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Zeng W, Fang Y, Mo S, Shen C, Yang H, Luo G, Xiao L, Zhan R, Yan P. The Underling Mechanisms Exploration of Rubia cordifolia L. Extract Against Rheumatoid Arthritis by Integrating Network Pharmacology and Metabolomics. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:439-457. [PMID: 36818604 PMCID: PMC9930591 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s388932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Rubia cordifolia L. (RC) is a classic herbal medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been used since ancient times. The ethanol extract of Rubia cordifolia L. (RCE) showed obvious anti-RA effects in our previous study. However, further potential mechanisms require more exploration. We aimed to investigate the mechanism of RCE for the treatment of RA by integrating metabolomics and network pharmacology in this study. Methods An adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model was established, and we evaluated the therapeutic effects of RCE. Metabolomics of serum and urine was used to identify the differential metabolites. Network pharmacology was applied to determine the key metabolites and potential targets. Finally, the potential targets and compounds of RCE were verified by molecular docking. Results The results indicated that RCE suppressed foot swelling and alleviated joint damage and also had anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and P65. Ten and seven differential metabolites were found in the serum and urine, respectively, of rats. Six key targets, ie, phospholipase A2 group IIA (PLA2G2A), phospholipase A2 group X (PLA2G10), cytidine deaminase (CDA), uridine-cytidine kinase 2 (UCK2), charcot-leyden crystal galectin (CLC), and 5',3'-nucleotidase, mitochondrial (NT5M), were discovered by network pharmacology and metabolite analysis and were found to be related to glycerophospholipid metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism. Molecular docking confirmed that the favorable compounds showed affinities with the key targets, including alizarin, 6-hydroxyrubiadin, ruberythric acid, and munjistin. Conclusion This study revealed the underlying mechanisms of RCE and provided evidence that will allow researchers to further investigate the functions and components of RCE against RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Zeng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Joint Laboratory of Nation Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Fang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Joint Laboratory of Nation Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suifen Mo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Joint Laboratory of Nation Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caihong Shen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Joint Laboratory of Nation Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiling Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Joint Laboratory of Nation Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guihua Luo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Joint Laboratory of Nation Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luhua Xiao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Joint Laboratory of Nation Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Joint Laboratory of Nation Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Ruoting Zhan; Ping Yan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Outer Ring East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 20-39358045, Email ;
| | - Ping Yan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Joint Laboratory of Nation Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Maiuolo J, Oppedisano F, Gratteri S, Muscoli C, Mollace V. Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion. Int J Cardiol 2016; 213:8-14. [PMID: 26316329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purines perform many important functions in the cell, being the formation of the monomeric precursors of nucleic acids DNA and RNA the most relevant one. Purines which also contribute to modulate energy metabolism and signal transduction, are structural components of some coenzymes and have been shown to play important roles in the physiology of platelets, muscles and neurotransmission. All cells require a balanced quantity of purines for growth, proliferation and survival. Under physiological conditions the enzymes involved in the purine metabolism maintain in the cell a balanced ratio between their synthesis and degradation. In humans the final compound of purines catabolism is uric acid. All other mammals possess the enzyme uricase that converts uric acid to allantoin that is easily eliminated through urine. Overproduction of uric acid, generated from the metabolism of purines, has been proven to play emerging roles in human disease. In fact the increase of serum uric acid is inversely associated with disease severity and especially with cardiovascular disease states. This review describes the enzymatic pathways involved in the degradation of purines, getting into their structure and biochemistry until the uric acid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Santo Gratteri
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Italy.
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Effect of tenofovir on nucleotidases and cytokines in HIV-1 target cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78814. [PMID: 24205323 PMCID: PMC3808279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) has been widely used for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV-1 infection with mixed results. While the use of TFV in uninfected individuals for prevention of HIV-1 acquisition is actively being investigated, the possible consequences of TFV exposure for the HIV-target cells and the mucosal microenvironment are unknown. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of TFV treatment on blood-derived CD4⁺ T cells, monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). Purified HIV-target cells were treated with different concentrations of TFV (0.001-1.0 mg/ml) for 2 to 24 hr. RNA was isolated and RT-PCR was performed to compare the levels of mRNA expression of nucleotidases and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (MIP3α, IL-8 and TNFα) in the presence or absence of TFV. We found that TFV increases 5'-ecto-nucleotidase (NT5E) and inhibits mitochondrial nucleotidase (NT5M) gene expression and increases 5' nucleotidase activity in macrophages. We also observed that TFV stimulates the expression and secretion of IL-8 by macrophages, DC, and activated CD4⁺ T cells and increases the expression and secretion of MIP3α by macrophages. In contrast, TFV had no effect on TNFα secretion from macrophages, DC and CD4⁺ T cells. Our results demonstrate that TFV alters innate immune responses in HIV-target cells with potential implications for increased inflammation at mucosal surfaces. As new preventive trials are designed, these findings should provide a foundation for understanding the effects of TFV on HIV-target cells in microbicide trials.
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Duncan MR, Fullerton M, Chaudhuri M. Tim50 in Trypanosoma brucei possesses a dual specificity phosphatase activity and is critical for mitochondrial protein import. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3184-97. [PMID: 23212919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.436378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, proteins are imported into mitochondria via multiprotein translocases of the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes, TOM and TIM, respectively. Trypanosoma brucei, a hemoflagellated parasitic protozoan and the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, imports about a thousand proteins into the mitochondrion; however, the mitochondrial protein import machinery in this organism is largely unidentified. Here, we characterized a homolog of Tim50 that is localized in the mitochondrial membrane in T. brucei. Similar to Tim50 proteins from fungi and mammals, Tim50 in T. brucei (TbTim50) possesses a mitochondrial targeting signal at its N terminus and a C-terminal domain phosphatase motif at its C terminus. Knockdown of TbTim50 reduced cell growth and inhibited import of proteins that contain N-terminal targeting signals. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that TbTim50 interacts with TbTim17. Unlike its fungal counterpart but similar to the human homolog of Tim50, recombinant TbTim50 possesses a dual specificity phosphatase activity with a greater affinity for protein tyrosine phosphate than for protein serine/threonine phosphate. Mutation of the aspartic acid residues to alanine in the C-terminal domain phosphatase motif (242)DXDX(V/T)(246) abolished activity for both type of substrates. TbTim50 knockdown increased and its overexpression decreased the level of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). However, the VDAC level was unaltered when the phosphatase-inactive mutant of TbTim50 was overexpressed, suggesting that the phosphatase activity of TbTim50 plays a role in regulation of VDAC expression. In contrast, phosphatase activity of the TbTim50 is required neither for mitochondrial protein import nor for its interaction with TbTim17. Overall, our results show that TbTim50 plays additional roles in mitochondrial activities besides preprotein translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Duncan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA
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Fong CJ, Burgoon LD, Williams KJ, Forgacs AL, Zacharewski TR. Comparative temporal and dose-dependent morphological and transcriptional uterine effects elicited by tamoxifen and ethynylestradiol in immature, ovariectomized mice. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:151. [PMID: 17555576 PMCID: PMC1914052 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uterine temporal and dose-dependent histopathologic, morphometric and gene expression responses to the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen (TAM) were comprehensively examined to further elucidate its estrogen receptor-mediated effects. These results were systematically compared to the effects elicited by the potent estrogen receptor ligand 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE) to identify pathways similarly and uniquely modified by each compound. RESULTS Three daily doses of 100 microg/kg TAM elicited a dose-dependent increase in uterine wet weight (UWW) in immature, ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice at 72 hrs with concurrent increases in luminal epithelial cell height (LECH), luminal circumference and glandular epithelial tubule number. Significant UWW and LECH increases were detected at 24 hrs after a single dose of 100 microg/kg TAM. cDNA microarray analysis identified 2235 differentially expressed genes following a single dose of 100 microg/kg TAM at 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hrs, and at 72 hrs after three daily doses (3 x 24 hrs). Functional annotation of differentially expressed genes was associated with cell growth and proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, extracellular matrix modification, nucleotide synthesis, DNA replication, protein synthesis and turnover, lipid metabolism, glycolysis and immunological responses as is expected from the uterotrophic response. Comparative analysis of TAM and EE treatments identified 1209 common, differentially expressed genes, the majority of which exhibited similar profiles despite a temporal delay in TAM elicited responses. However, several conserved and treatment specific responses were identified that are consistent with proliferation (Fos, Cdkn1a, Anapc1), and water imbibition (Slc30a3, Slc30a5) responses elicited by EE. CONCLUSION Overall, TAM and EE share similar gene expression profiles. However, TAM responses exhibit lower efficacy, while responses unique to EE are consistent with the physiological differences elicited between compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora J Fong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- National Food Safety & Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lyle D Burgoon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- National Food Safety & Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kurt J Williams
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Agnes L Forgacs
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- National Food Safety & Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Timothy R Zacharewski
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- National Food Safety & Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Mazzon C, Rampazzo C, Scaini MC, Gallinaro L, Karlsson A, Meier C, Balzarini J, Reichard P, Bianchi V. Cytosolic and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleotidases: activity with substrate analogs, inhibitors and implications for therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:471-9. [PMID: 12907246 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs act as prodrugs that must be converted to 5'-phosphates by intracellular kinases to become active in the treatment of viral and oncological diseases. Activation may be reversed by dephosphorylation if the 5'-phosphates are substrates for 5'-nucleotidases. Dephosphorylation by cytosolic enzymes decreases the efficacy of the analogs, whereas dephosphorylation by mitochondrial enzymes may decrease mitochondrial toxicity. Both effects may influence the outcome of therapy. We investigated the dephosphorylation of the 5'-phosphates of commonly used nucleoside analogs by two cytosolic (cN-II and dNT-1) and one mitochondrial (dNT-2) nucleotidase. Most uracil/thymine nucleotide analogs were dephosphorylated by all three human enzymes but cytosine-containing nucleotide analogs were inactive. Only cN-II showed some activity with the monophosphates of the two purine analogs 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine and 9-beta-D-arabinosylguanine. We conclude that overproduction of any of the three 5'-nucleotidases cannot explain development of resistance against cytosine analogs but that overproduction of cN-II could lead to resistance against purine analogs. Of the tested analogs, only (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine was preferentially dephosphorylated by mitochondrial dNT-2. We propose that in future developments of analogs this aspect be considered in order to reduce mitochondrial toxicity. We tested inhibition of dNT-1 and dNT-2 by a large variety of synthetic metabolically stable nucleoside phosphonate analogs and found one (PMcP-U) that inhibited dNT-1 and dNT-2 competitively and a second (DPB-T) that inhibited dNT-2 by mixed inhibition. Both inhibitors are useful for specific 5'-nucleotidase assays and structural studies and may open up possibilities for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mazzon
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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