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Use of recycled co-products from the food industry: Effects on nutrient digestibility and growth performance in pigs from 7 to 23 kg. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wu Y, Zhao J, Xu C, Ma N, He T, Zhao J, Ma X, Thacker PA. Progress towards pig nutrition in the last 27 years. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5102-5110. [PMID: 29691867 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 27 years (1990-2017), based on the revolutionary progresses of basic nutrition research, novel methods and techniques have been developed which bring a profound technological revolution to pig production from free-range system to intensive farming all over the world. Basic theoretical innovations and feed production studies have provided vital advancements in pig nutrition by developing formula feed, utilizing balanced diets, determining feed energy value, dividing pig physiological stages, enhancing gut health, and improving feed processing technique. Formula feed is the primary contributor of the rise of the mechanized farming industry, and meets comprehensive nutritional needs of the pig. The focuses of the development of a balanced diet by optimizing nutrient levels are the amino acids balance, the balance between amino acids and energy, the balance between calcium and phosphorus. Multiple-site-production and targeted feeding program have been applied extensively. Early weaning of piglets improves production efficiency, but piglets that have not yet fully developed their intestine are prone to diarrhea. Therefore, intestinal health has received special attention in recent years. Feed processing technologies, such as granulation, puffing, fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, can improve the utilization of feed nutrients and reduce production cost. However, increasing a sow's potential for production, seeking alternatives to antibiotics, reducing drug treatment in piglets, developing functional additives and improving meat quality remain future challenges. Herein, we outline the important progresses of pig nutrition in the past 27 years, which will shed light on the basic nutrition rules of pig production, and help to push forward its future development. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Phil A Thacker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Lancheros J, Espinosa C, Stein H. Effects of particle size reduction, pelleting, and extrusion on the nutritional value of ingredients and diets fed to pigs: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Acamovic
- Avian Science Research Centre, SAC, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW, UK
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Size distribution analysis of wheat, maize and soybeans and energy efficiency using different methods for coarse grinding. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rojas OJ, Stein HH. Processing of ingredients and diets and effects on nutritional value for pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:48. [PMID: 28572976 PMCID: PMC5452379 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A conventional diet based on corn and soybean meal fed to pigs is usually provided in a mash form and in most cases, processing other than grinding and mixing is not used. However, due to the high cost of energy in pig diets, use of high fiber ingredients such as soybean hulls, distillers dried grains with solubles, and wheat middlings has increased. High fiber concentrations in the diet usually results in reduced energy and nutrient digestibility due to the low capacity of pigs to digest fiber, which negatively impacts growth performance and carcass composition of the pigs. Feed processing technologies such as changes in grinding procedures, expansion, extrusion, pelleting, use of enzymes or chemical treatments may, however, be used to solubilize some of the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions that form the cell wall of plants in the ingredients, and therefore, increase nutrient availability. This may have a positive effect on energy digestibility, and therefore, also on pig growth performance and carcass composition, but effects of different feed technologies on the nutritional value of feed ingredients and diets fed to pigs are not fully understood. It has however, been demonstrated that reduced particle size of cereal grains usually results in increased digestibility of energy, primarily due to increased digestibility of starch. Extrusion or expansion of ingredients or diets may also increase energy digestibility and it appears that the increase is greater in high fiber diets than in diets with lower concentrations of fiber. Chemical treatments have not consistently improved energy or nutrient digestibility, but a number of different enzymes may be used to increase the digestibility of phosphorus, calcium, or energy. Thus, there are several opportunities for using feed technology to improve the nutritional value of diets fed to pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Henrik Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Kianfar R, Moravej H, Shivazad M, Taghinejad-Roudbaneh M, Alahyari Shahrasb M. The effects of dry heat processing, autoclaving and enzyme supplementation on the nutritive value of wheat for growing Japanese quails. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2012.738220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Berrocoso JD, Serrano MP, Cámara L, López A, Mateos GG. Influence of source and micronization of soybean meal on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weanling pigs. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:309-17. [PMID: 23100572 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 288 piglets weaned at 28 d and weighing 7.6 ± 0.2 kg were used in a 35-d experiment to evaluate the effect of CP content (44% vs. 49% CP) of soybean meal (SBM), micronization (fine grinding) of the 49% CP SBM (HP-SBM), and soy protein concentrate (SPC; 65% CP) on total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) and growth performance. In phase I (d 0 to 21 of experiment), there was a positive control diet that included 6.5% of CP from a SPC with 65% CP and a negative control diet that supplied the same amount of CP as regular SBM (R-SBM) with 44% CP. The other 4 diets included the same amount of dietary CP from 2 different sources of HP-SBM that were either ground (990 μm) or micronized (60 μm). All diets were isonutritive, and the main difference was the source of SBM used. Each treatment was replicated 8 times (6 pigs per pen). In phase II (d 21 to 35), all pigs were fed a common commercial starter diet. For the entire phase I, the type of soy product did not affect growth performance of the pigs. However, from 0 to 7 d of experiment, pigs fed the micronized HP-SBM had better G:F (1.11 vs. 0.98; P<0.05) than piglets fed the ground HP-SBM. Also, from 7 to 14 d of experiment, ADFI tended to be greater (P=0.08) for pigs fed the micronized HP-SBM than for piglets fed the ground HP-SBM. During phase II (all the pigs received the same diet), no differences among treatments were observed. In general, TTAD of nutrients at 7 d of experiment was greater for the SPC than the R-SBM diet, with the HP-SBM diets being intermediate. The TTAD of CP was greater (83.8% vs. 81.9%; P≤0.01) for the SPC diet than the average of the SBM diets. Also, the digestibility of OM and DM was greater (P<0.01) for the HP-SBM either ground or micronized than the R-SBM diet. Micronization of the HP-SBM did not affect nutrient digestibility. It is concluded that when the R-SBM is substituted by SPC, CP digestibility is improved, but no effects are observed on growth performance. The use of the HP-SBM in substitution of the R-SBM in the diet improved nutrient digestibility but did not affect piglet performance. The inclusion of micronized HP-SBM in the diet improved G:F during the first week postweaning but did not affect TTAD of nutrients. In general, the inclusion of added-value soy products (SPC or micronized SBM) in the diet presents little advantage in terms of growth performance over the use of HP-SBM in pigs weaned at 28 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Berrocoso
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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de Vries S, Pustjens A, Schols H, Hendriks W, Gerrits W. Improving digestive utilization of fiber-rich feedstuffs in pigs and poultry by processing and enzyme technologies: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thomas M, Vrij M, Zandstra T, van der Poel A. Grinding performance of wheat, maize and soybeans in a multicracker system. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Berrocoso J, Serrano M, Cámara L, Rebollar P, Mateos G. Influence of diet complexity on productive performance and nutrient digestibility of weanling pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Effect of inclusion of oat hulls and sugar beet pulp in the diet on productive performance and digestive traits of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Influence of Infrared Treatment on Mechanical Strength and Structure of Wheat Grains. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-009-0238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Valencia D, Serrano M, Lázaro R, Latorre M, Mateos G. Influence of micronization (fine grinding) of soya bean meal and fullfat soya bean on productive performance and digestive traits in young pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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García M, Lázaro R, Latorre M, Gracia M, Mateos G. Influence of Enzyme Supplementation and Heat Processing of Barley on Digestive Traits and Productive Performance of Broilers. Poult Sci 2008; 87:940-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mateos G, López E, Latorre M, Vicente B, Lázaro R. The effect of inclusion of oat hulls in piglet diets based on raw or cooked rice and maize. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pluske JR, Montagne L, Cavaney FS, Mullan BP, Pethick DW, Hampson DJ. Feeding different types of cooked white rice to piglets after weaning influences starch digestion, digesta and fermentation characteristics and the faecal shedding of β-haemolyticEscherichia coli. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:298-306. [PMID: 17298698 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507332534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight, 21-d-old pigs were used to examine the effects of different types of cooked white rice on starch digestion, digesta and fermentation characteristics, shedding of β-haemolyticEscherichia coliand performance after weaning. Pigs received one of three rice-based diets: (i) medium-grainAmaroo(AM), (ii) long-grainDoongara(DOON), and (iii) waxy (WAXY). The remainder of the diet consisted predominantly of animal proteins. A fourth diet contained mainly wheat, barley and lupins (WBL). On days 1, 3, 7 and 9 after weaning, a faecal swab was taken for assessment of β-haemolyticE. coliand faecal consistency. Apparent digestibility of starch measured in the ileum 14 d after weaning was highest (P = 0·004) in AM and WAXY and lowest, but the same (P>0·05), in DOON and WBL. Starch digestibility in the rectum was highest in all rice diets (P < 0·001). Digesta viscosity was highest in pigs fed WBL in both the ileum (P < 0·001) and caecum (P = 0·027). Pigs fed rice generally had lighter (P < 0·05) gastrointestinal organs than pigs fed WBL. Performance of pigs was similar for all treatments; however, pigs fed rice-based diets had a higher (P < 0·001) carcass percentage than pigs fed WBL. Pigs fed WBL produced more acid (P < 0·05) but had lower molar proportions of acetate (P < 0·05), isobutyrate (P < 0·01) and isovalerate (P < 0·001) and a higher molar proportion of butyrate (P < 0·01) in the large intestine than pigs fed rice. Shedding ofE. coliwas low; however, pigs fed AM and WBL shed lessE. colithan pigs fed other diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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Protein utilisation, lysine bioavailability and nutrient digestibility of shrimp meal in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A comparison of waxy versus non-waxy wheats in diets for weaner pigs: effects of particle size, enzyme supplementation, and collection day on total tract apparent digestibility and pig performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Stein
- South Dakota State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Brookings 57007, USA
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Medel P, Baucells F, Gracia M, de Blas C, Mateos G. Processing of barley and enzyme supplementation in diets for young pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Influence of micronization temperature and pre-conditioning on performance and digestibility in piglets fed barley-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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