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Peng X, Wei Z, Gerweck LE. Making radiation therapy more effective in the era of precision medicine. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2020; 3:272-283. [PMID: 35692625 PMCID: PMC8982539 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become a leading cause of death and constitutes an enormous burden worldwide. Radiation is a principle treatment modality used alone or in combination with other forms of therapy, with 50%–70% of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy at some point during their illness. It has been suggested that traditional radiotherapy (daily fractions of approximately 1.8–2 Gy over several weeks) might select for radioresistant tumor cell sub-populations, which, if not sterilized, give rise to local treatment failure and distant metastases. Thus, the challenge is to develop treatment strategies and schedules to eradicate the resistant subpopulation of tumorigenic cells rather than the predominant sensitive tumor cell population. With continued technological advances including enhanced conformal treatment technology, radiation oncologists can increasingly maximize the dose to tumors while sparing adjacent normal tissues, to limit toxicity and damage to the latter. Increased dose conformality also facilitates changes in treatment schedules, such as changes in dose per treatment fraction and number of treatment fractions, to enhance the therapeutic ratio. For example, the recently developed large dose per fraction treatment schedules (hypofractionation) have shown clinical advantage over conventional treatment schedules in some tumor types. Experimental studies suggest that following large acute doses of radiation, recurrent tumors, presumably sustained by the most resistant tumor cell populations, may in fact be equally or more radiation sensitive than the primary tumor. In this review, we summarize the related advances in radiotherapy, including the increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance, and the targeting of these mechanisms with potent small molecule inhibitors, which may selectively sensitize tumor cells to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhigong Wei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leo E Gerweck
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Feitosa IB, Mori B, Teles CBG, Costa AGD. What are the immune responses during the growth of Ehrlich's tumor in ascitic and solid form? Life Sci 2020; 264:118578. [PMID: 33058910 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, Ehrlich's tumor is used in experimental oncology to investigate the therapeutic capacity of different synthetic chemotherapeutic agents or to evaluate the antitumoral activity of different substances of natural origin. However, the understanding of immune mechanisms during Ehrlich carcinogenesis is still limited. In this review, we seek to describe the immune response during Ehrlich's tumor growth, and natural response without the influence of pharmacological administration, immunotherapies or concomitant challenges. The study followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). A systematic review was carried out that included experimental trials with mice challenged with Ehrlich's tumor. The research was carried out in three databases including MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS). The searches resulted in 913 papers being found, of which 55 articles were considered eligible, and of these 55, 29 were selected for analysis. Findings indicate that there is an increase in the expression of M2 and T Helper (TH2) macrophages and of the cytokines IL-17, IL-1B, IL-6 and PGE in the ascitic form of Ehrlich. These phenotypic expressions are also found in ascitic neoplasms in humans. Ehrlich's solid tumor was characterized by increased expression of CD4, CD8, neutrophils and TNF-a, Foxp3 + and Qa-2 +, and these characteristics are analogous to human breasts cancers. It is our understanding that further studies are needed to assess the immune mechanisms in Ehrlich's tumor, since these findings can be used to improve cancer treatments that are analogous to Ehrlich's tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Brito Feitosa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Mori
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil
| | - Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles
- Plataforma Técnica de Bioensaio de Malária e Leishmaniose, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rondônia/Centro Universitário São Lucas, Departamento de Medicina/Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Porto Velho, Rondônia State, Brazil
| | - Alysson Guimarães da Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil; Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil
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Zhou C, Rong Y, Konishi T, Xiang Z, Zihui F, Hong M. Effect of Carbon-Ion Radiation on Drug Transporters Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides in Breast Cancer Cells. Radiat Res 2017; 187:689-700. [PMID: 28388363 DOI: 10.1667/rr14603.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are a family of membrane uptake transporters that play important roles in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous compounds. OATP members, such as OATP1A2, 1B1 and 1B3, were found to transport numerous anticancer agents. For this reason, these uptake transporters have been proposed to serve as novel and potential therapeutic targets for chemotherapy. Previously published studies from our laboratory demonstrated that OATP1A2 expression was upregulated in breast cancer MCF7 cells after X-ray irradiation and the transport of its substrate methotrexate was increased. In the current study, we investigated the effect of carbon-ion radiation on MCF7 and MDA-MB231 cells. We observed significant upregulation of OATP1A2 expression in the hormone-dependent MCF7 cells, especially when irradiated with a low dose (0.5 Gy). For the hormone-independent MDA-MB231 cells, while irradiation with a higher dose exerted a greater effect, only a moderate change was observed compared to that of the MCF7 cells. Combined treatments of OATP1A2 substrates 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel and methotrexate with 0.5 Gy irradiation resulted in greater cytotoxicity toward MCF7 cells than with the treatment of antineoplastic agents and higher doses. Therefore, heavy ions, such as carbon, can affect expression of drug transporters and show promise in facilitating the delivery of antitumor drugs with greater efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- a College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Rong
- a College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teruaki Konishi
- b Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Zhaojian Xiang
- a College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zihui
- a College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Hong
- a College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Banerjee K, Basu S, Das S, Sinha A, Biswas MK, Choudhuri SK. Induction of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis through oxidative stress in drug-resistant cancer by a newly synthesized Schiff base copper chelate. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:426-46. [PMID: 26733073 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1136062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer represents a variety of strategies employed by tumor cells to evade the beneficial cytotoxic effects of structurally different anticancer drugs and thus confers impediments to the successful treatment of cancers. Efflux of drugs by MDR protein-1, functional P-glycoprotein and elevated level of reduced glutathione confer resistance to cell death or apoptosis and thus provide a possible therapeutic target for overcoming MDR in cancer. Previously, we reported that a Schiff base ligand, potassium-N-(2-hydroxy 3-methoxy-benzaldehyde)-alaninate (PHMBA) overcomes MDR in both in vivo and in vitro by targeting intrinsic apoptotic/necrotic pathway through induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study describes the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of a copper chelate of Schiff base, viz., copper (II)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde)-alaninate (CuPHMBA) and the underlying mechanism of cell death induced by CuPHMBA in vitro. CuPHMBA kills both the drug-resistant and sensitive cell types irrespective of their drug resistance phenotype. The cell death induced by CuPHMBA follows apoptotic pathway and moreover, the cell death is associated with intrinsic mitochondrial and extrinsic receptor-mediated pathways. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the process as proved by the fact that antioxidant enzyme; polyethylene glycol conjugated-catalase completely blocked CuPHMBA-induced ROS generation and abrogated cell death. To summarize, the present work provides a compelling rationale for the future clinical use of CuPHMBA, a redox active copper chelate in the treatment of cancer patients, irrespective of their drug-resistance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Banerjee
- a Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy , Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Soumya Basu
- a Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy , Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Satyajit Das
- a Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy , Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Abhinaba Sinha
- a Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy , Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Manas Kumar Biswas
- b Department of Chemistry , Ramakrishna Mission Residential College , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Soumitra Kumar Choudhuri
- a Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis and Cellular Chemotherapy , Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
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Kono Y, Utsunomiya K, Kanno S, Tanigawa N. Longitudinal Time-Dependent Effects of Irradiation on Multidrug Resistance in a Non–Small Lung Cancer Cell Line. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2706-12. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ji XN, Yang F, Sui XM, Wang FG, Ge RG, Quan XL, Zhao T, Gao BW, Wang RY. Effect of fractionated irradiation on the expression of multidrug resistance genes in the CNE1 human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:187-94. [PMID: 23128850 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) often develops drug resistance following radiotherapy. The molecular basis of radiotherapy-related multidrug resistance (MDR) remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of fractionated irradiation on the expression of the MDR-1 gene and the MDR-associated protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in CNE1 human NPC cells. CNE1 cells were treated with fractionated X-rays. Drug resistance was determined by MTT assay. The expression levels of MDR-1 and P-gp were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Differential expression was analyzed by gene chips. The results revealed that low levels of mRNA expression of MDR1 were present in non-irradiated CNE1 cells. Compared with the control, the expression of MDR1 mRNA was gradually increased following fractionated irradiation. On day 21, the expression of MDR1 mRNA was increased 1.59- and 2.19-fold, compared with the control, by treatment with 10 and 20 Gy, respectively. We observed decreased MDR1 expression following treatment with 10 and 20 Gy irradiation on days 28 and 35, compared with day 21. On days 21, 28 and 35, expression was increased 1.37-, 1.40- and 1.15-fold by treatment with 20 Gy compared with 10 Gy. Expression of MDR1 was significantly upregulated by treatment with 50 Gy irradiation compared with the control on days 78 and 106. P-gp expression was consistent with that of MDR1 mRNA expression. The sensitivity of CNE1 cells to cisplatin was reduced following irradiation compared with the control. A total of 26 genes were significantly upregulated and 8 genes were significantly downregulated compared with the control. Results of the present study have shown that MDR1 and P-gp are upregulated in CNE1 cells following irradiation. Multiple genes were involved in the mechanism of radiation-induced drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ning Ji
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian 116001, PR China
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Du YZ, Wang L, Yuan H, Hu FQ. Linoleic acid-grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelles for intracellular drug delivery and reverse drug resistance of tumor cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 48:215-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Boerma M, Schutte-Bart CI, Wedekind LE, Beekhuizen H, Wondergem J. Effects of multiple doses of ionizing radiation on cytokine expression in rat and human cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 79:889-96. [PMID: 14698957 DOI: 10.1080/09553000310001626117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of daily fractionated irradiation on the expression of growth factors and cytokines in different cardiac and vascular cell types. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell cultures of rat cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts, a rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cell line and human artery endothelial cells were irradiated with doses of 2 Gy, given daily during 5 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after each fraction, gene expression was determined by competitive or semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction. Protein secretion into culture media was determined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay. RESULTS Of all investigated mRNA levels, transforming growth factor (TGF)-ss1 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 were slightly upregulated in the rat cardiac endothelial cell line after irradiation. TGF-ss1 protein secretion by these cells was slightly, but non-significantly, elevated. Interleukin 1ss protein levels in myocyte culture media were decreased in control cultures at days 3 and 4 compared with day 2. No significant changes were observed in expression of FGF-2 in either of the four cell types. Moreover, no changes were observed in gene expression of platelet-derived growth factors A, B and interleukin 8 in the human artery endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Fractionated irradiation leads to minor changes in the expression of specific cytokines in cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boerma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Xie L, Song X, Yu J, Wei L, Song B, Wang X, Lv L. Fractionated irradiation induced radio-resistant esophageal cancer EC109 cells seem to be more sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2009; 28:68. [PMID: 19470182 PMCID: PMC2694165 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Chemo-radiotherapy, a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, is the most frequent treatment for patients with esophageal cancer. In the process of radiotherapy, the radiosensitive cancer will become a radio-resistant one. Methods In order to detect the chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity in radio-resistant cancer cells and improve the therapy efficiency, we firstly established a radio-resistant esophageal cancer cell model (referred to as EC109/R) from the human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line EC109 through fractionated irradiation using X-rays. The radio-sensitivity of EC109/R cells was measured by clonogenic assay. To detect the drug sensitivity for EC109/R compared to its parent cells, we employed MTT method to screen the effectiveness of five different drugs commonly used in clinical therapy. The ratio of apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. Results EC109/R cells were more sensitive to 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, paclitaxel and etoposide, but tolerant to cisplatin compared to its original cells. Conclusion Our study implies that fractionated irradiation induced radio-resistant esophageal cancer cell is more sensitive to certain kind of chemotherapeutic drugs. It provides evidence for choosing the sequence of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xie
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong Cancer Hospital, 440 Ji-Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250117, PR China.
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Bottke D, Koychev D, Busse A, Heufelder K, Wiegel T, Thiel E, Hinkelbein W, Keilholz U. Fractionated irradiation can induce functionally relevant multidrug resistance gene and protein expression in human tumor cell lines. Radiat Res 2008; 170:41-8. [PMID: 18582150 DOI: 10.1667/rr0986.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of radiotherapy-related multidrug resistance (MDR) is still unclear. Here we report on a study investigating the effect of fractionated irradiation on expression of the MDR-associated proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), and lung resistance-related protein (LRP), the respective mRNAs, and the functional consequences. Cells of six colon and five breast cancer cell lines were irradiated with a total dose of 27 Gy, five fractions of 1.8 Gy per week. The mRNA expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR, protein levels and drug sensitivity to cisplatin, doxorubicin and bendamustine were assessed by flow cytometry. Breast cancer cell lines showed enhancement of the mRNAs encoding for P-gp, MRP1 and LRP in comparison to nonirradiated cells. No up-regulation of the three mRNA species was observed in the colon cancer cell lines. After irradiation, three breast cancer cell lines showed an up-regulation of LRP, one line an up-regulation of MRP1, and four lines a small up-regulation of P-gp. In the colon cancer cell lines, radiation induced significant enhancement of all three proteins. In comparison to controls, the irradiated cells lines showed a significant resistance to cisplatin, doxorubicin and bendamustine. This study confirms the prior reports of enhancement of P-gp and MRP1 after irradiation, which is accompanied by a multidrug resistance phenomenon, but in addition proposes a novel mechanism in the appearance of MDR after radiation-induced enhancement of LRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bottke
- University Hospital Ulm, Department of Radiotherapy, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Callaghan R, Crowley E, Potter S, Kerr ID. P-glycoprotein: so many ways to turn it on. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 48:365-78. [PMID: 18156365 DOI: 10.1177/0091270007311568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp or ABCB1) is associated with resistance to chemotherapy in cancer. However, early investigations into the regulation of ABCB1 expression revealed that the process is not a classical induction as observed for certain metabolizing enzymes. The process involves the cellular stress response pathway initiated by either inflicted (e.g., chemotherapy damage) or endogenous (e.g., hypoxia) factors. However, ABCB1 is also expressed in a number of noncancerous tissues. In particular, the protein is found at tissues providing a barrier or secretory function. The localization of ABCB1 in normal tissues will impact significantly on drug pharmacokinetics, in particular the absorption and elimination processes. This review also describes the mechanism underlying ABCB1 expression in noncancerous tissue, a process that does not involve the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Callaghan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Ryu JS, Um JH, Kang CD, Bae JH, Kim DU, Lee YJ, Kim DW, Chung BS, Kim SH. Fractionated irradiation leads to restoration of drug sensitivity in MDR cells that correlates with down-regulation of P-gp and DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. Radiat Res 2005; 162:527-35. [PMID: 15624307 DOI: 10.1667/rr3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We showed that the drug sensitivity of multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells could be enhanced by fractionated irradiation. The molecular changes associated with fractionated radiation-induced chemosensitization were characterized. Irradiated cells of the multidrug-resistant CEM/MDR sublines (CEM/MDR/IR1, 2 and 3) showed a loss of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and concurrent reduction of Ku DNA binding and DNA-PK activities with decreased level of Ku70/80 and increased level of DNA-PKcs, and these changes were followed by an increased susceptibility to anticancer drugs. These irradiated MDR cells also exhibited the reduction of other chemoresistance-related proteins, including BCL2, NF-kappaB, EGFR, MDM2 and Ku70/80, and the suppression of HIF-1alpha expression induced by hypoxia. In contrast, fractionated irradiation increased the levels of these proteins and induced drug resistance in the parental drug-sensitive CEM cells. These results suggest that the chemoresistance-related proteins are differentially modulated in drug-sensitive and MDR cells by fractionated irradiation, and the optimized treatment with fractionated radiation could lead to new chemoradiotherapeutic strategies to treat multidrug-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan 602-739, South Korea
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Granzotto M, Drigo I, Candussio L, Rosati A, Bartoli F, Giraldi T, Decorti G. Rifampicin and verapamil induce the expression of P-glycoprotein in vivo in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2004; 205:107-15. [PMID: 15036667 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of an in vivo treatment with two commonly employed drugs that are P-glycoprotein substrates, verapamil and rifampicin, on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, was evaluated. Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells were inoculated i.p. in CD-1 mice and animals were orally treated for 10 days with rifampicin (60 mg/kg/day) or verapamil (6 mg/kg/day). In the harvested cells the transcripts for mdr1a and mrp1, but not those for mdr1b, mrp2 and CYP3A, were detected, and treatment with verapamil or rifampicin did not modify the levels of the transcripts. On the contrary, an increased expression of P-glycoprotein was observed at the protein level with Western blot. The intracellular uptake of doxorubicin, a P-glycoprotein and MRP substrate, was significantly lower in cells obtained from treated animals in comparison with cells obtained from controls; in addition, the uptake was increased by a pretreatment with verapamil. The survival time of control animals implanted with untreated cells was similar to that of animals inoculated with cells obtained from rifampicin treated animals, however, the antineoplastic effect of doxorubicin was significanly higher in control animals. A treatment with rifampicin or verapamil in Ehrlich ascites tumor confers resistance to the antineoplastic drug doxorubicin, probably through an increased expression of P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Granzotto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 7, Trieste I-34127, Italy
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Veldman RJ, Mita A, Cuvillier O, Garcia V, Klappe K, Medin JA, Campbell JD, Carpentier S, Kok JW, Levade T. The absence of functional glucosylceramide synthase does not sensitize melanoma cells for anticancer drugs. FASEB J 2003; 17:1144-6. [PMID: 12692077 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1053fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of ceramide, a putative mediator of anticancer drug-induced apoptosis, into glucosylceramide, by the action of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), has been implicated in drug resistance. Herein, we compared GM95 mouse melanoma cells deficient in GCS activity, with cells stably transfected with a vector encoding GCS (GM95/GCS). Enzymatic and metabolic analysis demonstrated that GM95/GCS cells expressed a fully functional enzyme, resulting in normal ceramide glycosylation. However, cytotoxicity assays, as well as caspase activation and cytochrome c release studies, did not reveal any difference between the two cell lines with respect to their sensitivity toward doxorubicin, vinblastine, paclitaxel, cytosine arabinoside, or short-chain ceramide analogs. Administration of doxorubicin resulted in ceramide accumulation in both cell lines, with similar kinetics and amplitude. Although glucosylceramide formation was detected in doxorubicin-treated GM95/GCS cells, metabolism of drug-induced ceramide did not appear to be instrumental in cell survival. Furthermore, N-(n-butyl)deoxynojirimycin, a potent and non-toxic GCS inhibitor, had no chemosensitizing effect on wild-type melanoma cells. Altogether, both genetic and pharmacological alterations of the cellular ceramide glycosylation capacity failed to sensitize melanoma cells to anticancer drugs, therefore moderating the importance of ceramide glucosylation in drug-resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jan Veldman
- INSERM U.466, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut Louis Bugnard, CHU Rangueil, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Henness S, Davey MW, Harvie RM, Davey RA. Fractionated irradiation of H69 small-cell lung cancer cells causes stable radiation and drug resistance with increased MRP1, MRP2, and topoisomerase IIalpha expression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 54:895-902. [PMID: 12377343 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(02)03037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE After standard treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) often develops resistance to both treatments. Our aims were to establish if fractionated radiation treatment alone would induce radiation and drug resistance in the H69 SCLC cell line, and to determine the mechanisms of resistance. METHODS AND MATERIALS H69 SCLC cells were treated with fractionated X-rays to an accumulated dose of 37.5 Gy over 8 months to produce the H69/R38 subline. Drug and radiation resistance was determined using the MTT (3,-4,5 dimethylthiazol-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS The H69/R38 subline was resistant to radiation (2.0 +/- 0.2-fold, p < 0.0001), cisplatin (14 +/- 7-fold, p < 0.001), daunorubicin (6 +/- 3-fold, p < 0.05), and navelbine (1.7 +/- 0.15-fold, p < 0.02). This was associated with increased expression of the multidrug resistance-associated proteins, MRP1 and MRP2, and topoisomerase IIalpha and decreased expression of glutathione-S-transferase pi (GSTpi) and bcl-2 and decreased cisplatin accumulation. Treatment with 4 Gy of X-rays produced a 66% decrease in MRP2 in the H69 cells with no change in the H69/R38 cells. This treatment also caused a 5-fold increase in topoisomerase IIalpha in the H69/R38 cells compared with a 1.5-fold increase in the H69 cells. CONCLUSIONS Fractionated radiation alone can lead to the development of stable radiation and drug resistance and an altered response to radiation in SCLC cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/radiotherapy
- Cell Survival
- Cisplatin/pharmacokinetics
- Coloring Agents
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- Dose Fractionation, Radiation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/radiation effects
- Gene Expression
- Glutathione/analysis
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Radiation Tolerance/genetics
- Radiation Tolerance/radiation effects
- Tetrazolium Salts
- Thiazoles
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan Henness
- Bill Walsh Cancer Research Laboratories, Medical Oncology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Australia
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