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Kuter E, Ahsan U, Tosun B, Karagöz DM, Gümüş H, Raza I, Güvenç M, Akkaş Ö. Biomass yield, quality, nutrient composition, and feeding value of oat (Avena sativa) silage subjected to different wilting durations and/or inoculant application. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:299. [PMID: 37723331 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the biomass yield, physico-chemical characteristics, nutrient composition, and feeding value of oat (Avena sativa) grown without irrigation ensiled with or without supplemental inoculant following different wilting durations. Oat forage at early dough stage (79 days after sowing) were harvested to assess the biomass yield, nutrient contents, and mineral composition. Oats were ensiled with or without the addition of inoculant and different wilting durations (0, 24, and 48 h) in 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. After the ensiling (120 days), the oat silages were opened, quality was measured in terms of pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), smell, structure, color, and Flieg point. Nutritional composition and feeding values were analyzed in oat silages. Oat grown without irrigation yielded 32 ton/ha fresh matter. Mean dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein (CP), crude fiber, crude ash, ether extract, nitrogen free extract, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, non-structural carbohydrates, hemicellulose, and in vitro dry matter digestibility of oat forage were 32.77%, 90.41%, 11.31%, 28.69%, 9.59%, 3.99%, 46.43%, 36.32%, 63.98%, 7.22%, 11.14%, 27.67%, and 74.81%, respectively. Addition of inoculant had no effect on the quality, nutritional composition, and feeding values of oat silages. Increasing wilting durations linearly increased the pH (P = 0.005) and decreased the smell score (P = 0.028) of ensiled oat. A linear increase was seen in the DM content of ensiled oat after increasing wilting durations (P = 0.001). Oat ensiled without wilting had greater CP content (P = 0.010 and linear P = 0.011) and lower ADF content than those ensiled after 24 or 48 h of wilting (P = 0.013 and linear P = 0.007). Silages subjected to 24 or 48 h of wilting had lower hemicellulose content (P = 0.019 and linear P = 0.012) and digestible DM (P = 0.013 and linear P = 0.007) than those without wilting. In conclusion, inoculant may not affect the quality, composition and feeding values of ensiled oat grown without irrigation whereas, wilting at different durations may negatively affect the pH, smell, CP, ADF, and feeding values of ensiled oats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Kuter
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Turkey.
| | - Umair Ahsan
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Burdur Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Turkey
- Center for Agriculture, Livestock and Food Research, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Turkey
| | - Bekir Tosun
- Center for Agriculture, Livestock and Food Research, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Turkey
| | - Derya Merve Karagöz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Turkey
| | - Hıdır Gümüş
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Turkey
| | - Ifrah Raza
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09016, Turkey
| | - Müge Güvenç
- Center for Agriculture, Livestock and Food Research, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Turkey
| | - Önder Akkaş
- Center for Agriculture, Livestock and Food Research, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, 15030, Turkey
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Guo X, Xu D, Li F, Bai J, Su R. Current approaches on the roles of lactic acid bacteria in crop silage. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 16:67-87. [PMID: 36468295 PMCID: PMC9803335 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play pivotal roles in the preservation and fermentation of forage crops in spontaneous or inoculated silages. Highlights of silage LAB over the past decades include the discovery of the roles of LAB in silage bacterial communities and metabolism and the exploration of functional properties. The present article reviews published literature on the effects of LAB on the succession, structure, and functions of silage microbial communities involved in fermentation. Furthermore, the utility of functional LAB in silage preparation including feruloyl esterase-producing LAB, antimicrobial LAB, lactic acid bacteria with high antioxidant potential, pesticide-degrading LAB, lactic acid bacteria producing 1,2-propanediol, and low-temperature-tolerant LAB have been described. Compared with conventional LAB, functional LAB produce different effects; specifically, they positively affect animal performance, health, and product quality, among others. In addition, the metabolic profiles of ensiled forages show that plentiful probiotic metabolites with but not limited to antimicrobial, antioxidant, aromatic, and anti-inflammatory properties are observed in silage. Collectively, the current knowledge on the roles of LAB in crop silage indicates there are great opportunities to develop silage not only as a fermented feed but also as a vehicle of delivery of probiotic substances for animal health and welfare in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Guo
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research CentreLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Dongmei Xu
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research CentreLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Fuhou Li
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research CentreLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Jie Bai
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research CentreLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Rina Su
- School of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Probiotics and Biological Feed Research CentreLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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Effects of Microbial Inoculants on Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability of Paper Mulberry Silages Prepared with Molasses or Cellulase. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L.) is an unconventional forage with high crude protein content and is widely used in China. In order to evaluate the pattern of fermentation quality and the aerobic stability when inoculated with lactic acid bacteria, laboratory-scale silage was prepared. The experimental groups included a control group (CK), a Lactobacillus plantarum ‘LC365283’ (selected from paper mulberry silage) treatment (L1), a commercial inoculant Lactobacillus plantarum treatment (GF), a commercial inoculant Lactobacillus buchneri treatment (FR), a 3% molasses treatment (MO), a 150 U/g cellulase treatment (CE), and their combinations (MO + L1, MO + GF, MO + FR, CE + L1, CE + GF, and CE + FR). The changes in bacterial community and composition of the fermentation products were evaluated after being ensiled for 30 days and unsealed for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Compared with the CK, MO and CE, the silages treated with L1, MO + L1, and CE + L1 showed higher lactic acid concentrations, lower pH values, and lower ammonia nitrogen concentrations (p < 0.05). During the first 3 days of aerobic exposure, the pH values and organic acid content changed slightly in all treatments. The present study suggests that addition of L1 was better than commercial inoculum, and the paper mulberry silages could be well preserved after being unsealed for 3 days.
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Zhang Q, Guo X, Zheng M, Chen D, Chen X. Altering microbial communities: A possible way of lactic acid bacteria inoculants changing smell of silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Puntillo M, Gaggiotti M, Oteiza JM, Binetti A, Massera A, Vinderola G. Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Different Forages as Silage Inoculants for Improving Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:586716. [PMID: 33363520 PMCID: PMC7752947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed at isolating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from different plant materials to study their crossed-fermentation capacity in silos and to find strains able to confer enhanced aerobic stability to silage. A total of 129 LAB isolates were obtained from lucerne (alfalfa), maize, sorghum, ryegrass, rice, barley, canola, Gatton panic, Melilotus albus, soy, white clover, wheat, sunflower, oat, and moha. Four Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum strains (isolated from oat, lucerne, sorghum, or maize) were selected for their growth capacity. Identity (16S sequencing) and diversity (RAPD-PCR) were confirmed. Fermentative capacity (inoculated at 104, 105, 106, 107 CFU/g) was studied in maize silage and their cross-fermentation capacity was assessed in oat, lucerne, sorghum, and maize. Heterofermentative strains with the highest acetic acid production capacity conferred higher aerobic stability to maize silages. Regardless the source of isolation, L. plantarum strains, inoculated at a rate of 106 CFU/g, were effective to produce silage from different plant materials. From more than 100 isolates obtained, the application of a succession of experiments allowed us to narrow down the number of potential candidates of silage inoculants to two strains. Based on the studies made, L. plantarum LpM15 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum LfM1 showed potential to be used as inoculants, however further studies are needed to determine their performance when inoculated together. The former because it positively influenced different quality parameters in oat, lucerne, sorghum, and maize silage, and the latter because of its capacity to confer enhanced aerobic stability to maize silage. The rest of the strains constitute a valuable collection of autochthonous strains that will be further studied in the future for new applications in animal or human foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Puntillo
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mónica Gaggiotti
- Laboratorio de Calidad de Leche y Agroindustria, INTA EEA Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Juan Martín Oteiza
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Ana Binetti
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ariel Massera
- Laboratorio de Calidad de Leche y Agroindustria, INTA EEA Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Dong Z, Zhao J, Chen S, Bao Y, Tao X, Wang S, Li J, Liu Q, Shao T. Effects of different additives on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of a total mixed ration prepared with local feed resources on Tibetan plateau. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13482. [PMID: 33277806 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To improve the utilization efficiency of total mixed ration (TMR) on Tibetan plateau, the effects of different additives on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of the ensiled TMR prepared with local feed resources were studied. A total of 150 experimental silos were prepared in a completely randomized design to evaluate the following treatments: (a) control; (b) Lactobacillus buchneri; (c) acetic acid; (d) propionic acid; (e) 1,2-propanediol; and (f) 1-propanol. After 90 days of ensiling, silos were opened for fermentation quality and in vitro parameters analysis, and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 14 days. The acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol treatments increased (p < .05) pH and acetic acid content, and lowered (p < .05) the lactic acid production in comparison to control. There were no statistically significant differences in in vitro digestibility parameters among the treatments. Treatments of acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol substantially improved the aerobic stability of the ensiled TMR, as indicated by almost unchanged pH and lactic acid contents throughout the aerobic exposure test. These results indicated that acetic acid, 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol had no adverse effect on in vitro digestibility and could be effective additives for enhancing the aerobic stability of ensiled TMR prepared on Tibetan plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhong Bao
- Institute of Grassland Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Xuxiong Tao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siran Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinhua Liu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Nutritive Value and In Vitro Ruminal Digestibility of Maize and Rice Straw Silage. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on nutritive value and in vitro rumen digestibility of maize and rice straw silages. Two identical experiments were carried out for each of the two silages. A total of five treatments were used for each experiment: (1) negative control (NC); (2) positive control (PC); (3) Lactobacillus plantarum (LPL); (4) L. paracasei (LPA); and (5) L. acidophilus (LA). Each treatment was then divided into four ensiling periods: 3, 7, 20, and 40 days with three replications. The LPL treatment had significantly higher dry matter (DM), lower ammonia-N, and a lower number of fungi on maize silage after 40 days (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the LA treatment increased DM and CP content, reduced NDF and ADF contents compared to NC, and also produced more lactic acid compared to the other LAB-treated rice straw silages. Results of the in vitro rumen fermentation of maize silages showed no significant differences in DMD after LAB inoculation. However, higher DMD and ruminal ammonia-N were shown by rice straw ensiled with L. acidophilus. In conclusion, silage additives, which could improve the ensiling process of maize and rice straw, appeared to be different and substrate specific.
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Dong Z, Wang S, Zhao J, Li J, Shao T. Effects of additives on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves silage. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:1292-1300. [PMID: 32054226 PMCID: PMC7322647 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore feed resources capable of replacing regular poor-quality fodder, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of additives on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of mulberry leaves silage. METHODS The mulberry leaves were ensiled either untreated (control) or treated with 1×106 cfu/g fresh matter Lactobacillus plantarum (L), 1% glucose (G), 3% molasses (M), a combination of 1% glucose and Lactobacillus plantarum (L+G), and a combination of 3% molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum (L+M). The fermentation quality and chemical composition were analyzed after 7, 14, 30, and 60 d, respectively. The 60-d silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test and fermented with buffered rumen fluid to measure the digestibility. RESULTS Inoculating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) resulted in more rapid increase in lactic acid concentrations and decline in pH of mulberry leaves silage as compared control. Higher acetic acid and lower ethanol and ammonia nitrogen concentrations (p<0.05) were observed in the LAB-inoculated silages as opposed to control during ensiling. The LAB-inoculated silages contained lower water-soluble carbohydrates compared with control during the first 14 d of ensiling, and lower neutral detergent fibre (p<0.05) concentrations as compared with non-LAB inoculated silages. Adding molasses alone increased (p<0.05) the digestibility of dry matter (DM). The aerobic stability of mulberry leaves silage was increased by LAB inoculation, whereas decreased by adding glucose or molasses. CONCLUSION The LAB inoculation improved fermentation quality and aerobic stability of mulberry leaves silage, while adding glucose or molasses failed to affect the fermentation and impaired the aerobic stability. Inoculating LAB alone is recommended for mulberry leaves especially when ensiled at a relatively high DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Siran Wang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zhang YC, Wang XK, Li DX, Lin YL, Yang FY, Ni KK. Impact of wilting and additives on fermentation quality and carbohydrate composition of mulberry silage. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:254-263. [PMID: 31208169 PMCID: PMC6946962 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of wilting and additives on the fermentation quality, structural and non-structural carbohydrate composition of mulberry silages. Methods The selected lactic acid bacteria strains Lactobacillus plantarum ‘LC279063’ (L1), commercial inoculant Gaofuji (GF), and Trichoderma viride cellulase (CE) were used as additives for silage preparation. Silage treatments were designed as control (CK), L1, GF, or CE under three wilting rates, that is wilting for 0, 2, or 4 hours (h). After ensiling for 30 days, the silages were analyzed for the chemical and fermentation characteristics. Results The results showed that wilting had superior effects on increasing the non-structural carbohydrate concentration and degrading the structural carbohydrate. After ensiling for 30 days, L1 generally had a higher fermentation quality than other treatments, indicated by the lower pH value, acetic acid, propionic acid and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content, and the higher lactic acid, water soluble carbohydrate, glucose, galactose, sucrose, and cellobiose concentration (p<0.05) at any wilting rate. Wilting could increase the ratio of lactic acid/acetic acid and decrease the content of NH3-N. Conclusion The results confirmed that wilting degraded the structural carbohydrate and increased the non-structural carbohydrate; and L1 exhibited better properties in improving fermentation quality and maintaining a high non-structural carbohydrates composition compared with the other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chao Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Kai Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong Xia Li
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Li Lin
- Beijing Sure Academy of Biosciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Fu Yu Yang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kui Kui Ni
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Duvnjak M, Kljak K, Grbeša D. Response of common silage corn hybrids to inoculant application: fermentation profile, carbohydrate fractions, and digestibility during ensiling. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an16840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Corn silage digestibility studies have focussed on genetically distant corn types. Conversely, silage additive studies monitored fermentation differences without discussing the subject of hybrid digestibility. How ensiling phases and additives affect silage quality in commercial corn hybrids has not been properly examined yet. As corn silage quality is a result of combined silage fermentation and digestibility characteristics, the aim of the study was to examine fermentation and digestibility responses to inoculant application in whole-plant corn silage of commercial hybrids intended for silage production in several time points during ensiling. Three corn hybrids grown under identical conditions in a split-plot field test were ensiled without inoculant application and with inoculant containing lactic acid bacteria and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. Silages were sampled before ensiling, at the peak of the fermentation phase and during the stable phase. The fermentation profile, carbohydrate fraction, ruminal in vitro true dry matter digestibility, ruminal in vitro starch digestibility, and ruminal in vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility were monitored. Although adding inoculant to silage improved its lactic acid production and decrease in pH, it did not affect its starch and fibre contents or their digestibility. Digestibility improved as ensiling continued, with the highest in vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility and in vitro true dry matter digestibility values observed in the stable phase. Corn hybrids in this study differed in main fermentation characteristics, carbohydrate contents, and digestibility. These results suggest that even for commercial corn hybrids, the hybrid type is more important than inoculant for optimising silage characteristics and digestibility.
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Zhao GQ, Ju ZL, Chai JK, Jiao T, Jia ZF, Casper DP, Zeng L, Wu JP. Effects of silage additives and varieties on fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and nutritive value of oat silage. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3151-3160. [PMID: 29846606 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oat is a main feed crop in high- altitude areas of western China, but few studies have been done on its silage making. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silage additives on fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value of different oat varieties (OV) grown in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Two OV (Avena sativa L. cv. Longyan No.1 (OVL1) and Avena sativa L. cv. Longyan No.3 (OVL3)) were planted in a randomized complete block design, harvested at early dough stage with 32.6% and 34.1% DM, respectively. The fresh material was chopped to 2-cm length and treated with additives (0, Sila-Mix (MIX), Sila-Max (MAX) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with three replicates. Both additives contained a mixture of lactic acid bacteria and supplied a final application rate of 2.5 × 108 of lactic acid bacteria per kg of fresh forage weight. After 60 d of ensiling, the number of lactic acid bacteria in treated silages was about 10-fold greater than the control and generally resulted in a lower pH and ammonia-nitrogen (P < 0.001), greater total acids and ratios of lactic acid/acetic acid (P < 0.001), and DM recovery (P = 0.028). Treatment with additives also decreased (P < 0.001) the number of yeasts, which resulted in marked (P < 0.001) improvements in aerobic stability with the effect being greatest with MAX. Both additives improved (P ≤ 0.036) the 48-h in situ DM digestion in OVL1, but not in OVL3 (P ≥ 0.052). Treatment with both additives also increased (P ≤ 0.003) NDF digestion in OVL1 while it was improved (P < 0.001) only by MAX in OVL3. In contrast, the additives did not affect (P ≥ 0.088) in situ hemicellulose digestion in OVL1, but it was improved (P = 0.048) by MIX and further improved (P = 0.002) by MAX in OVL3. Treatment with MAX improved yields of digestible DM and digestible NDF in both varieties. Dry matter recovery was not affected (P = 0.121) by variety. Compared to CTRL, silage treated with MAX had a greater (P = 0.015) DM recovery (96.7% vs. 93.9%). Inoculation improved (P < 0.001) aerobic stability. The MAX was the most effective for both varieties, while MIX was intermediate and was more effective in OVL3 than OVL1 silage. The results also showed that in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, compared to OVL1, OVL3 resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.002) yields of digestible nutrients; specifically, treated with MAX improved silage fermentation efficiency, DM recovery, and provided excellent aerobic stability for feeding to ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ting Jiao
- Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng F Jia
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining, China
| | | | - Liang Zeng
- Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian P Wu
- Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Coblentz W, Akins M. Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for baled silages. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4075-4092. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Microbiological and chemical profiles of elephant grass inoculated with and without Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:311-328. [PMID: 29128870 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological and chemical profiles of elephant grass inoculated with and without different wild strains of lactic acid bacteria. Silage was prepared of four treatments and one control with three replicates as control (EKC, adding 2 ml/kg sterilizing water), Lactobacillus plantarum (USA commercial bacteria) (EKP), Lactobacillus plantarum (EKA), Pediococcus acidilactici (EKB), and Pediococcus acidilactici (SKD) isolated from King grass. Silage were prepared using polyethylene terephthalate bottles, and incubated at room temperature for different ensiling days. The pH and acetic acid (AA) were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced and lactic acid (LA), butyric acid (BA), and ethanol were significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 3, 5, 7, and 14 days in treatment groups as compared to control. Water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and NH3-N concentration was not affected at days 3, 5, and 7, but significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at 14 days in treatment groups as compared to control. The LA, BA, and ethanol were significantly (P < 0.05) increased and AA, WSC NH3-N, and yeast were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at 30 days of ensiling in treatment groups as compared to control. It is recommended that the inoculation of LAB could improve the fermentation quality of elephant grass silage and further effort is needed to evaluate these effects on silage produced on farm scale and on animal production performance.
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Yin G, Bai C, Sun J, Sun L, Xue Y, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Yu Z, Liu S, Zhang K. Fermentation quality and nutritive value of total mixed ration silages based on desert wormwood (Artemisia desertorum Spreng.) combining with early stage corn. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1963-1969. [PMID: 28741730 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the fermentation quality and nutritive value of total mixed ration (TMR) silages based on desert wormwood (DW) combined with early stage corn (ESC) as forage and determine an optimum formula. Desert wormwood and ESC were harvested, chopped, and mixed with other ingredients according to a formula, packed into laboratory silos at densities of 500-550 g/L, and stored in the dark for 60 days. The DW proportions in the forage of TMR were 1, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 and 0, based on fresh weight. As the proportion of DW decreased, the pH also decreased (P < 0.05), while lactic acid, lactic acid/acetic acid, crude protein, starch, and the in vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber increased (P < 0.05). Ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen in the TMR silages with DW proportions of 0.75, 0.25 and 0 in the forage was more than 10%. These results indicated that the quality of the TMR silage containing DW alone as forage was poor, TMR silages containing DW proportions of 0.75 and 0.25, and ESC alone, in the forage were not well preserved. The optimum TMR silage formula contained a DW proportion of 0.5 in the forage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomei Yin
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | | | - Juanjuan Sun
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanlin Xue
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sibo Liu
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
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Yuan X, Yu C, Shimojo M, Shao T. Improvement of Fermentation and Nutritive Quality of Straw-grass Silage by Inclusion of Wet Hulless-barley Distillers' Grains in Tibet. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:479-85. [PMID: 25049588 PMCID: PMC4092902 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop methods that would enlarge the feed resources in Tibet, mixtures of hulless-barley straw and tall fescue were ensiled with four levels (0, 10%, 20%, and 30% of fresh weight) of wet hulless-barley distillers’ grains (WHDG). The silos were opened after 7, 14 or 30 d of ensiling, and the fermentation characteristics and nutritive quality of the silages were analyzed. WHDG addition significantly improved fermentation quality, as indicated by the faster decline of pH, rapid accumulation of lactic acid (LA) (p<0.05), and lower butyric acid content and ammonia-N/total N (p<0.05) as compared with the control. These results indicated that WHDG additions not only effectively inhibited the activity of aerobic bacteria, but also resulted in faster and greatly enhanced LA production and pH value decline, which restricted activity of undesirable bacteria, resulting in more residual water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in the silages. The protein content of WHDG-containing silages were significantly higher (p<0.05) higher than that of the control. In conclusion, the addition of WHDG increased the fermentation and nutritive quality of straw-grass silage, and this effect was more marked when the inclusion rate of WHDG was greater than 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Yuan
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengqun Yu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - M Shimojo
- Laboratory of Animal Feed Science, Division of Animal Science, Department of Animal and Marine Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Keles G, Demirci U. The effect of homofermentative and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on conservation characteristics of baled triticale–Hungarian vetch silage and lamb performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Salimei E, Capilongo V, Simoni A, Peiretti PG, Maglieri C, Romano CA, Mannina L, Coppola R, Sorrentino E. Lactobacillus rhamnosus as additive for maize and sorghum ensiling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:9600-9607. [PMID: 17929890 DOI: 10.1021/jf071775v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus AT195, a potential probiotic microorganism cultured in buffalo "scotta" whey, on chemical and microbiological composition in maize and sorghum ensiling were evaluated. Both crops were harvested, chopped, and treated or not with the selected strain prior to ensiling in fiberglass vertical silos; 90 days after ensiling, silages were sensorially evaluated and sampled. Different chemical components were evaluated both on fresh crops and silages: in particular, the water-soluble carbohydrates content was investigated by high-field NMR spectroscopy and the carbohydrate fermentation profile was performed by GC. Besides phenotypic identification and typing, microbiological studies included Lb. rhamnosus genotype typing by RAPD-PCR. All silages, inoculated or not, were well preserved, as their chemical and microbiological data along with the fermentation profiles showed. The selected strain used as inoculum influenced the lactic acid population of silages and evidenced a good survival performance during the ensiling process of both maize and sorghum. Moreover, the use of Lb. rhamnosus strain efficiently improved the quality of the multifactorial ensiling process by significantly reducing the ammonia nitrogen content of both maize and sorghum silages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Salimei
- STAAM Department, University of Molise, via De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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Manninen M, Virkajärvi P, Jauhiainen L. Effect of whole-crop barley and oat silages on the performance of mature suckler cows and their progeny in outdoor winter feeding. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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