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Chua M, Rothkamm K. Biomarkers of Radiation Exposure: Can They Predict Normal Tissue Radiosensitivity? Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2013; 25:610-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chua MLK, Somaiah N, Bourne S, Daley F, A'hern R, Nuta O, Davies S, Herskind C, Pearson A, Warrington J, Helyer S, Owen R, Yarnold J, Rothkamm K. Inter-individual and inter-cell type variation in residual DNA damage after in vivo irradiation of human skin. Radiother Oncol 2011; 99:225-30. [PMID: 21620495 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare inter-individual and inter-cell type variation in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair following in vivo irradiation of human skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Duplicate 4mm core biopsies of irradiated and unirradiated skin were collected from 35 patients 24h after 4Gy exposure using 6MeV electrons. Residual DSB were quantified by scoring 53BP1 foci in dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cells, superficial keratinocytes and basal epidermal cells. RESULTS Coefficients of inter-individual variation for levels of residual foci 24h after in vivo irradiation of skin were 39.9% in dermal fibroblasts, 44.3% in endothelial cells, 32.9% in superficial keratinocytes and 46.4% in basal epidermal cells (p<0.001, ANOVA). In contrast, the coefficient of inter-cell type variation for residual foci levels was only 11.3% in human skin between the different epidermal and dermal cells (p=0.034, ANOVA). Foci levels between the different skin cell types were correlated (Pearson's R=0.855-0.955, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patient-specific factors appear to be more important than cell type-specific factors in determining residual foci levels following in vivo irradiation of human skin.
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Słonina D, Biesaga B, Urbański K, Kojs Z. Comparison of chromosomal radiosensitivity of normal cells with and without HRS-like response and normal tissue reactions in patients with cervix cancer. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:421-8. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000802029910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Isoir M, Buard V, Gasser P, Voisin P, Lati E, Benderitter M. Human keratinocyte radiosensitivity is linked to redox modulation. J Dermatol Sci 2005; 41:55-65. [PMID: 16361084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionising radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction induces keratinocyte alterations and constitutes one of the most common effects after therapeutic gamma-irradiation. ROS production is controlled by a complex enzymatic system. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study is to analyse the role of radiation-induced oxidative stress in keratinocytes death by apoptosis. We hypothesized that keratinocyte capacity to hamper radiation-induced ROS generation may control their radiosensitivity. METHODS For this purpose, an original human skin explant model was developed and two types of human epidermal cells were used: primary keratinocytes NHEK and spontaneous non-tumourigenic cell line HaCaT. RESULTS cDNA-arrays analysis was performed 24h after a 20Gy gamma-radiation and revealed down-regulation of genes involved in oxidative stress control and the apoptosis process. This was confirmed by alterations in catalase, GPx and SOD enzymatic activities. This redox modulation was concomitant to the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes and up-regulation of some pro-apoptotic genes (caspase 10, ubiquitin C). Interestingly TUNEL labelling revealed an increase in the number of apoptotic cells. We also demonstrated a differential inducibility of the cell antioxidant network in two keratinocyte lines, which results in a differential cellular level of ROS, explaining their different radiosensitivities. CONCLUSION Keratinocytes apoptosis is partly dependent on ROS production after exposure to gamma-rays. In addition, the differential radiosensitivity of keratinocytes is linked to different oxidative stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Isoir
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN, Service de Radiobiologie d'Epidémiologie, Direction de la Radioprotection de l'Homme, Laboratoire de RadioPathologie, IRSN, B.P. no. 17, F-92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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Franco N, Lamartine J, Frouin V, Le Minter P, Petat C, Leplat JJ, Libert F, Gidrol X, Martin MT. Low-Dose Exposure to γ Rays Induces Specific Gene Regulations in Normal Human Keratinocytes. Radiat Res 2005; 163:623-35. [PMID: 15913394 DOI: 10.1667/rr3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the organ most exposed to various environmental aggressors, including ionizing radiation. Low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures to gamma rays account for most occupational, medical or environmental irradiations. To examine whether this type of exposure triggers specific molecular responses, cultured primary keratinocytes isolated from adult normal skin were irradiated with single acute doses of 1 cGy or 2 Gy. DNA microarrays containing 10,500 probes were used to assess transcriptional changes over a time course between 3 and 72 h postirradiation. Keratinocytes were studied at a differentiated stage to mimic the response of cells from the suprabasal layers of the epidermis. A major finding of this study was the identification of an important number of low-dose-specific genes (140), most of which were modulated at 48 h. Clustering analysis also revealed low-dose-specific profiles. One of these clusters (17 known genes) was further analyzed using Gibbs sampling algorithm, which led to the identification of 7 putative promoter sequences. These results show for the first time that low-dose ionizing radiation is able to induce specific transcriptional responses in human keratinocytes. Our findings support the potential usefulness of microarrays in biological dosimetry studies after low-dose exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreli Franco
- Service de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CEA, 91057, Evry, France
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Bourguignon MH, Gisone PA, Perez MR, Michelin S, Dubner D, Giorgio MD, Carosella ED. Genetic and epigenetic features in radiation sensitivity. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 32:351-68. [PMID: 15692806 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-004-1731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress especially in the field of gene identification and expression has attracted greater attention to the genetic and epigenetic susceptibility to cancer, possibly enhanced by ionising radiation. This issue is especially important for radiation therapists since hypersensitive patients may suffer from adverse effects in normal tissues following standard radiation therapy, while normally sensitive patients could receive higher doses of radiation, offering a better likelihood of cure for malignant tumours. Although only a small percentage of individuals are "hypersensitive" to radiation effects, all medical specialists using ionising radiation should be aware of the aforementioned progress in medical knowledge. The present paper, the second of two parts, reviews human disorders known or strongly suspected to be associated with hypersensitivity to ionising radiation. The main tests capable of detecting such pathologies in advance are analysed, and ethical issues regarding genetic testing are considered. The implications for radiation protection of possible hypersensitivity to radiation in a part of the population are discussed, and some guidelines for nuclear medicine professionals are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel H Bourguignon
- Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nucléaire et de la Radioprotection, 6 Place du Colonel Bourgoin, 75572, Paris Cedex 12, France.
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Popanda O, Ebbeler R, Twardella D, Helmbold I, Gotzes F, Schmezer P, Thielmann HW, von Fournier D, Haase W, Sautter-Bihl ML, Wenz F, Bartsch H, Chang-Claude J. Radiation-induced DNA damage and repair in lymphocytes from breast cancer patients and their correlation with acute skin reactions to radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 55:1216-25. [PMID: 12654430 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(02)04415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Repair of radiation-induced DNA damage plays a critical role for both the susceptibility of patients to side effects after radiotherapy and their subsequent cancer risk. The study objective was to evaluate whether DNA repair data determined in vitro are correlated with the occurrence of acute side effects during radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Breast cancer patients receiving radiation therapy after a breast-conserving surgery were recruited in a prospective epidemiologic study. As an indicator for clinical radiosensitivity, adverse reactions of the skin were recorded. Cryo-preserved lymphocytes from 113 study participants were gamma-irradiated with 5 Gy in vitro and analyzed using the alkaline comet assay. Reproducibility of the assay was determined by repeated analysis (n = 26) of cells from a healthy donor. A coefficient of variation of 0.3 was calculated. RESULTS The various parameters determined to characterize the individual DNA repair capacity showed large differences between patients. Eleven patients were identified with considerably enhanced DNA damage induction, and 7 patients exhibited severely reduced DNA repair capacity after 15 and 30 min. Six patients were considered as clinically radiosensitive, indicated by moist desquamation of the skin after a total radiation dose of about 50 Gy. CONCLUSIONS Using the alkaline comet assay as described here, breast cancer patients were identified showing abnormal cellular radiation effects, but this repair deficiency corresponded only at a very limited extent to the acute radiation sensitivity of the skin. Because impaired DNA repair could be involved in the development of late irradiation effects, individuals exhibiting severely reduced DNA repair capacity should be followed for the development of late clinical symptoms.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/surgery
- Cohort Studies
- Comet Assay
- DNA/radiation effects
- DNA Damage
- DNA Repair/radiation effects
- Dose Fractionation, Radiation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Female
- Gamma Rays/adverse effects
- Germany/epidemiology
- Humans
- Lymphocytes/chemistry
- Lymphocytes/radiation effects
- Mastectomy, Segmental
- Middle Aged
- Prospective Studies
- Radiation Tolerance
- Radiodermatitis/etiology
- Radiodermatitis/genetics
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant/adverse effects
- Radiotherapy, High-Energy/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilia Popanda
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Twardella D, Chang-Claude J. Studies on radiosensitivity from an epidemiological point of view - overview of methods and results. Radiother Oncol 2002; 62:249-60. [PMID: 12175555 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(01)00491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The establishment of a predictive in vitro assay for radiosensitivity has been a goal in radiotherapy research. To date, no single assay has proven to be effective for this purpose. A review of the epidemiologic methods used in the studies has been undertaken to evaluate limitations associated with specific design options and to develop recommendations for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS We focused on studies attempting to establish the usefulness of an assay in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy using skin reactions as indicators for radiosensitivity. The 25 published studies included were evaluated with respect to criteria for good epidemiological studies: (a) study design, (b) study population, (c) assessment of radiation reaction, and (d) treatment of confounding factors. RESULTS Limitations in study design were often found among the studies reviewed. Possible sources of bias are, among others, misclassification due to non-standardized assessment of side effects, selection bias due to drawing convenience patient groups instead of representative patient groups, and confounding due to analysis not adjusted for important factors influencing the severity of side effects. CONCLUSIONS Further studies should make use of good epidemiological practice so that valid conclusions can be drawn with respect to the usefulness of an in vitro assay to distinguish between patients with different degrees of radiosensitivity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Twardella
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Hill RP, Rodemann HP, Hendry JH, Roberts SA, Anscher MS. Normal tissue radiobiology: from the laboratory to the clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 49:353-65. [PMID: 11173128 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)01484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is in four parts, presenting the four talks given in a symposium on normal tissue radiobiology. The first part addresses the general concept of the role of parenchymal cell radiosensitivity vs. other factors, highlighting research over the last decade that has altered our understanding of factors underlying normal tissue response. The other three parts expand on specific themes raised in the first part dealing in particular with (1) modifications of fibroblast response to irradiation in relation to the induction of tissue fibrosis, (2) the use of the linear-quadratic equation to model the potential benefits of using different means (both physical and biologic) of modifying normal tissue response, and (3) the specific role of the growth factor TFG-beta1 in normal tissue response to irradiation. The symposium highlights the complexities of the radiobiology of late normal tissue responses, yet provides evidence and ideas about how the clinical problem of such responses may be modified or alleviated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Hill
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Martin M, Delanian S, Sivan V, Vozenin-Brotons MC, Reisdorf P, Lawrence D, Lefaix JL. [Radiation-induced superficial fibrosis and TGF-alpha 1]. Cancer Radiother 2000; 4:369-84. [PMID: 11098224 DOI: 10.1016/s1278-3218(00)00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced fibrosis is a late sequela of both therapeutic and accidental irradiations, which has been described in various tissues, including the lung, liver, kidney and skin. This review presents different aspects of superficial radiation-induced fibrosis, such as clinical observations, histological changes, cellular and molecular regulations, and medical management. Recent evidence on the critical role played by TGF-beta 1 in the initiation, development and persistence of fibrosis are discussed, as well as the possibility that this cytokine may constitute a specific target for antifibrotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martin
- Laboratoire de radiobiologie et d'étude du génome, DRR, DSV, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Kiltie AE, Ryan AJ, Swindell R, Barber JB, West CM, Magee B, Hendry JH. A correlation between residual radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in cultured fibroblasts and late radiotherapy reactions in breast cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 1999; 51:55-65. [PMID: 10386717 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(99)00030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prediction of late normal tissue reactions to radiotherapy would permit tailoring of dosage to each patient. Measurement of residual DNA double strand breaks using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) shows promise in this field. The aim of this study was to test the predictive potential of PFGE in a group of retrospectively studied breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty nine patients, treated uniformly for breast cancer 9-15 years previously, with excision of the tumour and radiotherapy to the breast and drainage areas, were assessed clinically using the LENT SOMA scale, and a 5-mm punch biopsy taken from the buttock. Fibroblast cell strains were established and used to study residual DNA double strand breaks, using PFGE. RESULTS There were significant correlations between the DNA assay results and the fibrosis score (r(s) = 0.46; P = 0.003), the combined fibrosis and retraction score (r(s) = 0.45, P = 0.004) and the overall LENT score (r(s) = 0.43; P = 0.006). Using polychotomous logistic regression, the fibroblast DNA assay result was an independent prognostic factor for fibrosis severity. CONCLUSIONS There is a relationship between residual radiation-induced DNA damage in fibroblasts and the severity of the late normal tissue damage seen in the patients from whom the cells were cultured.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kiltie
- CRC Section of Genome Damage and Repair, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
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