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Pramhaas V, Unterhalt H, Freund H, Rupprechter G. Polarisationsabhängige Summenfrequenzspektroskopie (SFG) zur in situ Bestimmung der Nanopartikel-Morphologie. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202300230. [PMID: 38516007 PMCID: PMC10952846 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202300230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
AbstractDie Oberflächenstruktur von Metall‐Nanopartikel auf Oxidträgern lässt sich über charakteristische Schwingungen von adsorbierten Sondenmolekülen wie CO bestimmen. Üblicherweise konzentrieren sich spektroskopische Untersuchungen auf die Peak‐Position und ‐Intensität, die mit der Bindungsgeometrie bzw. der Anzahl der Adsorptionsplätze zusammenhängen. Anhand zweier unterschiedlich präparierter Modellkatalysatoren wird gezeigt, dass die polarisationsabhängige Summenfrequenzspektroskopie (SFG) die gemittelte Oberflächenstruktur und Form von Nanopartikel beleuchten kann. SFG‐Ergebnisse für verschiedene Partikelgrößen und Morphologien werden mit direkter Realraum‐Strukturanalyse mittels TEM und STM verglichen. Die beschriebene Anwendung von SFG kann zur in situ Detektion der Partikelstruktur verwendet werden und könnte ein wertvolles Werkzeug in der operando Katalyse werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Pramhaas
- Institut für MaterialchemieTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/BC1060WienÖsterreich
- Derzeitige Adresse: ZKW LichtsystemeScheibbser Strassse 173250WieselburgÖsterreich
| | - Holger Unterhalt
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614196BerlinDeutschland
- Derzeitige Adresse: Robert Bosch GmbHTübinger Straße 12372762ReutlingenDeutschland
| | - Hans‐Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614196BerlinDeutschland
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2
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Pramhaas V, Unterhalt H, Freund H, Rupprechter G. Polarization-Dependent Sum-Frequency-Generation Spectroscopy for In Situ Tracking of Nanoparticle Morphology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300230. [PMID: 36883879 PMCID: PMC10947018 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The surface structure of oxide-supported metal nanoparticles can be determined via characteristic vibrations of adsorbed probe molecules such as CO. Usually, spectroscopic studies focus on peak position and intensity, which are related to binding geometries and number of adsorption sites, respectively. Employing two differently prepared model catalysts, it is demonstrated that polarization-dependent sum-frequency-generation (SFG) spectroscopy reveals the average surface structure and shape of the nanoparticles. SFG results for different particle sizes and morphologies are compared to direct real-space structure analysis by TEM and STM. The described feature of SFG could be used to monitor particle restructuring in situ and may be a valuable tool for operando catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Pramhaas
- Institute of Materials ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 9/BC1060ViennaAustria
- Current address: ZKW LichtsystemeScheibbser Strassse 173250WieselburgAustria
| | - Holger Unterhalt
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614196BerlinGermany
- Current address: Robert Bosch GmbHTübinger Straße 12372762ReutlingenGermany
| | - Hans‐Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-GesellschaftFaradayweg 4–614196BerlinGermany
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3
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Firsov DD, Khakhulin SA, Komkov OS. Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection Anisotropy Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Crystals and Structures: Development and Application in the Mid-Infrared. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:470-481. [PMID: 36635615 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231153421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A new method of reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) with increased mid-IR efficiency owing to the use of a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer has been developed. An optical setup was implemented using a photoelastic modulator (PEM) to modulate the direction of linear polarization of the probe beam originating from the Michelson interferometer. An original measurement algorithm was proposed to eliminate the influence of spectral inhomogeneity of the PEM efficiency on the obtained spectra using appropriate calibration. It was shown that to preserve the sign of the RAS signal, it is necessary to use a specialized procedure for phase correction of the interferogram registered by the FT-IR spectrometer. In the visible range, good agreement was confirmed between the obtained reflection anisotropy (RA) spectra of a semiconductor crystal and the results of independent measurements using a conventional diffraction-grating spectrometer-based setup. The RA spectrum of a III-V semiconductor heterostructure in the mid-infrared range (λ up to 8 µm) is demonstrated. Application of the developed FT-IR RAS method to layered black phosphorus has enabled characterization of anisotropic interband transitions in this graphene-like semiconductor crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii D Firsov
- Department of Micro- and nanoelectronics, Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Semyon A Khakhulin
- Department of Micro- and nanoelectronics, Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg S Komkov
- Department of Micro- and nanoelectronics, Saint-Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Shivhare A, Kumar A, Srivastava R. The Size‐Dependent Catalytic Performances of Supported Metal Nanoparticles and Single Atoms for the Upgrading of Biomass‐Derived 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, and Levulinic acid. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atal Shivhare
- Catalysis Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry IIT Ropar Rupnagar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Catalysis Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry IIT Ropar Rupnagar Punjab-140001 India
| | - Rajendra Srivastava
- Catalysis Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry IIT Ropar Rupnagar Punjab-140001 India
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Rupprechter G. Operando Surface Spectroscopy and Microscopy during Catalytic Reactions: From Clusters via Nanoparticles to Meso-Scale Aggregates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004289. [PMID: 33694320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Operando characterization of working catalysts, requiring per definitionem the simultaneous measurement of catalytic performance, is crucial to identify the relevant catalyst structure, composition and adsorbed species. Frequently applied operando techniques are discussed, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to these area-averaging spectroscopies, operando surface microscopy by photoemission electron microscopy delivers spatially-resolved data, directly visualizing catalyst heterogeneity. For thorough interpretation, the experimental results should be complemented by density functional theory. The operando approach enables to identify changes of cluster/nanoparticle structure and composition during ongoing catalytic reactions and reveal how molecules interact with surfaces and interfaces. The case studies cover the length-scales from clusters via nanoparticles to meso-scale aggregates, and demonstrate the benefits of specific operando methods. Restructuring, ligand/atom mobility, and surface composition alterations during the reaction may have pronounced effects on activity and selectivity. The nanoscale metal/oxide interface steers catalytic performance via a long ranging effect. Combining operando spectroscopy with switching gas feeds or concentration-modulation provides further mechanistic insights. The obtained fundamental understanding is a prerequisite for improving catalytic performance and for rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, Vienna, 1060, Austria
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6
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Carosso M, Vottero E, Morandi S, Manzoli M, Ferri D, Fovanna T, Pellegrini R, Piovano A, Groppo E. Deactivation of Industrial Pd/Al
2
O
3
Catalysts by Ethanol: A Spectroscopic Study. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Carosso
- Department of Chemistry INSTM and NIS Centre University of Torino via Quarello 15/A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Eleonora Vottero
- Department of Chemistry INSTM and NIS Centre University of Torino via Quarello 15/A 10135 Torino Italy
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) 71 avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Sara Morandi
- Department of Chemistry INSTM and NIS Centre University of Torino via Quarello 15/A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Maela Manzoli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology INSTM and NIS Centre University of Torino via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Davide Ferri
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Thibault Fovanna
- Paul Scherrer Institut Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Pellegrini
- Chimet SpA -Catalyst Division via di Pescaiola 74 I-52041 Viciomaggio Arezzo Italy
| | - Andrea Piovano
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) 71 avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry INSTM and NIS Centre University of Torino via Quarello 15/A 10135 Torino Italy
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Haunold T, Rameshan C, Bukhtiyarov AV, Rupprechter G. An ultrahigh vacuum-compatible reaction cell for model catalysis under atmospheric pressure flow conditions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:125101. [PMID: 33379966 DOI: 10.1063/5.0026171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure reactions on model catalysts are typically performed in so-called high-pressure cells, with product analysis performed by gas chromatography (GC) or mass spectrometry (MS). However, in most cases, these cells have a large volume (liters) so that the reactions on catalysts with only cm2 surface area can be carried out only in the (recirculated) batch mode to accumulate sufficient product amounts. Herein, we describe a novel small-volume (milliliters) catalytic reactor that enables kinetic studies under atmospheric pressure flow conditions. The cell is located inside an ultrahigh vacuum chamber that is deliberately limited to basic functions. Model catalyst samples are mounted inside the reactor cell, which is locked to an oven for external heating and closed by using an extendable/retractable gas dosing tube. Reactant and product analyses are performed by both micro-GC and MS. The functionality of the new design is demonstrated by catalytic ethylene (C2H4) hydrogenation on polycrystalline Pt and Pd foils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haunold
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Rameshan
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey V Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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8
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The Effect of Shape-Controlled Pt and Pd Nanoparticles on Selective Catalytic Hydrodechlorination of Trichloroethylene. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailoring the shape of nanoscale materials enables obtaining morphology-controlled surfaces exhibiting specific interactions with reactants during catalytic reactions. The specifics of nanoparticle surfaces control the catalytic performance, i.e., activity and selectivity. In this study, shape-controlled Platinum (Pt) and Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles with distinct morphology were produced, i.e., cubes and cuboctahedra for Pt and spheres and polyhedra/multiple-twins for Pd, with (100), (111 + 100), curved/stepped and (111) facets, respectively. These particles with well-tuned surfaces were subsequently deposited on a Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) support. The morphological characteristics of the particles were determined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while their adsorption properties were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of CO adsorbed at room temperature. The effect of the nanoparticle shape and surface structure on the catalytic performance in hydrodechlorination (HDCl) of trichloroethylene (TCE) was examined. The results show that nanoparticles with different surface orientations can be employed to affect selectivity, with polyhedral and multiply-twinned Pd exhibiting the best ethylene selectivity.
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9
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Hussong C, Langanke J, Leitner W. Carbon2Polymer: A CO
2
‐based Route to Polyurethanes via Oxidative Carbonylation of TDA with Methyl Formate. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hussong
- RWTH-Aachen University CAT Catalytic Center Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Jens Langanke
- RWTH-Aachen University CAT Catalytic Center Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
- Covestro Deutschland AG Catalysis and Technology Incubation Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 60 51368 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- RWTH-Aachen University CAT Catalytic Center Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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10
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Pu T, Tian H, Ford ME, Rangarajan S, Wachs IE. Overview of Selective Oxidation of Ethylene to Ethylene Oxide by Ag Catalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Attia S, Spadafora EJ, Hartmann J, Freund HJ, Schauermann S. Molecular beam/infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy apparatus for probing heterogeneously catalyzed reactions on functionalized and nanostructured model surfaces. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:053903. [PMID: 31153295 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new custom-designed ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) apparatus combining molecular beam techniques and in situ surface spectroscopy for reactivity measurements on complex nanostructured model surfaces is described. It has been specifically designed to study the mechanisms, kinetics, and dynamics of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions over well-defined model catalysts consisting of metal nanoparticles supported on thin oxide films epitaxially grown on metal single crystals. The reactivity studies can be performed in a broad pressure range starting from UHV up to the ambient pressure conditions. The UHV system includes (i) a preparation chamber providing the experimental techniques required for the preparation and structural characterization of single-crystal based model catalysts such as oxide supported metal particles or ordered oxide surfaces and (ii) the reaction chamber containing three molecular beams-two effusive and one supersonic, which are crossed at the same point on the sample surface, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy for the detection of surface-adsorbed species, and quadrupole mass spectrometry for gas phase analysis. The supersonic beam is generated in a pulsed supersonic expansion and can be modulated via a variable duty-cycle chopper. The effusive beams are produced by newly developed compact differentially pumped sources based on multichannel glass capillary arrays. Both effusive sources can be modulated by a vacuum-motor driven chopper and are capable of providing high flux and high purity beams. The apparatus contains an ambient pressure cell, which is connected to the preparation chamber via an in situ sample transfer system and provides an experimental possibility to study the reactivity of well-defined nanostructured model catalysts in a broad range of pressure conditions-up to ambient pressure-with the gas phase analysis based on gas chromatography. Additionally, a dedicated deposition chamber is connected to the preparation chamber, which is employed for the in situ functionalization of model surfaces with large organic molecules serving as promoters or modifiers of chemical reactions. We present a general overview of the apparatus as well as a description of the individual components and their interplay. The results of the test measurements involving the most important components are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Attia
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Evan J Spadafora
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jens Hartmann
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Swetlana Schauermann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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12
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Rameshan C, Li H, Anic K, Roiaz M, Pramhaas V, Rameshan R, Blume R, Hävecker M, Knudsen J, Knop-Gericke A, Rupprechter G. In situ NAP-XPS spectroscopy during methane dry reforming on ZrO 2/Pt(1 1 1) inverse model catalyst. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:264007. [PMID: 29786619 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aac6ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the need of sustainable energy sources, methane dry reforming is a useful reaction for conversion of the greenhouse gases CH4 and CO2 to synthesis gas (CO + H2). Syngas is the basis for a wide range of commodity chemicals and can be utilized for fuel production via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The current study focuses on spectroscopic investigations of the surface and reaction properties of a ZrO2/Pt inverse model catalyst, i.e. ZrO2 particles (islands) grown on a Pt(1 1 1) single crystal, with emphasis on in situ near ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) during MDR reaction. In comparison to technological systems, model catalysts facilitate characterization of the surface (oxidation) state, surface adsorbates, and the role of the metal-support interface. Using XPS and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy we demonstrated that under reducing conditions (UHV or CH4) the ZrO2 particles transformed to an ultrathin ZrO2 film that started to cover (wet) the Pt surface in an SMSI-like fashion, paralleled by a decrease in surface/interface oxygen. In contrast, (more oxidizing) dry reforming conditions with a 1:1 ratio of CH4 and CO2 were stabilizing the ZrO2 particles on the model catalyst surface (or were even reversing the strong metal support interaction (SMSI) effect), as revealed by in situ XPS. Carbon deposits resulting from CH4 dissociation were easily removed by CO2 or by switching to dry reforming conditions (673-873 K). Thus, at these temperatures the active Pt surface remained free of carbon deposits, also preserving the ZrO2/Pt interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rameshan
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Roiaz M, Pramhaas V, Li X, Rameshan C, Rupprechter G. Atmospheric pressure reaction cell for operando sum frequency generation spectroscopy of ultrahigh vacuum grown model catalysts. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:045104. [PMID: 29716385 DOI: 10.1063/1.5021641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A new custom-designed ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber coupled to a UHV and atmospheric-pressure-compatible spectroscopic and catalytic reaction cell is described, which allows us to perform IR-vis sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy during catalytic (kinetic) measurements. SFG spectroscopy is an exceptional tool to study vibrational properties of surface adsorbates under operando conditions, close to those of technical catalysis. This versatile setup allows performing surface science, SFG spectroscopy, catalysis, and electrochemical investigations on model systems, including single crystals, thin films, and deposited metal nanoparticles, under well-controlled conditions of gas composition, pressure, temperature, and potential. The UHV chamber enables us to prepare the model catalysts and to analyze their surface structure and composition by low energy electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy, respectively. Thereafter, a sample transfer mechanism moves samples under UHV to the spectroscopic cell, avoiding air exposure. In the catalytic cell, SFG spectroscopy and catalytic tests (reactant/product analysis by mass spectrometry or gas chromatography) are performed simultaneously. A dedicated sample manipulation stage allows the model catalysts to be examined from LN2 temperature to 1273 K, with gaseous reactants in a pressure range from UHV to atmospheric. For post-reaction analysis, the SFG cell is rapidly evacuated and samples are transferred back to the UHV chamber. The capabilities of this new setup are demonstrated by benchmark results of CO adsorption on Pt and Pd(111) single crystal surfaces and of CO adsorption and oxidation on a ZrO2 supported Pt nanoparticle model catalyst grown by atomic layer deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Roiaz
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Verena Pramhaas
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Christoph Rameshan
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
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14
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Kestell JD, Mudiyanselage K, Ye X, Nam CY, Stacchiola D, Sadowski J, Boscoboinik JA. Stand-alone polarization-modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy instrument optimized for the study of catalytic processes at elevated pressures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:105109. [PMID: 29092473 DOI: 10.1063/1.5007024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and construction of a compact, "user-friendly" polarization-modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) instrument at the Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN) of Brookhaven National Laboratory, which allows studying surfaces at pressures ranging from ultra-high vacuum to 100 Torr. Surface infrared spectroscopy is ideally suited for studying these processes as the vibrational frequencies of the IR chromophores are sensitive to the nature of the bonding environment on the surface. Relying on the surface selection rules, by modulating the polarization of incident light, it is possible to separate the contributions from the isotropic gas or solution phase, from the surface bound species. A spectral frequency range between 1000 cm-1 and 4000 cm-1 can be acquired. While typical spectra with a good signal to noise ratio can be obtained at elevated pressures of gases in ∼2 min at 4 cm-1 resolution, we have also acquired higher resolution spectra at 0.25 cm-1 with longer acquisition times. By way of verification, CO uptake on a heavily oxidized Ru(0001) sample was studied. As part of this test study, the presence of CO adsorbed on Ru bridge sites was confirmed, in agreement with previous ambient pressure X ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies. In terms of instrument performance, it was also determined that the gas phase contribution from CO could be completely removed even up to pressures close to 100 Torr. A second test study demonstrated the use of the technique for studying morphological properties of a spin coated polymer on a conductive surface. Note that this is a novel application of this technique. In this experiment, the polarization of incident light was modulated manually (vs. through a photoelastic modulator). It was demonstrated, in good agreement with the literature, that the polymer chains preferentially lie parallel with the surface. This PM-IRRAS system is small, modular, and easily reconfigurable. It also features a "vacuum suitcase" that allows for the integration of the PM-IRRAS system with the rest of the suite of instrumentation at our laboratory available to external users through the CFN user proposal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Kestell
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Kumudu Mudiyanselage
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Xinyi Ye
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Chang-Yong Nam
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Dario Stacchiola
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Jerzy Sadowski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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15
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Anic K, Bukhtiyarov A, Li H, Rameshan C, Rupprechter G. CO Adsorption on Reconstructed Ir(100) Surfaces from UHV to mbar Pressure: A LEED, TPD, and PM-IRAS Study. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:10838-10848. [PMID: 27257467 PMCID: PMC4885107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Clean and stable surface modifications of an iridium (100) single crystal, i.e., the (1 × 1) phase, the (5 × 1) reconstruction, and the oxygen-terminated (2 × 1)-O surface, were prepared and characterized by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and polarization modulation IRAS (PM-IRAS). The adsorption of CO in UHV and at elevated (mbar) pressure/temperature was followed both ex situ and in situ on all three surface modifications, with a focus on mbar pressures of CO. The Ir(1 × 1) surface exhibited c(4 × 2)/c(2 × 2) and c(6 × 2) CO structures under low pressure conditions, and remained stable up to 100 mbar and 700 K. For the (2 × 1)-O reconstruction CO adsorption induced a structural change from (2 × 1)-O to (1 × 1), as confirmed by LEED, TPD, and IR. For Ir (2 × 1)-O TPD indicated that CO reacted with surface oxygen forming CO2. The (5 × 1) reconstruction featured a reversible and dynamic behavior upon CO adsorption, with a local lifting of the reconstruction to (1 × 1). After CO desorption, the (5 × 1) structure was restored. All three reconstructions exhibited CO adsorption with on-top geometry, as evidenced by IR. With increasing CO exposure the resonances shifted to higher wavenumber, due to adsorbate-adsorbate and adsorbate-substrate interactions. The largest wavenumber shift (from 2057 to 2100 cm-1) was observed for Ir(5 × 1) upon CO dosing from 1 L to 100 mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kresimir Anic
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey
V. Bukhtiyarov
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Boreskov
Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave., 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Hao Li
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Rameshan
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Hartman T, Wondergem C, Kumar N, van den
Berg A, Weckhuysen BM. Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1570-84. [PMID: 27075515 PMCID: PMC4902183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Surface- and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS and TERS) techniques exhibit highly localized chemical sensitivity, making them ideal for studying chemical reactions, including processes at catalytic surfaces. Catalyst structures, adsorbates, and reaction intermediates can be observed in low quantities at hot spots where electromagnetic fields are the strongest, providing ample opportunities to elucidate reaction mechanisms. Moreover, under ideal measurement conditions, it can even be used to trigger chemical reactions. However, factors such as substrate instability and insufficient signal enhancement still limit the applicability of SERS and TERS in the field of catalysis. By the use of sophisticated colloidal synthesis methods and advanced techniques, such as shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, these challenges could be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartman
- Faculty
of Science, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina
S. Wondergem
- Faculty
of Science, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Faculty
of Science, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.
| | - Albert van den
Berg
- BIOS
Lab on a Chip Group and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Faculty
of Science, Debye Institute for
Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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17
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Krooswyk JD, Waluyo I, Trenary M. Simultaneous Monitoring of Surface and Gas Phase Species during Hydrogenation of Acetylene over Pt(111) by Polarization-Dependent Infrared Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D. Krooswyk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor
Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Iradwikanari Waluyo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor
Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Michael Trenary
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor
Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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18
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Weissenrieder J, Gustafson J, Stacchiola D. Reactivity and Mass Transfer of Low-Dimensional Catalysts. CHEM REC 2014; 14:857-68. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Gustafson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research; Lund University; 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Dario Stacchiola
- Chemistry Department; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton NY 11973 USA
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19
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Savara A, Weitz E. Elucidation of Intermediates and Mechanisms in Heterogeneous Catalysis Using Infrared Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2014; 65:249-73. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040513-103647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy has a long history as a tool for the identification of chemical compounds. More recently, various implementations of infrared spectroscopy have been successfully applied to studies of heterogeneous catalytic reactions with the objective of identifying intermediates and determining catalytic reaction mechanisms. We discuss selective applications of these techniques with a focus on several heterogeneous catalytic reactions, including hydrogenation, deNOx, water-gas shift, and reverse-water-gas shift. The utility of using isotopic substitutions and other techniques in tandem with infrared spectroscopy is discussed. We comment on the modes of implementation and the advantages and disadvantages of the various infrared techniques. We also note future trends and the role of computational calculations in such studies. The infrared techniques considered are transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, sum-frequency generation, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance, infrared emission spectroscopy, photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Savara
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
| | - Eric Weitz
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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20
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Yao Y, Goodman DW. In situ IR spectroscopic studies of Ni surface segregation induced by CO adsorption on Cu–Ni/SiO2 bimetallic catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:3823-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54997f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Kaichev VV, Prosvirin IP, Bukhtiyarov VI. XPS for in situ study of the mechanisms of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476611070134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Lokteva ES, Golubina EV, Kachevskii SA, Kharlanov AN, Erokhin AV, Lunin VV. Ultradispersed diamond as a new carbon support for hydrodechlorination catalysts. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158411010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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High-field versus high-pressure: Weakly adsorbed CO species on Pt(111). Ultramicroscopy 2009; 109:430-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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