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Röcker D, Dietmann K, Nägler L, Su X, Fraga-García P, Schwaminger SP, Berensmeier S. Design and characterization of an electrochemically-modulated membrane chromatography device. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464733. [PMID: 38364620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Membrane separations offer a compelling alternative to traditional chromatographic methods by overcoming mass transport limitations. We introduce an additional degree of freedom in modulating membrane chromatography by using metalized membranes in a potential-driven process. Investigating the impact of a gold coating on membrane characteristics, the sputtered gold layer enhances the surface conductivity with stable electrochemical behavior. However, this comes at the expense of reduced permeability, wettability, and static binding capacity (∼ 474 µg g-1 of maleic acid). The designed device displayed a homogenous flow distribution, and the membrane electrodes exhibit predominantly capacitive behavior during potential application. Modulating the electrical potential during the adsorption and desorption phase strongly influenced the binding and elution behavior of anion-exchange membranes. Switching potentials between ±1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl induces desorption, confirming the process principle. Elution efficiency reaches up to 58 % at -1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl in the desorption phase without any alteration of the mobile phase. Increasing the potential perturbation ranging from +1.0 V to -1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl resulted in reduced peak width and improved elution behavior, demonstrating the feasibility of electrochemically-modulated membrane chromatography. The developed process has great potential as a gentle and sustainable separation step in the biotechnological and chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Röcker
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching 85748, Germany; Munich Institute for Integrated Materials, Energy and Process Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Katharina Dietmann
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Larissa Nägler
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Paula Fraga-García
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Sebastian P Schwaminger
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Sonja Berensmeier
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching 85748, Germany; Munich Institute for Integrated Materials, Energy and Process Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching 85748, Germany.
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Mushtaq A, Cho H, Batool A, Fazal MT, Aslam M, Rehman MSU, Lam JCH, Han JI. Optimizing electroactive membrane performance for microalgae harvesting: A response surface methodology study of membrane formulation and operating parameters for electro filtration. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140967. [PMID: 38122939 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Developing electroactive membranes for filtration has gained importance owing to their effectiveness in mitigating the long-lasting issue of fouling faced with traditional membranes. Here, we developed thin electroactive metallic films on to stainless steel mesh (SSM) using electrodeposition method and evaluated their performance for microalgae harvesting via electro filtration. The effect of electrodeposition parameters on membrane formulation and operating parameters for electro filtration, both in continuous and intermittent modes, were evaluated and optimum values were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal combination of electrodeposition parameters is 1000 μA/cm2 and 5 min for deposition current density and time, respectively. Whereas the electric field strength of 20 V/mm with an application time of 1 min is suggested to be the optimal combination of electro filtration parameters for maximized flux recovery and corresponding experimental rejection efficiency of more than 90%. Overall, this research contributes to a better understanding of the parameters governing electro-filtration and offers insights for improving the performance of membrane-based microalgae harvesting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Mushtaq
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong; Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Hoon Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Asma Batool
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Tahir Fazal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Jason Chun-Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Mushtaq A, Cho H, Ryu H, Ahmed MA, Saif Ur Rehman M, Han JI. Novel metallic stainless-steel mesh-supported conductive membrane and its performance in the electro-filtration process. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136160. [PMID: 36030940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the fabrication of a thoroughly metallic electro-conductive membrane by using simple filtration to uniformly coat AgNWs dispersion through stainless steel (SUS)-mesh, which functions both as filter and a flexible conductive substrate. The as-prepared AgNWs networks layer on the SUS-mesh was further strengthened by electroplating Ag layers (P-SUS membrane); exhibiting an overall electrical conductivity of 9.2 × 104 S/m, which is up to 42 times greater than the conductivity of pristine SUS-mesh. The P-SUS membrane exhibited adequate physical durability against chemical and mechanical stresses under prolonged filtration, and high pure water flux of 534 ± 54 LMH/bar. This electro-membrane displayed the anticipated flux recovery in harvesting microalgae (Chlorella sp. HS-2) when filtration was done with the membrane used as a cathode: micro-sized bubbles, generated from the cathodic membrane, functioned to detach the foulants and recover the relative flux to a significant level. The P-SUS membrane indeed possesses necessary traits that the polymer-support membrane lacks, in terms of not only electrical conductivity and mechanical strength but also filtration performance with anti-fouling capability, all of which are of necessity to be considered workable electroconductive membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Mushtaq
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Hoon Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ajaz Ahmed
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 232-916, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Halali MA, de Lannoy CF. Methods for stability assessment of electrically conductive membranes. MethodsX 2022; 9:101627. [PMID: 35198417 PMCID: PMC8844790 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Amin Halali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Halali MA, Larocque M, de Lannoy CF. Investigating the stability of electrically conductive membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bergsman DS, Getachew BA, Cooper CB, Grossman JC. Preserving nanoscale features in polymers during laser induced graphene formation using sequential infiltration synthesis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3636. [PMID: 32686666 PMCID: PMC7371709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct lasing of polymeric membranes to form laser induced graphene (LIG) offers a scalable and potentially cheaper alternative for the fabrication of electrically conductive membranes. However, the high temperatures induced during lasing can deform the substrate polymer, altering existing micro- and nanosized features that are crucial for a membrane's performance. Here, we demonstrate how sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) of alumina, a simple solvent-free process, stabilizes polyethersulfone (PES) membranes against deformation above the polymers' glass transition temperature, enabling the formation of LIG without any changes to the membrane's underlying pore structure. These membranes are shown to have comparable sheet resistance to carbon-nanotube-composite membranes. They are electrochemically stable and maintain their permeability after lasing, demonstrating their competitive performance as electrically conductive membranes. These results demonstrate the immense versatility of SIS for modifying materials when combined with laser induced graphitization for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Bergsman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bezawit A Getachew
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher B Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Pan M, Wang J, Gao G, Chew JW. Incorporation of single cobalt active sites onto N-doped graphene for superior conductive membranes in electrochemical filtration. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Zhang Y, Yu W, Li R, Xu Y, Shen L, Lin H, Liao BQ, Wu G. Novel conductive membranes breaking through the selectivity-permeability trade-off for Congo red removal. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Halali MA, de Lannoy CF. The Effect of Cross-Linkers on the Permeability of Electrically Conductive Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Amin Halali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Li X, Liu L, Yang F. CFC/PVDF/GO-Fe3+ membrane electrode and flow-through system improved E-Fenton performance with a low dosage of aqueous iron. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hashaikeh R, Lalia BS, Kochkodan V, Hilal N. A novel in situ membrane cleaning method using periodic electrolysis. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dudchenko AV, Rolf J, Russell K, Duan W, Jassby D. Organic fouling inhibition on electrically conducting carbon nanotube–polyvinyl alcohol composite ultrafiltration membranes. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bashir T, Naeem J, Skrifvars M, Persson NK. Synthesis of electro-active membranes by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Bashir
- The Swedish School of Textiles; University of Borås; SE-50190 Sweden
| | - Jawad Naeem
- Swedish Center of Resource Recovery (SCRR); University of Borås; SE-50190 Borås Sweden
| | - Mikael Skrifvars
- The Swedish School of Textiles; University of Borås; SE-50190 Sweden
| | - Nils-Krister Persson
- Swedish Center of Resource Recovery (SCRR); University of Borås; SE-50190 Borås Sweden
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Ferraz N, Mihranyan A. Is there a future for electrochemically assisted hemodialysis? Focus on the application of polypyrrole–nanocellulose composites. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1095-110. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work summarizes the various aspects of using electrochemically assisted solute removal techniques in hemodialysis with a focus on blood electrodialysis and electrochemically controlled uremic retention solute removal using polypyrrole. In particular, the feasibility of using highly porous conductive polypyrrole–Cladophora cellulose membranes for hemodialysis are overviewed as a part of our dedicated research efforts during the past 4 years. The potential benefits and the current limitations associated with using the electrochemically controlled uremic retention solute removal techniques are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ferraz
- Nanotechnology & Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Box 534, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Albert Mihranyan
- Nanotechnology & Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Box 534, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
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Duan W, Dudchenko A, Mende E, Flyer C, Zhu X, Jassby D. Electrochemical mineral scale prevention and removal on electrically conducting carbon nanotube--polyamide reverse osmosis membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1300-1308. [PMID: 24563026 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00635b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical prevention and removal of CaSO4 and CaCO3 mineral scales on electrically conducting carbon nanotube - polyamide reverse osmosis membrane was investigated. Different electrical potentials were applied to the membrane surface while filtering model scaling solutions with high saturation indices. Scaling progression was monitored through flux measurements. CaCO3 scale was efficiently removed from the membrane surface through the intermittent application of a 2.5 V potential to the membrane surface, when the membrane acted as an anode. Water oxidation at the anode, which led to proton formation, resulted in the dissolution of deposited CaCO3 crystals. CaSO4 scale formation was significantly retarded through the continuous application of 1.5 V DC to the membrane surface, when the membrane was operated as an anode. The continuous application of a sufficient electrical potential to the membrane surface leads to the formation of a thick layer of counter-ions along the membrane surface that pushed CaSO4 crystal formation away from the membrane surface, allowing the formed crystals to be carried away by the cross-flow. We developed a simple model, based on a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation, which qualitatively explained our observed experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Duan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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de Lannoy CF, Jassby D, Gloe K, Gordon AD, Wiesner MR. Aquatic biofouling prevention by electrically charged nanocomposite polymer thin film membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2760-2768. [PMID: 23413920 DOI: 10.1021/es3045168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive polymer-nanocomposite (ECPNC) tight nanofiltration (NF) thin film membranes were demonstrated to have biofilm-preventing capabilities under extreme bacteria and organic material loadings. A simple route to the creation and application of these polyamide-carbon nanotube thin films is also reported. These thin films were characterized with SEM and TEM as well as FTIR to demonstrate that the carbon nanotubes are embedded within the polyamide and form ester bonds with trimesoyl chloride, one of the monomers of polyamide. These polymer nanocomposite thin film materials boast high electrical conductivity (∼400 S/m), good NaCl rejection (>95%), and high water permeability. To demonstrate these membranes' biofouling capabilities, we designed a cross-flow water filtration vessel with insulated electrical leads connecting the ECPNC membranes to an arbitrary waveform generator. In all experiments, conducted in highly bacterially contaminated LB media, flux tests were run until fluxes decreased by 45 ± 3% over initial flux. Biofilm-induced, nonreversible flux decline was observed in all control experiments and a cross-flow rinse with the feed solution failed to induce flux recovery. In contrast, flux decrease for the ECPNC membranes with an electric potential applied to their surface was only caused by deposition of bacteria rather than bacterial attachment, and flux was fully recoverable following a short rinse with the feed solution and no added cleaning agents. The prevention of biofilm formation on the ECPNC membranes was a long-term effect, did not decrease with use, and was highly reproducible.
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Aider M, Brunet S, Bazinet L. Effect of solution flow velocity and electric field strength on chitosan oligomer electromigration kinetics and their separation in an electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane (EDUF) system. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rodríguez F, Castillo-Ortega MM, Encinas JC, Grijalva H, Brown F, Sánchez-Corrales VM, Castaño VM. Preparation, characterization, and adsorption properties of cellulose acetate-polyaniline membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ansari Khalkhali R, Price W, Wallace G. Quartz crystal microbalance studies of the effect of solution temperature on the ion-exchange properties of polypyrrole conducting electroactive polymers. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-5148(03)00055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Electrochemically controlled transport of metal ions across polypyrrole membranes using a flow-through cell. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-5148(01)00070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ouyang M, Chance CM. Conductive polymer composites prepared by polypyrrole-coated poly(vinyl chloride) powder: relationship between conductivity and surface morphology. POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00308-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhao H, Price W, Wallace G. Effect of the counterion employed during synthesis on the properties of polypyrrole membranes. J Memb Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-7388(93)e0053-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Mirmohseni A, Price W, Wallace G. Electrochemically controlled transport across conducting polymer composites — Basis of smart membrane materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0966-7822(93)90024-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Too CO, Ashraf SA, Ge H, Gilmore KJ, Pyne SG, Wallace GG. Electropolymerization of 4-(3-pyrrolyl)-4-oxobutyric acid by in situ potentiodynamic pre-reduction/oxidation. POLYMER 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90612-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Ge H, Ashraf S, Gilmore K, Too C, Wallace G. Incorporation of various counter-ions during electropolymerization of 3-methylpyrrole-4-carboxylic acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80288-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Electrochemically controlled transport of potassium chloride across a conducting electro-active polymer membrane. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80564-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Moody RA. Comments of the authors. J Memb Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-7388(91)85019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Dave A, Mehta M. Letters to the Editor. J Memb Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-7388(91)85018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Loh Sc. D IH. Dear Editor. J Memb Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-7388(91)85020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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