproducts (including fish heads, fish skins, fish bones, fish scales, and viscera) are produced, which weighs approximately 40-55% of the raw fish. The byproducts of freshwater fish are more than 2.5 million tons per annum, most of which are not used. The effective use of byproducts has a direct influence on China's economic and environmental pollution. The nonuse or underutilization of byproducts not only leads to loss of potential revenue, but also results in to an increase in these products and their disposal costs. This paper makes a comprehensive review of the research progress of animal byproduct utilization to date, and aims to provide reference for the utilization and research of animal byproducts.

Genome-wide association study identifies loci and candidate genes for internal organ weights in Simmental beef cattle

Cattle internal organs as accessible raw materials have a long history of being widely used in beef processing, feed and pharmaceutical industry. These traits not only are of economic interest to breeders, but they are intrinsically linked to many valuable traits, such as growth, health, and productivity. Using the Illumina Bovine HD 770K SNP array, we performed a genome-wide association study for heart weight, liver weight, spleen weight, lung weight, and kidney weight in 1,217 Simmental cattle. In our research, 38 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ( P < 1.49 × 10−6) were identified for five internal organ weight traits. These SNPs are within or near 13 genes, and some of them have been reported previously, including NDUFAF4, LCORL, BT.94996, SLIT2, FAM184B, LAP3, BBS12, MECOM, CD300LF, HSD17B3, TLR4, MXI1, and MB21D2. In addition, we detected four haplotype blocks on BTA6 containing 18 significant SNPs associated with spleen weight. Our results offer worthy insights into understanding the genetic mechanisms of internal organs' development, with potential application in breeding programs of Simmental beef cattle.

Enzyme Immobilization: An Overview on Methods, Support Material, and Applications of Immobilized Enzymes

Immobilized enzymes can be used in a wide range of processes. In recent years, a variety of new approaches have emerged for the immobilization of enzymes that have greater efficiency and wider usage. During the course of the last two decades, this area has rapidly expanded into a multidisciplinary field. This current study is a comprehensive review of a variety of literature produced on the different enzymes that have been immobilized on various supporting materials. These immobilized enzymes have a wide range of applications. These include applications in the sugar, fish, and wine industries, where they are used for removing organic compounds from waste water. This study also reviews their use in sophisticated biosensors for metabolite control and in situ measurements of environmental pollutants. Immobilized enzymes also find significant application in drug metabolism, biodiesel and antibiotic production, bioremediation, and the food industry. The widespread usage of immobilized enzymes is largely due to the fact that they are cheaper, environment friendly, and much easier to use when compared to equivalent technologies.

The Mathematical Theory of Diffusion and Reaction in Enzymes Immoblized Artificial Membrane. The Theory of the Non-Steady State

In this paper, mathematical model pertaining to the decomposition of enzyme-substrate complex in an artificial membrane is discussed. Here the transport through liquid membrane phases is considered. The model involves the system of non-linear reaction diffusion equations. The non-linear terms in this model are related to Michaelis-Menten reaction scheme. Approximate analytical expressions for the concentrations of substrate and product have been derived by solving the system of non-linear reaction diffusion equations using new approach of homotopy perturbation method for all values of Michaelis-Menten constant, diffusion coefficient, and rate constant. Approximate flux expression for substrate and product for non-steady-state conditions are also reported. A comparison of the analytical approximation and numerical simulation is also presented. The results obtained in this work are valid for the entire solution domain.

Production, purification, immobilization, and characterization of a thermostable β-galactosidase from Aspergillus alliaceus

A fungal strain isolated from rotten banana and identified as Aspergillus alliaceus was found capable of producing thermostable extracellular β-galactosidase enzyme. Optimum cultural conditions for β-galactosidase production by A. alliaceus were as follows: pH 4.5; temperature, 30 °C; inoculum age, 25 h; and fermentation time, 144 h. Optimum temperature, time, and pH for enzyme substrate reaction were found to be 45 °C, 20 min, and 7.2, respectively, for crude and partially purified enzyme. For immobilized enzyme-substrate reaction, these three variable, temperature, time, and pH were optimized at 50 °C, 40 min, and 7.2, respectively. Glucose was found to inhibit the enzyme activity. The K(m) values of partially purified and immobilized enzymes were 170 and 210 mM, respectively. Immobilized enzyme retained 43 % of the β-galactosidase activity of partially purified enzyme. There was no significant loss of activity on storage of immobilized beads at 4 °C for 28 days. Immobilized enzyme retained 90 % of the initial activity after being used four times.

Production, recovery and purification of a recombinant β-galactosidase by expanded bed anion exchange adsorption

β-Galactosidase is a hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides into monosaccharides; its major application in the food industry is to reduce the content of lactose in lactic products. The aim of this work is to recover this enzyme from a cell lysate by adsorption onto Streamline-DEAE in an expanded bed, avoiding, as much as possible, biomass deposition onto the adsorbent matrix. So as to achieve less cell debris-matrix interaction, the adsorbent surface was covered with polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The enzyme showed to bind in the same extent to naked and covered Streamline-DEAE (65 mg β-gal/g matrix) in batch mode in the absence of any biomass. The kinetics of the adsorption process was studied and no effect of the polyvinyl pyrrolidone covering was found. The optimal conditions for the recovery were achieved by using a lysate made of 40% wet weight of cells, a polyvinyl pyrrolidone-covered matrix/lysate ratio of 10% and carrying out the adsorption process in expanded bed with recirculation over 2h in 20 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The fraction recovered after the elution contained 65% of the initial amount of enzyme with a 12.6-fold increased specific activity with respect to the lysate. The polyvinyl pyrrolidone content in the eluate was determined and found negligible. The remarkable point of this work is that it was possible to partially purify the enzyme using a feedstock containing an unusually high biomass concentration in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone onto weak anion exchangers.

Pereparation and characterization of two types of covalently immobilized amyloglucosidase

Amyloglucosidase from A. niger was covalently immobilized onto poly( GMA-co-EGDMA) by the glutaraldehyde and periodate method. The immobilization of amyloglucosidase after periodate oxidation gave a preparate with the highest specific activity reported so far on similar polymers. The obtained immobilized preparates show the same pH optimum, but a higher temperature optimum compared with the soluble enzyme. The kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of soluble starch by free and both immobilized enzymes were determined. .

Characterization of amyloglucosidase immobilized on the copolymer of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate in simulated industrial conditions

The application of amyloglucosidase immobilized on the macroporous co-polymer of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate (poly (GMA-co-EGDMA)) in an enzyme reactor was shown. The higher thermostability of immobilized glucoamylases than the soluble one was demonstrated. Immobilized amyloglucosidase obtained by the periodate method shows two times higher thermo stability than the soluble form. Glucoamylases immobilized on poly (GMA-co-EGDMA) have good mechanical and chemical features in the reactor and when applied in a continuous flow reactor for 28 days no changes are observed. In this period periodate immobilized amyloglucosidase shows no decrease in activity. It showed potential for the continuous production of glucose from starch over a prolonged period of time.