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Desroches PE, Silva SM, Gietman SW, Quigley AF, Kapsa RMI, Moulton SE, Greene GW. Lubricin (PRG4) Antiadhesive Coatings Mitigate Electrochemical Impedance Instabilities in Polypyrrole Bionic Electrodes Exposed to Fouling Fluids. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8032-8039. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline E. Desroches
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria 3216, Australia
- BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Saimon M. Silva
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Shaun W. Gietman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Anita F. Quigley
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Robert M. I. Kapsa
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Simon E. Moulton
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - George W. Greene
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria 3216, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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2
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Otero TF. Structural and Conformational Chemistry from Electrochemical Molecular Machines. Replicating Biological Functions. A Review. CHEM REC 2017; 18:788-806. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toribio F. Otero
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry; Intelligent Materials and Devices; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; Campus Alfonso XIII 30203 Cartagena Spain
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Bao B, Hao J, Bian X, Zhu X, Xiao K, Liao J, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Jiang L. 3D Porous Hydrogel/Conducting Polymer Heterogeneous Membranes with Electro-/pH-Modulated Ionic Rectification. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702926. [PMID: 29024293 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous membranes composed of asymmetric structures or compositions have enormous potential in sensors, molecular sieves, and energy devices due to their unique ion transport properties such as ionic current rectification and ion selectivity. So far, heterogeneous membranes with 1D nanopores have been extensively studied. However, asymmetric structures with 3D micro-/nanoscale pore networks have never been investigated. Here, a simple and versatile approach to low-costly fabricate hydrogel/conducting polymer asymmetric heterogeneous membranes with electro-/pH-responsive 3D micro-/nanoscale ion channels is introduced. Due to the asymmetric heterojunctions between positively charged nanoporous polypyrrole (PPy) and negatively charged microscale porous hydrogel poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (P(AAm-co-AA)), the membrane can rectify ion transmembrane transport in response to both electro- and pH-stimuli. Numerical simulations based on coupled Poisson and Nernst-Plank equations are carried out to explain the ionic rectification mechanisms for the membranes. The membranes are not dependent on elaborately fabricated 1D ion channel substrates and hence can be facilely prepared in a low-cost and large-area way. The hybridization of hydrogel and conducting polymer offers a novel strategy for constructing low-cost, large-area and multifunctional membranes, expanding the tunable ionic rectification properties into macroscopic membranes with micro-/nanoscale pores, which would stimulate practical applications of the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Junran Hao
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiujie Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuanbo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Liao
- Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 511458, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yahong Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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4
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Hussain A, Zia KM, Tabasum S, Noreen A, Ali M, Iqbal R, Zuber M. Blends and composites of exopolysaccharides; properties and applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 94:10-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Piao H, Choi D, Lee S, Wang W, Son Y. On/off switching in field assisted ion transport through a polymer membrane system. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Otero TF, Martinez JG. Electro-chemo-biomimetics from conducting polymers: fundamentals, materials, properties and devices. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2069-2085. [PMID: 32263174 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00060f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated conducting polymers, intrinsic conducting polymers or conducting polymers are complex and mixed materials; their electroactive fractions follow reversible oxidation/reduction reactions giving reversible volume variations to lodge or expel charge-balance counterions and osmotic-balance solvent molecules. The material content (reactive macromolecules, ions and water) mimics the dense intracellular matrix gel of living cells. Here the electropolymerization mechanism is reviewed highlighting the presence of parallel reactions resulting in electroactive and non-electroactive fractions of the final material. Conducting polymers are classified into nine different material families. Each of those families follows a prevalent reaction-driven exchange of anions or cations during oxidation/reduction (p-doping/p-dedoping or n-doping/n-dedoping). Polyaniline families also follow reaction-driven exchange of protons. The polymer/counterion composition changes for several orders of magnitude in a reversible way with the reversible reaction. The value of each of the different composition-dependent properties of the material also shifts in a reversible way driven by the reaction. Each property mimics another change in functional biological organs. A family of biomimetic devices is being developed based on each biomimetic property. Those electrochemical devices work driven by reactions of the constitutive material, as biological organs do. The simultaneous variation of several composition-dependent properties during the reaction announces an unparalleled technological world of multifunctional devices: several tools working simultaneously in one device. Such properties and devices are driven by electrochemical reactions: they are Faradaic devices and must be characterized by using electrochemical cells and electro-chemical methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Otero
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials and Devices, Campus Alfonso XIII, 30203, Cartagena, Spain.
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8
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Pillay V, Tsai TS, Choonara YE, du Toit LC, Kumar P, Modi G, Naidoo D, Tomar LK, Tyagi C, Ndesendo VMK. A review of integrating electroactive polymers as responsive systems for specialized drug delivery applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2039-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viness Pillay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Tong-Sheng Tsai
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Lisa C. du Toit
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Girish Modi
- Department of Neurology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Dinesh Naidoo
- Department of Neurosurgery; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Lomas K. Tomar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Charu Tyagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Valence M. K. Ndesendo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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9
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Quigley AF, Razal JM, Kita M, Jalili R, Gelmi A, Penington A, Ovalle-Robles R, Baughman RH, Clark GM, Wallace GG, Kapsa RMI. Electrical stimulation of myoblast proliferation and differentiation on aligned nanostructured conductive polymer platforms. Adv Healthc Mater 2012. [PMID: 23184836 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita F Quigley
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australia
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Alam J, Dass LA, Alhoshan MS, Mohammad AW. Advances in Membrane Development Based on Electrically Conducting Polymers. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Electrodeposited polypyrrole (PPy)/para (toluene sulfonic acid) (pTS) free-standing film for lithium secondary battery application. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Controllable fabrication of porous free-standing polypyrrole films via a gas phase polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 364:555-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gade VK, Shirale DJ, Gaikwad PD, Kakde KP, Savale PA, Kharat HJ, Shirsat MD. Synthesis and Characterization of Ppy-PVS, Ppy-pTS, and Ppy-DBS Composite Films. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030600735155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. K. Gade
- a Sensor Research Laboratory, Department of Physics , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra , India
| | - D. J. Shirale
- a Sensor Research Laboratory, Department of Physics , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra , India
| | - P. D. Gaikwad
- a Sensor Research Laboratory, Department of Physics , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra , India
| | - K. P. Kakde
- a Sensor Research Laboratory, Department of Physics , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra , India
| | - P. A. Savale
- a Sensor Research Laboratory, Department of Physics , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra , India
| | - H. J. Kharat
- a Sensor Research Laboratory, Department of Physics , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra , India
| | - M. D. Shirsat
- a Sensor Research Laboratory, Department of Physics , Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University , Aurangabad , Maharashtra , India
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Thompson BC, Moulton SE, Ding J, Richardson R, Cameron A, O'Leary S, Wallace GG, Clark GM. Optimising the incorporation and release of a neurotrophic factor using conducting polypyrrole. J Control Release 2006; 116:285-94. [PMID: 17112619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a neurotrophin delivery system based on an inherently conducting polymer (ICP) has been developed. Direct incorporation of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) was investigated and controlled release was tested under various electrochemical conditions. The loading capacity and amount of NT-3 released from the polymer was determined using (125)I-labelled NT-3. Electrochemical stimulation of polypyrrole by pulsed voltage, pulsed current or cyclic voltammetry promoted the release of NT-3 at a greater rate than natural diffusion of NT-3. NT-3 was released from polypyrrole as an initial burst in the first 24 h followed by prolonged release over a subsequent 6 days of sampling. The amount of NT-3 incorporated into the polymer could be controlled by varying the polymerisation time, with longer growth periods incorporating more NT-3. The NT-3 release results indicated that the polymers grown for longer released a lower percentage of the incorporated NT-3 compared to the polymers grown for shorter times. Polymer-based neurotrophin delivery systems have the potential to be incorporated into future treatments for nerve injuries to prevent nerve degradation and promote nerve protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna C Thompson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Pile DL, Zhang Y, Hillier AC. Electrochemically modulated permeability of poly(aniline) and composite poly(aniline)-poly(styrenesulfonate) membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:5925-31. [PMID: 16768531 DOI: 10.1021/la060255b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of oxidation state on the permeability of several probe molecules through conducting polymer membranes comprising composites of poly(aniline) and poly(styrenesulfonate) was examined in aqueous solution. Pure poly(aniline) membranes displayed a characteristic increase in permeability between reduced and half-oxidized states for neutrally charged phenol and negatively charged 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate. In contrast, positively charged pyridine experienced decreased permeability through the membrane when poly(aniline) was switched from the reduced to the half-oxidized state. This behavior can be explained by a combination of oxidation-induced film swelling and the anion-exchange character of the positively charged membrane. The membrane composition was modified to include a fixed negative charge by the addition of poly(styrenesulfonate) during synthesis. The incorporation of this negatively charged component introduced cation-exchange character to the film and substantially reduced membrane permeability to 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate in both oxidation states. In addition, increasing the fraction of poly(styrenesulfonate) in the membrane served to decrease film permeability for all species because of a densification of the membrane. This work demonstrates how both film composition and oxidation state can be used to tune the permeability of conducting polymer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Pile
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Otero TF, Ariza MJ. Revisiting the Electrochemical and Polymeric Behavior of a Polypyrrole Free-Standing Electrode in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0362842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toribio F. Otero
- Grupo de Electroquímica, Materiales y Dispositivos Inteligentes, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Alfonso XIII, E-30203 Cartagena (Murcia), Spain
| | - María J. Ariza
- Grupo de Electroquímica, Materiales y Dispositivos Inteligentes, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Alfonso XIII, E-30203 Cartagena (Murcia), Spain
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17
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Pellegrino J. The use of conducting polymers in membrane-based separations: a review and recent developments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 984:289-305. [PMID: 12783825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a material family, pi-conjugated polymers (also known as intrinsically conductive polymers) elicit the possibility of both exploiting the chemical and physical attributes of the polymer for membrane-based separations and incorporating its electronic and electrochemical properties to enhance the separation figures-of-merit. This review article, although by no means comprehensive, provides a current snapshot of the investigations from many research laboratories in the use of conducting polymers for membrane-based separations. The review focuses primarily on polyaniline, polypyrrole, and substituted-polythiophene and includes applications in gas separations, liquid (and/or vapor) separations, and ion separations. Additionally, we discuss the broad challenges and accomplishments in membrane formation from conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pellegrino
- Santa Fe Science and Technology, Inc., Santa Fe, New Mexico 87507, USA.
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18
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Study on the formation of the Prussian blue films on the polypyrrole surface as a potential mediator system for biosensing applications. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lee SB, Martin CR. Electromodulated molecular transport in gold-nanotube membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11850-1. [PMID: 12358519 DOI: 10.1021/ja027494f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new class of synthetic membranes that contain monodisperse Au nanotubes with inside diameters of molecular dimensions (<1 nm). The Au nanotubes span the complete thickness of the membrane and can act as conduits for molecule and ion transport between solutions placed on either side of the membrane. We have recently become interested in the concept of electromodulating neutral molecule transport across these membranes. This communication describes a novel approach for accomplishing this objective. This approach makes use of an anionic surfactant which, when a positive potential is applied to the Au nanotube membrane, partitions into the nanotubes to charge the solution side of the electrical double layer at the tube walls. Because of the hydrophobic tail of the surfactant, this renders the nanotube interior hydrophobic, and the membrane now preferentially extracts and transports neutral hydrophobic molecules. Because the anionic surfactant can be expelled from the nanotubes by applying a negative potential, this provides a route for reversibly electromodulating neutral molecule transport in these membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
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Electrochemically controlled transport of metal ions across polypyrrole membranes using a flow-through cell. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-5148(01)00070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Amounas M, Innocent C, Cosnier S, Seta P. A membrane based reactor with an enzyme immobilized by an avidin–biotin molecular recognition in a polymer matrix. J Memb Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(00)00441-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pernaut JM, Reynolds JR. Use of Conducting Electroactive Polymers for Drug Delivery and Sensing of Bioactive Molecules. A Redox Chemistry Approach. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp994274o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Pernaut
- Departamento de Química, ICEX CP702, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil
| | - John R. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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