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Bagratee T, Prawlall R, Ndlovu T, Sibisi S, Ndadane S, Shaik BB, Palkar MB, Gampa R, Karpoormath R. Exploring the Recent Pioneering Developments of Small Molecules in Antimalarial Drug Armamentarium: A Chemistry Prospective Appraisal. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400460. [PMID: 38759144 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a very destructive and lethal parasitic disease that causes significant mortality worldwide, resulting in the loss of millions of lives annually. It is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes, which is caused by different species of the parasite protozoan belonging to the genus Plasmodium. The uncontrolled intake of antimalarial drugs often employed in clinical settings has resulted in the emergence of numerous strains of plasmodium that are resistant to these drugs, including multidrug-resistant strains. This resistance significantly diminishes the effectiveness of many primary drugs used in the treatment of malaria. Hence, there is an urgent need for developing unique classes of antimalarial drugs that function with distinct mechanisms of action. In this context, the design and development of hybrid compounds that combine pharmacophoric properties from different lead molecules into a single unit gives a unique perspective towards further development of malaria drugs in the next generation. In recent years, the field of medicinal chemistry has made significant efforts resulting in the discovery and synthesis of numerous small novel compounds that exhibit potent antimalarial properties, while also demonstrating reduced toxicity and desirable efficacy. In light of this, we have reviewed the progress of hybrid antimalarial agents from 2021 up to the present. This manuscript presents a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the medicinal chemistry pertaining to small molecules, with a specific focus on their potential as antimalarial agents. As possible antimalarial drugs that might target both the dual stage and multi-stage stages of the parasite life cycle, these small hybrid molecules have been studied. This review explores a variety of physiologically active compounds that have been described in the literature in order to lay a strong foundation for the logical design and eventual identification of antimalarial drugs based on lead frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tameika Bagratee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ritika Prawlall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Thabani Ndlovu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sinqobile Sibisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sisa Ndadane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Baji Baba Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahesh B Palkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's NMIMS, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raghavachary Gampa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Gokhale S. Saving Private Ryan: The Indian Scenario (Rapid Diagnosis of Malaria at Regimental Aid Post). Med J Armed Forces India 2011; 60:137-41. [PMID: 27407607 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(04)80104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunochromatography test (ICT) (Paracheck Pf) for diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infection was compared with the conventional smear examination method. A total of 350 specimens of blood from cases of fever were investigated (falciparum malaria 220, vivax malaria 100, controls 30). Paracheck Pf ICT was found to have enormous advantages over smear examination due to its high degree of sensitivity, specificity, speed and ease of performance. Paracheck Pf ICT test kits are stable at room temperature. Regimental medical officers (RMOs) and nursing assistants with minimal training can safely practise Paracheck Pf ICT method. Introduction of this test method in the Armed Forces can facilitate early diagnosis and specific treatment of falciparum malaria even at far flung places. This will have enormous beneficial effect in reducing morbidity due to malaria and saving precious lives. In short as well as long term, it is a viable cost effective option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gokhale
- Classified Specialist (Pathology & Microbiology), Command Hospital (Central Command), Lucknow
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