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Gaona-López C, Méndez-Álvarez D, Moreno-Rodríguez A, Bautista-Martínez JL, De Fuentes-Vicente JA, Nogueda-Torres B, García-Torres I, López-Velázquez G, Rivera G. TATA-Binding Protein-Based Virtual Screening of FDA Drugs Identified New Anti-Giardiasis Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6238. [PMID: 38892424 PMCID: PMC11172525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases, predominantly prevalent in developing countries, are increasingly spreading to high-income nations due to shifting migration patterns. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates approximately 300 million annual cases of giardiasis. The emergence of drug resistance and associated side effects necessitates urgent research to address this growing health concern. In this study, we evaluated over eleven thousand pharmacological compounds sourced from the FDA database to assess their impact on the TATA-binding protein (TBP) of the early diverging protist Giardia lamblia, which holds medical significance. We identified a selection of potential pharmacological compounds for combating this parasitic disease through in silico analysis, employing molecular modeling techniques such as homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Notably, our findings highlight compounds DB07352 and DB08399 as promising candidates for inhibiting the TBP of Giardia lamblia. Also, these compounds and DB15584 demonstrated high efficacy against trophozoites in vitro. In summary, this study identifies compounds with the potential to combat giardiasis, offering the prospect of specific therapies and providing a robust foundation for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gaona-López
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico;
| | - Domingo Méndez-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico;
| | - Adriana Moreno-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Estudios Epidemiológicos, Clínicos, Diseños Experimentales e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (J.L.B.-M.)
| | - Juan Luis Bautista-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Estudios Epidemiológicos, Clínicos, Diseños Experimentales e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 68120, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (J.L.B.-M.)
| | | | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico;
| | - Itzhel García-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; (I.G.-T.); (G.L.-V.)
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; (I.G.-T.); (G.L.-V.)
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico;
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Marini P, Cowie P, Ayar A, Bewick GS, Barrow J, Pertwee RG, MacKenzie A, Tucci P. M3 Receptor Pathway Stimulates Rapid Transcription of the CB1 Receptor Activation through Calcium Signalling and the CNR1 Gene Promoter. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021308. [PMID: 36674826 PMCID: PMC9867084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated a possible mechanism that enables CB1/M3 receptor cross-talk, using SH-SY5Y cells as a model system. Our results show that M3 receptor activation initiates signaling that rapidly upregulates the CNR1 gene, resulting in a greatly potentiated CB1 receptor response to agonists. Calcium homeostasis plays an essential intermediary role in this functional CB1/M3 receptor cross-talk. We show that M3 receptor-triggered calcium release greatly increases CB1 receptor expression via both transcriptional and translational activity, by enhancing CNR1 promoter activity. The co-expression of M3 and CB1 receptors in brain areas such as the nucleus accumbens and amygdala support the hypothesis that the altered synaptic plasticity observed after exposure to cannabinoids involves cross-talk with the M3 receptor subtype. In this context, M3 receptors and their interaction with the cannabinoid system at the transcriptional level represent a potential pharmacogenomic target not only for the develop of new drugs for addressing addiction and tolerance. but also to understand the mechanisms underpinning response stratification to cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Marini
- Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Philip Cowie
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ahmet Ayar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Guy S. Bewick
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - John Barrow
- Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Roger G. Pertwee
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alasdair MacKenzie
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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3
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Santiago Á, Razo-Hernández RS, Pastor N. Revealing the Structural Contributions to Thermal Adaptation of the TATA-Box Binding Protein: Molecular Dynamics and QSPR Analyses. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:866-879. [PMID: 31917925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The TATA-box binding protein (TBP) is an important element of the transcription machinery in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. TBP is expressed in organisms adapted to different temperatures, indicating a robust structure, and experimental studies have shown that the mid-unfolding temperature (Tm) of TBP is directly correlated with the optimal growth temperature (OGT) of the organism. To understand which are the relevant structural requirements for its stability, we present the first structural and dynamic computational study of TBPs, combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) over a set of TBPs of organisms adapted to different temperatures. We found that the main structural properties of TBP used to adapt to high temperatures are an increase in the ease of desolvation of charged residues at the surface, an increase in the local resiliency, the presence of Leu clusters in the protein core, and an increase in the loss of hydrophobic packing in the N-terminal subdomain. In view of our results, we consider that TBP is a good model to study thermal adaptation, and our analysis opens the possibility of performing protein engineering on TBPs to study transcription at high or low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Santiago
- Laboratorio de Dinámica de Proteínas, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas , Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos , Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa , Cuernavaca , Morelos 62209 , México
| | - Rodrigo Said Razo-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Dinámica de Proteínas, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas , Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos , Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa , Cuernavaca , Morelos 62209 , México
| | - Nina Pastor
- Laboratorio de Dinámica de Proteínas, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas , Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos , Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa , Cuernavaca , Morelos 62209 , México.,Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa , Cuernavaca , Morelos 62210 , México
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4
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Santiago Á, Razo-Hernández RS, Pastor N. The TATA-binding Protein DNA-binding domain of eukaryotic parasites is a potentially druggable target. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 95:130-149. [PMID: 31569300 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a central transcription factor in eukaryotes that interacts with a large number of different transcription factors; thus, affecting these interactions will be lethal for any living being. In this work, we present the first structural and dynamic computational study of the surface properties of the TBP DNA-binding domain for a set of parasites involved in diseases of worldwide interest. The sequence and structural differences of these TBPs, as compared with human TBP, were proposed to select representative ensembles generated from molecular dynamics simulations and to evaluate their druggability by molecular ensemble-based docking of drug-like molecules. We found that potential druggable sites correspond to the NC2-binding site, N-terminal tail, H2 helix, and the interdomain region, with good selectivity for Plasmodium falciparum, Necator americanus, Entamoeba histolytica, Candida albicans, and Taenia solium TBPs. The best hit compounds share structural similarity among themselves and have predicted dissociation constants ranging from nM to μM. These can be proposed as initial scaffolds for experimental testing and further optimization. In light of the obtained results, we propose TBP as an attractive therapeutic target for treatment of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Santiago
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular - IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.,Doctorado en Ciencias, CIDC-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Rodrigo Said Razo-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular - IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Nina Pastor
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular - IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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5
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Hwang DS, Byeon HK, Lee JS. Complete mitochondrial genome of the sand lamprey, Lampetra reissneri (Petromyzontiformes, Petromyzontidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:678-9. [PMID: 23527576 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.773989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome was sequenced from the river lamprey, Lampetra reissneri. The genome sequence was 16,197 bp in size, and the gene order and contents were identical to those of the congeneric species Lampetra japonica. However, L. reissneri had two incomplete control regions with a rearrangement of mitochondrial genomic organization compared with other fish mitochondrial genomes. Of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), only one gene (CO1) had an incomplete stop codon. The base composition of L. reissneri showed anti-G bias (12.99% and 4.49%) on the 2nd and 3rd position of PCGs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Sik Hwang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Bioscience, Graduate School, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791 , South Korea
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6
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Fujimori KE, Hazama K, Kawasaki T, Deguchi T, Yuba S. Intergenic region between TATA-box binding protein and proteasome subunit C3 genes of Medaka function as the bidirectional promoter in vitro and in vivo. Gene 2012; 511:177-86. [PMID: 23026219 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the genome of eukaryotic organisms, each protein-coding gene has the unique promoter in the 5'-flanking region, and the direction of the promoter is usually controlled unidirectional. In this study, we revealed that the intergenic region between TATA-box binding protein (tbp) and proteasome subunit C3 (psmc3) genes in Medaka functions as bidirectional promoter in vitro and in vivo. The tbp and psmc3 genes were allocated as a head-to-head configuration with a 719bp intergenic region. A comparative analysis of gene arrangement surrounding loci of tbp in vertebrates also illustrated that it was unique in Acanthopterygii lineage. The transcription activities were about 1.2 times for tbp direction and 0.7 times for psmc3 direction against that of SV40 promoter in Medaka fibroblasts, respectively. A dual fluorescent reporter assay directly showed that the bidirectional promoter could express two divergent genes concurrently without disruption of RNA polymerase II elongation. In addition, an analysis of sequential deletion of this promoter suggested that the ETS binding site was necessary for maximum expression of downstream gene, and only the ETS binding site was shared from fish to mammals. In mammals, high correlation with CpG islands was observed in such bidirectional promoters, no association was found in the tbp/psmc3 bidirectional promoter in Medaka. These results suggest that molecular machineries of fish bidirectional promoter may be somehow different from those of mammals but the cis-acting element for binding ETS transcription factors is essential for divergent gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro E Fujimori
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nakoji 3-11-46, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0974, Japan.
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7
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Di Pietro C, Ragusa M, Duro L, Guglielmino MR, Barbagallo D, Carnemolla A, Laganà A, Buffa P, Angelica R, Rinaldi A, Calafato MS, Milicia I, Caserta C, Giugno R, Pulvirenti A, Giunta V, Rapisarda A, Di Pietro V, Grillo A, Messina A, Ferro A, Grzeschik KH, Purrello M. Genomics, evolution, and expression of TBPL2, a member of the TBP family. DNA Cell Biol 2007; 26:369-85. [PMID: 17570761 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2006.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TBPL2 is the most recently discovered and less characterized member of the TATA box binding protein (TBP) family that also comprises TBP, TATA box binding protein-like 1 (TBPL1), and Drosophila melanogaster TBP related factor (TRF). In this paper we report our in silico and in vitro data on (i) the genomics of the TBPL2 gene in Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Gallus gallus, Xenopus tropicalis, and Takifugu rubripes; (ii) its evolution and phylogenetic relationship with TBP, TBPL1, and TRF; (iii) the structure of the TBPL2 proteins that belong to the recently identified group of the intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUPs); and (iv) TBPL2 expression in different organs and cell types of Homo sapiens and Rattus norvegicus. Similar to TBP, both the TBPL2 gene and protein are bimodular. The 3' region of the gene encoding the DNA binding domain (DBD) was well conserved during evolution. Its high homology to vertebrate TBP suggests that TBPL2 also should bind to the TATA box and interact with the proteins binding to TBP carboxy-terminal domain, such as the TBP associated factors (TAFs). As already demonstrated for TBP, TBPL2 amino-terminal segment is intrinsically unstructured and, even though variable among vertebrates, comprises a highly conserved motif not found in any other known protein. Absence of TBPL2 from the genome of invertebrates and plants demonstrates its specific origin within the subphylum of vertebrates. Our RT-PCR analysis of human and rat RNA shows that, similar to TBP, TBPL2 is ubiquitously synthesized even though at variable levels that are at least two orders of magnitude lower. Higher expression of TBPL2 in the gonads than in other organs suggests that it could perform important functions in gametogenesis. Our genomic and expression data should contribute to clarify why TBP has a general master role within the transcription apparatus (TA), whereas both TBPL1 and TBPL2 perform tissue-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Di Pietro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche-Unità di Biologia Genetica e BioInformatica, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy, EU
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8
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Ruvalcaba-Salazar OK, del Carmen Ramírez-Estudillo M, Montiel-Condado D, Recillas-Targa F, Vargas M, Hernández-Rivas R. Recombinant and native Plasmodium falciparum TATA-binding-protein binds to a specific TATA box element in promoter regions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 140:183-96. [PMID: 15760658 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerase II promoters in Plasmodium spp., like in most eukaryotes, have a bipartite structure. However, the identification of a functional TATA box located within the Plasmodium spp. core promoters has been difficult, mainly because of its high A+T content. Only few putative trans-acting elements have been identified in the malaria parasite genome such as a gene orthologous to the TATA box binding protein (PfTBP). In this study, we demonstrate that PfTBP is part of the DNA-protein complexes formed in the kahrp and gbp-130 gene promoter regions. Supershift and footprinting assays performed with a GST-PfTBP fusion protein showed that PfTBP associates with a consensus TATA box sequence located 81 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in the kahrp promoter region and with a TATA box-like (TGTAA) sequence at position -186 of the gbp-130 gene promoter region. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that native PfTBP is able to associate in vivo with both TATA box elements. This is the first study that reports the identification of cis-acting sequences (TATAA and TGTAA) and their corresponding trans-acting (PfTBP) factor in P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar K Ruvalcaba-Salazar
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Apartado Postal 14-740, 07360 México
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9
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Millership JJ, Waghela P, Cai X, Cockerham A, Zhu G. Differential expression and interaction of transcription co-activator MBF1 with TATA-binding protein (TBP) in the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 150:1207-1213. [PMID: 15133082 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
All gene-specific transcriptional activators initiate gene transcriptions by binding to promoter sequences and recruiting general transcription factors including TATA-binding protein (TBP) to upstream of targeted genes. Some of them require multiprotein bridging factors (MBFs); for example, the type 1 MBF (MBF1) which interconnects the gene activator with TBP. In this study, the properties of a previously cloned type 1 multiprotein bridging factor (CpMBF1) and a newly identified TBP (CpTBP1) from the apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum were investigated. Genes encoding both proteins were differentially expressed as determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCRs during the parasite life cycle, but in different patterns. The highest level of expression of CpMBF1 was in the well-developed intracellular parasites, whereas that of CpTBP1 was found in intact oocysts and late intracellular stages, possibly correlated with the formation of oocysts. Both CpMBF1 and CpTBP1 were expressed as maltose-binding protein fusion proteins. The function of CpTBP1 was confirmed by its ability to bind a biotinylated DNA oligonucleotide containing TATA consensus sequence. The interaction between CpMBF1 and CpTBP1 was also observed by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Since little is known about the regulation and control of gene activity in C. parvum, this study may point to a new direction for the study of gene activation associated with the development of the complex life cycle of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Millership
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Palvi Waghela
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaomin Cai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Amy Cockerham
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guan Zhu
- Faculty of Genetics Program, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, 4467 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Abstract
TBP functions in transcription initiation in all eukaryotes and in Archaebacteria. Although the 181-amino acid (aa) carboxyl (C-) terminal core of the protein is highly conserved, TBP proteins from different phyla exhibit diverse sequences in their amino (N-) terminal region. In mice, the TBP N-terminus plays a role in protecting the placenta from maternal rejection; however the presence of similar TBP N-termini in nontherian tetrapods suggests that this domain also has more primitive functions. To gain insights into the pretherian functions of the N-terminus, we investigated its phylogenetic distribution. TBP cDNAs were isolated from representative nontetrapod jawed vertebrates (zebrafish and shark), from more primitive jawless vertebrates (lamprey and hagfish), and from a prevertebrate cephalochordate (amphioxus). Results showed that the tetrapod N-terminus likely arose coincident with the earliest vertebrates. The primary structures of vertebrate N-termini indicates that, historically, this domain has undergone events involving intragenic duplication and modification of short oligopeptide-encoding DNA sequences, which might have provided a mechanism of de novo evolution of this polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla A Bondareva
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Marsh Labs, Montana State University, USA
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Schmidt EE, Bondareva AA, Radke JR, Capecchi MR. Fundamental cellular processes do not require vertebrate-specific sequences within the TATA-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:6168-74. [PMID: 12471023 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211205200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 180-amino acid core of the TATA-binding protein (TBPcore) is conserved from Archae bacteria to man. Vertebrate TBPs contain, in addition, a large and highly conserved N-terminal region that is not found in other phyla. We have generated a line of mice in which the tbp allele is replaced with a version, tbp(Delta N), which lacks 111 of 135 N-terminal amino acid residues. Most tbp(Delta N/Delta N) fetuses die in midgestation. To test whether a disruption of general cellular processes contributed to this fetal loss, primary fibroblast cultures were established from +/+, Delta N/+, and Delta N/Delta N fetuses. The cultures exhibited no genotype-dependent differences in proliferation or in expression of the proliferative markers dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) mRNA (S phase-specific) and cdc25B mRNA (G(2)-specific). The mutation had no effect on transcription initiation site fidelity by either RNA polymerase II (pol II) or pol III. Moreover, the mutation did not cause differences in levels of U6 RNA, a pol III-dependent component of the splicing machinery, in mRNA splicing efficiency, in expression of housekeeping genes from either TATA-containing or TATA-less promoters, or in global gene expression. Our results indicated that general eukaryotic cell functions are unaffected by deletion of these vertebrate-specific sequences from TBP. Thus, all activities of this polypeptide domain must either be compensated for by redundant activities or be restricted to situations that are not represented by primary fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Marsh Laboratories, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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