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Choi H, Duarte YG, Pasquali GAM, Kim SW. Investigation of the nutritional and functional roles of a combinational use of xylanase and β-glucanase on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:63. [PMID: 38704593 PMCID: PMC11070102 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylanase and β-glucanase combination (XG) hydrolyzes soluble non-starch polysaccharides that are anti-nutritional compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of XG on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. METHODS Forty pigs (6.5 ± 0.4 kg) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments and fed for 35 d in 3 phases (11, 9, and 15 d, respectively). Basal diets mainly included corn, soybean meal, and corn distiller's dried grains with solubles, contained phytase (750 FTU/kg), and were supplemented with 5 levels of XG at (1) 0, (2) 280 TXU/kg xylanase and 125 TGU/kg β-glucanase, (3) 560 and 250, (4) 840 and 375, or (5) 1,120 and 500, respectively. Growth performance was measured. On d 35, all pigs were euthanized and jejunal mucosa, jejunal digesta, jejunal tissues, and ileal digesta were collected to determine the effects of increasing XG levels and XG intake on intestinal health. RESULTS Increasing XG intake tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.059) viscosity of jejunal digesta (min: 1.74 mPa·s at 751/335 (TXU/TGU)/kg). Increasing levels of XG quadratically decreased (P < 0.05) Prevotellaceae (min: 0.6% at 630/281 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing XG intake quadratically increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillaceae (max: 40.3% at 608/271 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing XG intake quadratically decreased (P < 0.05) Helicobacteraceae (min: 1.6% at 560/250 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing levels of XG tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.073) jejunal IgG and tended to quadratically increase (P = 0.085) jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio (max: 2.62 at 560/250 (TXU/TGU)/kg). Increasing XG intake tended to linearly increase the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.087) and ether extract (P = 0.065). Increasing XG intake linearly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain. CONCLUSIONS A combinational use of xylanase and β-glucanase would hydrolyze the non-starch polysaccharides fractions, positively modulating the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota. Increased intake of these enzyme combination possibly reduced digesta viscosity and humoral immune response in the jejunum resulting in improved intestinal structure, and ileal digestibility of nutrients, and finally improving growth of nursery pigs. The beneficial effects were maximized at a combination of 550 to 800 TXU/kg xylanase and 250 to 360 TGU/kg β-glucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 116 Polk Hall, Campus Box 7621, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yesid Garavito Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 116 Polk Hall, Campus Box 7621, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 116 Polk Hall, Campus Box 7621, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Lee GI, Hedemann MS, Jørgensen H, Bach Knudsen KE. Influence of dietary fibre on nutrient digestibility and energy utilisation in growing pigs fed diets varying in soluble and insoluble fibres from co-products. Animal 2022; 16:100511. [PMID: 35436646 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-products from the industry are used to reduce costs in pig diets. However, the co-products used in pig diets are limited because of a high fibre content which is not digested by endogenous enzymes and is resistant to degradation in the small and large intestines. The aim of this study was to investigate digestibility of nutrients and energy, and energy utilisation in pigs fed diets with various soluble and insoluble dietary fibre (DF) from co-products. The experiment was performed as a 4 × 4 Latin square design (four diets and four periods) using four growing pigs (66.2 ± 7.8 kg) surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the end of the small intestine. The pigs were fed four experimental diets: low-fibre control (LF), high-fibre control (HF), high-soluble fibre (HFS) and high-insoluble fibre (HFI) diets. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ash, organic matter, CP, fat, carbohydrates, starch and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) divided into cellulose and soluble and insoluble non-cellulosic polysaccharide residues were measured using chromic oxide as marker. The recovery of total solid materials, organic matter and total carbohydrates in ileal digesta in pigs fed the HF and HFS diets was higher than in pigs fed LF and HFI, whereas recovery of organic matter and total carbohydrates in faecal materials in the HFS diet was lowest (P < 0.05). AID of organic matter, total carbohydrates and starch was lowest for HFS diet (P < 0.05). ATTD of organic matter and CP was higher for LF diet compared with other diets (P < 0.05), whereas total NSP, cellulose and non-cellulosic polysaccharides residues were highest for HFS diet (P < 0.05). Lactic acid in ileal digesta was influenced by dietary composition (P < 0.05) whereas neither type nor level of DF affected short chain fatty acids. The digestible energy, metabolisable energy, net energy and retained energy intake were similar among diets without influence of DF inclusion (P > 0.05). The metabolisable energy:digestible energy ratio was lower when feeding the HFS diet because of a higher fermentative methane loss. Faecal nitrogen and carbon were positively correlated with DM intake and insoluble DF in the diets (P < 0.05), but nitrogen and carbon (% of intake) were similar among diets. The present findings suggest that high-DF co-products can be used as ingredients of pig diets when features of DF are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M S Hedemann
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - H Jørgensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - K E Bach Knudsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Huang K, Chu Y, Qin X, Zhang J, Bai Y, Wang Y, Luo H, Huang H, Su X. Recombinant production of two xylanase-somatostatin fusion proteins retaining somatostatin immunogenicity and xylanase activity in Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4167-4175. [PMID: 33939024 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SS) is one of the peptide hormones that regulate the endocrine system in animals. When SS is used to immunize animals, the correspondingly generated anti-SS antibody neutralizes the SS and, therefore, alleviates its growth inhibiting effects. This is of great value to the livestock industry; however, previously developed methods fail to obtain enough recombinant SS in an economical way. Herein, we describe the employment of a commonly used feed enzyme, i.e., xylanase, as a carrier protein for recombinant expression of SS in large quantity. The SS gene was fused to one of the two xylanase genes (XynCDBFV and BsXynC) and recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris. The purified xylanase-SS fusion proteins displayed excellent antigenicity and immunogenicity. In addition, they retained the enzymatic activities and thermostability of the xylanases, indicating that they can catalyze hydrolysis of xylan in plant cell wall of the animal feeds and stand the high temperature in feed pelleting. Thus, the xylanase-SS fusion proteins serve as an excellent candidate chimeric bifunctional vaccine-feed enzyme protein retaining both SS immunogenicity and xylanase activity. KEY POINTS: • Somatostatin is expressed in P. pastoris as fusion proteins with two xylanases. • The chimeric proteins retain both immunogenicity and xylanase activity. • The xylanase-SS proteins may serve as bifunctional proteins in livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Jin KY, Hong JS, Sin DW, Kang HK, Jo YY, Lee GI, Jin XH, Jang JC, Jeong JH, Kim YY. Evaluation of barley to replace milk by-product in weaning pig's diet. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:77-86. [PMID: 31333865 PMCID: PMC6582933 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The supplementation level of barley was limited because of high contents of fiber
in monogastric animals. Barley contained high soluble fiber, thus it could
prevent to diarrhea of weaning pigs. Moreover, as the barley break down by
enzymes, free sugars come out from the barley, which could be used as an energy
source in weaning pigs and replace milk by-products in weaning pig’s
diet. Therefore, present study was conducted to investigate the influence of
barley to replace milk by-product in weaning pig’s diet on growth
performance, blood profile, nutrient digestibility, diarrhea incidence, and
economic analysis in weaning pigs. A total of 112 crossbred ([York-shire
× Landrace] × Duroc, weaned at 28 days of age) piglets were
allotted to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Each
treatment has 7 replications with 4 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed each treatment
diet which containing different levels of barley (0%, 10%,
20%, and 30%) at the expense of whey powder and lactose. Three
phase feeding programs were used for 6 weeks of growth trial (phase 1:
0–2 weeks; phase 2: 3–4 weeks; phase 3: 5–6 weeks). During
0–2 week, body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and G:F ratio were
decreased as barley level increased in the diet (linear response,
p < 0.01). In blood profile, blood urea nitrogen was
decreased as the barley level increased in the diet (linear, p
< 0.01). However, no significant differences were observed in blood
glucose level. In nutrient digestibility, crude fat digestibility was linearly
increased as barley increased (linear, p < 0.01). The
incidence of diarrhea was improved as increasing barley contents in all phases
(linear, p < 0.01). These results demonstrated that
supplementation of barley to replace milk by-product influenced negatively on
growth performance during 0–2 week. However, the incidence of diarrhea
and later growth performance from 3 week postweaning were improved as dietary
barley level increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Young Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Su Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Sin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyo Kon Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yun Young Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Geon Il Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Xing Hao Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Hark Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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5
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Perera WNU, Abdollahi MR, Ravindran V, Zaefarian F, Wester TJ, Ravindran G. Nutritional evaluation of two barley cultivars, without and with carbohydrase supplementation, for broilers: metabolisable energy and standardised amino acid digestibility. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:404-413. [PMID: 30995865 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1605151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Two experiments were conducted to assess the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn; Exp. 1; 288 Ross 308 male broilers at d 14; 36 cages with eight birds each) and coefficient of standardised ileal digestibility (CSID) of amino acids (AA; Exp. 2; 336 Ross 308 male broilers at d 21; 42 cages with eight birds each) of two barley cultivars for broilers in comparison to wheat, without or with a multi-component non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) degrading enzyme. A 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in both experiments with three types of grains (normal starch hulled barley [NSH], waxy starch hull-less barley [WSHL], and wheat) and two levels of enzyme supplementation (0 and 200 g/tonne of feed). Enzyme supplemented diets contained 406 and 128 of endo-1, 4-β-xylanase and endo-1, 3 (4)-β-glucanase units per kg of feed, respectively. 2. Analysis showed that the starch content was higher in NSH (610 g/kg) than in wheat (537 g/kg) and WSHL (554 g/kg), and the composition of starch differed markedly among the grain types. The β-glucan content was considerably higher in WSHL (68.6 g/kg) compared to NSH (38.5 g/kg) and wheat (7.74 g/kg). The contribution of soluble fraction to the total non-starch polysaccharides was higher in WSHL (38.2%) compared to NSH and wheat (17.1% and 13.3%, respectively). 3. A significant (P < 0.01) interaction was observed between the grain type and enzyme supplementation for AMEn. The WSHL, with the highest content of β-glucan, showed the greatest response to enzyme supplementation for AMEn. 4. Birds fed wheat- and WSHL-based diets had the highest and lowest CSID of nitrogen and most of AA, respectively, with NSH diets being intermediate. Regardless of grain type, enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the CSID of nitrogen. 5. These data suggest that β-glucan content plays an important role in determining the digestibility of nutrients in barley for broilers, resulting in a better feeding value for NSH over WSHL. Supplementation of a multi-component NSP-degrading enzyme can improve the feeding value of barley in broiler diets by increasing the digestibility with the effect being more pronounced in WSHL barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N U Perera
- a Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - M R Abdollahi
- a Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - V Ravindran
- a Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - F Zaefarian
- a Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - T J Wester
- a Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - G Ravindran
- b Institute of Food Science and Technology , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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6
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Improvement of anti-nutritional effect resulting from β-glucanase specific expression in the parotid gland of transgenic pigs. Transgenic Res 2016; 26:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Lindberg JE. Fiber effects in nutrition and gut health in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:15. [PMID: 24580966 PMCID: PMC3975931 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber is associated with impaired nutrient utilization and reduced net energy values. However, fiber has to be included in the diet to maintain normal physiological functions in the digestive tract. Moreover, the negative impact of dietary fiber will be determined by the fiber properties and may differ considerably between fiber sources. Various techniques can be applied to enhance nutritional value and utilization of available feed resources. In addition, the extent of fiber utilization is affected by the age of the pig and the pig breed. The use of potential prebiotic effects of dietary fiber is an attractive way to stimulate gut health and thereby minimize the use of anti-microbial growth promoters. Inclusion of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in the diet can stimulate the growth of commensal gut microbes. Inclusion of NSP from chicory results in changes in gut micro-environment and gut morphology of pigs, while growth performance remains unaffected and digestibility was only marginally reduced. The fermentation products and pH in digesta responded to diet type and were correlated with shifts in the microbiota. Interestingly, fiber intake will have an impact on the expression of intestinal epithelial heat-shock proteins in the pig. Heat-shock proteins have an important physiological role in the gut and carry out crucial housekeeping functions in order to maintain the mucosal barrier integrity. Thus, there are increasing evidence showing that fiber can have prebiotic effects in pigs due to interactions with the gut micro-environment and the gut associated immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Erik Lindberg
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P,O, Box 7024, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden.
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8
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Zebeli Q. Cereal β-glucan alters nutrient digestibility and microbial activity in the intestinal tract of pigs, and lower manure ammonia emission: a meta-analysis. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3188-99. [PMID: 23572264 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal β-glucan may be detrimental in pig production because of negative effects on nutrient digestibility, but they may act as functional ingredients by stimulating the intestinal microbiota. This study primarily aimed to investigate relations between dietary β-glucan and nutrient digestibility, intestinal fermentation, and manure NH3 emission in weaned, growing, and finishing pigs. Effects of dietary xylose, NDF, and CP, and pig BW on animal responses were also evaluated. A meta-analytical approach, accounting for inter- and intraexperiment variations, was used to compute prediction models. Data from 26 studies including 107 different dietary treatments with appropriate dietary and physiological measurements were used to parameterize these models. Dietary β-glucan inclusion ranged from 0 to 6.7%. Increasing dietary β-glucan reduced apparent ileal (AID) and total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CP and energy (R(2) = 0.12 to 0.29; P < 0.05), whereas the ATTD of DM was reduced by 10% up to a threshold β-glucan of 3.5%, above which the response became asymptotic (R(2) = 0.34; P < 0.01). Increasing dietary NDF content decreased ATTD of DM and energy, and increasing xylose concentration reduced ATTD of energy and CP (R(2) = 0.24 to 0.85; P < 0.05). Broken-line model indicated that cecal total VFA and butyrate concentrations increased up to a threshold of 2.5 and 1.4% β-glucan in the diet, respectively, above which these responses became asymptotic (R(2) = 0.77 to 0.96; P < 0.05). Ileal butyrate was negatively and colonic iso-butyrate was positively linked to increasing β-glucan concentration (R(2) = 0.17 to 0.41; P < 0.05). Greater β-glucan concentration were negatively related (R(2) = 0.86; P < 0.01) to NH3 emission, indicating a reduction in NH3 emission by one-half with 6% β-glucan. Backward elimination analysis indicated that greater BW of pigs counteracted (P < 0.05) the negative effect of β-glucan on AID of CP and energy and ATTD of DM and CP. Pig BW also enhanced effects of β-glucan on cecal total VFA, colonic iso-butyrate, ileal butyrate, and NH3 emission (P < 0.05). Dietary CP potentiated (P < 0.01) the β-glucan effects on cecal total VFA, cecal butyrate, and colonic iso-butyrate. In conclusion, this study indicates that β-glucan can stimulate cecal butyrate and ameliorate manure NH3 emission, thereby decreasing nutrient digestibility. Because greater BW ameliorates β-glucan effects, finishing diets may be formulated to contain more β-glucan than weaner diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B U Metzler-Zebeli
- Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Bach Knudsen KE, Hedemann MS, Lærke HN. The role of carbohydrates in intestinal health of pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Ngoc TTB, Len NT, Ogle B, Lindberg JE. Influence of particle size and multi-enzyme supplementation of fibrous diets on total tract digestibility and performance of weaning (8–20kg) and growing (20–40kg) pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Millet S, Van Oeckel MJ, Aluwé M, Delezie E, De Brabander DL. Prediction of in vivo short-chain fatty acid production in hindgut fermenting mammals: problems and pitfalls. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:605-19. [PMID: 20694924 DOI: 10.1080/10408390802565939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are considered to have important physiological functions. However, to prove this, SCFA must be determined, which is rather difficult as a lot of factors interfere with their production. This review focuses on the factors that influence the prediction of short-chain fatty acid formation in the large intestine of monogastric mammals. To mimic the in vivo situation, when predicting the amount of short-chain fatty acids produced from a certain substrate based on in vitro models, one has to estimate the amount of this substrate entering the large intestine, the retention time in the different parts of the large intestine, and the substrate fermentability. Instead of in vitro models, direct and indirect techniques may be used to measure short-chain fatty acid production in vivo. Direct techniques include the measurement of input and output or measuring differences in SCFA between portal and venous blood whereas indirect techniques measure the end products of fermentation. In this case, other factors have to be taken into account, including technical limitations and ethical considerations. In this review it is concluded that the choice for a method will rely on the purpose of the study taking into account the (dis)advantages of every method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Millet
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium.
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12
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Len NT, Ngoc TB, Ogle B, Lindberg JE. Ileal and total tract digestibility in local (Mong Cai) and exotic (Landrace×Yorkshire) piglets fed low and high-fibre diets, with or without enzyme supplementation. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Fan CL, Han XY, Xu ZR, Wang LJ, Shi LR. Effects of beta-glucanase and xylanase supplementation on gastrointestinal digestive enzyme activities of weaned piglets fed a barley-based diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:271-6. [PMID: 18492030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of supplementing a barley-based diet for weaned piglets withexogenous beta-glucanase and xylanase on gastrointestinal digestiveenzyme activities were investigated. Thirty-six cross-bred weaned pigletswere randomly assigned to two groups with three pens based on sexand mass. Each group was fed on the diet based on barley with or withoutadded beta-glucanase and xylanase (0.15%) for a 4-week period. Theresults showed that enzyme supplementation improved growth performanceof piglets significantly (p < 0.05), but had no effect (p = 0.091)on average daily feed intake. The results also showed that supplementationof beta-glucanase and xylanase had no effect on pepsin activity in gastriccontents but slightly decreased (p = 0.092) the pepsin activity ingastric mucosa. Meanwhile, no effect of enzyme supplementation ontrypsin activity in duodenal contents was observed. However, the activitiesof amylase and lipase in duodenal contents were significantly(p < 0.05) decreased, whereas the activities of maltase, sucrase andgamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) in jejunal and ileal mucosa wereenhanced significantly (p < 0.05). The improvement of disaccharidaseand gamma-GT activity may be attributed to the positive impacts of exogenousenzymes on digestion and absorption of the nutrients. In conclusion,the current results indicated that supplementation with enzymes in barley-based diets could improve the growth performance of piglets,decrease the activities of amylase and lipase in duodenal contents andincrease the activities of disaccharidase and gamma-GT in jejunal and ilealmucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Fan
- Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Feng J, Liu X, Xu ZR, Lu YP, Liu YY. Effect of fermented soybean meal on intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in weaned piglets. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1845-50. [PMID: 17410452 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effect of Bacillus subtilis fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in piglets. Sixty crossbred (Duroc x Landrance x Yorkshire) piglets at an average weight of 8.62 kg were randomly allotted to two treatments and fed diets containing soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively. At the end of the experimental period, six piglets of each treatment were slaughtered humanly to collect the contents and tissue samples at three different locations in small intestine. Light microscopy and scanning electron indicated that piglets fed FSBM had a higher (P<0.05) villus height at three different locations of small intestine and had la ower (P<0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum compared to piglets fed SBM. The results showed that activities of total protease and trypsin at the duodenum and jejunum of piglets fed with FSBM increased (P<0.05) compared with the control. The trypsin activity in the pancreas of piglets decreased (P<0.05) when they were fed with FSBM. The results showed that FSBM improved intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Feng
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
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Feng J, Liu X, Xu Z, Lu Y, Liu Y. The effect of Aspergillus oryzae fermented soybean meal on growth performance, digestibility of dietary components and activities of intestinal enzymes in weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mariscal-Landín G, Rodríguez J, Reis de Souza T. Evaluation of hulless barley as feed ingredient in growing-finishing pigs diets: amino acid ileal digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Omogbenigun FO, Nyachoti CM, Slominski BA. Dietary supplementation with multienzyme preparations improves nutrient utilization and growth performance in weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:1053-61. [PMID: 15080327 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8241053x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments with young pigs (25 d of age) were conducted to investigate the effect of multienzyme preparations on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and P utilization and excretion. In Exp. 1, 24 pigs (six pigs per treatment) were used in a 28-d performance and digestibility trial using four diets: control (no enzyme) and control supplemented with enzyme preparation A, B, or C. The control diet was formulated to meet 95% of NRC (1998) nutrient specifications (except for available P, which was at 44% NRC) and composed of corn, wheat, wheat by-products, barley, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas. All three enzyme preparations contained xylanase, glucanase, amylase, protease, invertase, and phytase activities and differed in the type of plant cell wall-degrading activities; Enzyme A contained cellulase, galactanase, and mannanase; Enzyme B contained cellulase and pectinase; and Enzyme C contained cellulase, galactanase, mannanase, and pectinase. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets had higher ADG (P = 0.02) and G:F (P = 0.01) than those fed the control diet. On average, and when compared with control diet, enzyme supplementation improved (P = 0.001 to 0.04) ileal digestibility of DM (60 vs. 66%), GE (62.8 vs. 70.4%), CP (62 vs. 72%), starch (86.7 vs. 94.2%), nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP; 10.1 vs. 17.6%), and phytate (59 vs. 70%). Compared with the control, total-tract digestibility of nutrients was increased (P = 0.001 to 0.01) owing to enzyme supplementation, with Enzyme C showing the highest improvement in DM, GE, CP, starch, NSP, phytate, and P utilization. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets had decreased (P = 0.04) fecal P excretion. The benefit from improved nutrient utilization with enzyme supplementation was further substantiated in a 38-d growth performance study with 48 pigs. The control and Enzyme C-supplemented diets (same as Exp. 1) were assigned to six replicate pens (four pigs per pen). The study was conducted in three phases (Phase 1 = d 0 to 7; Phase 2 = d 7 to 21; Phase 3 = d 21 to 38). Individual BW and pen feed disappearance were monitored. Average daily gain and G:F were 231 and 257 g (P = 0.01), and 0.56 and 0.63 (P = 0.001) for the control and enzyme-supplemented diets, respectively. It is evident from this study that the use of enzyme preparations may allow for cost-effective and environmentally friendly formulation of young pig diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Omogbenigun
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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Variation in apparent component digestibility of barley in the rat from the core collection of the USDA National Small Grains Collection. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Effects of glucanase inclusion in a de-hulled barley diet on the growth performance and nutrient digestion of broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Medel P, Baucells F, Gracia M, de Blas C, Mateos G. Processing of barley and enzyme supplementation in diets for young pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Effect of Barley Fibres and Barley Intake on the Ileal Endogenous Nitrogen Losses in Piglets. J Cereal Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/jcrs.2000.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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