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Vairo S, Saey V, Bombardi C, Ducatelle R, Nauwynck H. The recent European isolate (08P178) of equine arteritis virus causes inflammation but not arteritis in experimentally infected ponies. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:238-43. [PMID: 24975896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, outbreaks of equine viral arteritis (EVA) have been reported in Europe, but little is known about these European isolates of equine arteritis virus (EAV). EAV European strain (08P178, EU-1 clade) isolated from one of these recent outbreaks is able to cause clinical signs on experimental infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microscopical lesions induced by this isolate after experimental infection of ponies. Animals were killed at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post infection (dpi). At 3 dpi, lesions were essentially restricted to the respiratory tract and intestines and were characterized by mild multifocal epithelial degeneration and associated mononuclear cell infiltration. Lesions were more severe at 7 dpi and by 14 dpi, respiratory lesions were even more severe and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates extended to other organs. At 28 dpi, lesions were still present in the viscera. In all specimens the most prominent histological change was intraepithelial, subepithelial and perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, ranging from mild and multifocal to extensive and diffuse. No signs of arterial damage such as infarcts, haemorrhages or necrosis were found. In conclusion, infection of naïve animals with the European 08P178 strain of EAV is associated with inflammation, but not arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vairo
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and ImmunologyGhent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - V Saey
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Bombardi
- Department of Morphophysiology, Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna University, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and ImmunologyGhent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Chung C, Wilson C, Timoney P, Balasuriya U, Adams E, Adams DS, Evermann JF, Clavijo A, Shuck K, Rodgers S, Lee SS, McGuire TC. Validation of an improved competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Equine arteritis virus antibody. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:727-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713508401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to validate a previously described competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) to detect antibody to Equine arteritis virus (EAV) based on GP5-specific nonneutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) 17B79 using the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)–recommended protocol, which includes the following 5 in-house analyses. 1) The assay was calibrated with the OIE-designated reference serum panel for EAV; 2) repeatability was evaluated within and between assay runs; 3) analytical specificity was evaluated using sera specific to related viruses; 4) analytical sensitivity was evaluated with sera from horses vaccinated with an EAV modified live virus (MLV) vaccine; and 5) the duration of cELISA antibody detection following EAV vaccination was determined. The positive cELISA cutoff of ≥35% inhibition (%I) was confirmed by receiver operating characteristic plot analysis. Analytical sensitivity of the cELISA was comparable to the serum neutralization (SN) assay in that it detected EAV-specific antibody as early as 8 days postvaccination. The duration of EAV-specific antibody detected by cELISA was over 5 years after the last vaccination. This cELISA could detect EAV-specific antibody in serum samples collected from horses infected with various EAV strains. In the field trial performed by American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians–accredited state laboratories and OIE laboratory, the diagnostic specificity of the cELISA was 99.5% and the diagnostic sensitivity was 98.2%. The data using various serum panels also had consistently significant positive correlation between SN titers and cELISA %I results. The results further confirm that the EAV antibody cELISA is a reliable, simple alternative to the SN assay for detecting EAV-specific antibodies in equine sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwon Chung
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Carey Wilson
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Peter Timoney
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Udeni Balasuriya
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Ethan Adams
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - D. Scott Adams
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - James F. Evermann
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Kathleen Shuck
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Sandy Rodgers
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Stephen Sauchi Lee
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Travis C. McGuire
- VMRD (Veterinary Medical Research and Development) Inc., Pullman, WA (Chung, Wilson, E Adams, DS Adams, McGuire)
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Timoney, Balasuriya, Shuck)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, and Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA (Evermann)
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Clavijo, Rogers)
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
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Balasuriya UBR, Hedges JF, Smalley VL, Navarrette A, McCollum WH, Timoney PJ, Snijder EJ, MacLachlan NJ. Genetic characterization of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection of stallions. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:379-390. [PMID: 14769895 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) causes a persistent infection of the reproductive tract of carrier stallions. The authors determined the complete genome sequences of viruses (CW96 and CW01) that were present 5 years apart in the semen of a carrier stallion (CW). The CW96 and CW01 viruses respectively had only 85.6 % and 85.7 % nucleotide identity to the published sequence of EAV (EAV030). The CW96 and CW01 viruses had two 1 nt insertions and a single 1 nt deletion in the leader sequence, and a 3 nt coding insertion in ORF1a; thus their genomes included 12 708 nt as compared to the 12 704 nt in EAV030. Variation between viruses present in the semen of stallion CW and EAV030 was especially marked in the replicase gene (ORF1a and 1b), and the greatest variation occurred in the portion of ORF1a encoding the nsp2 protein. The ORFs 3 and 5, which respectively encode the GP3 and GP5 envelope proteins, showed greatest variation amongst ORFs encoding structural EAV proteins. Comparative sequence analyses of CW96 and CW01 indicated that ORFs 1a, 1b and 7 were highly conserved during persistent infection, whereas there was substantial variation in ORFs 3 and 5. Although the variation that occurs in ORF5 results in the emergence of novel phenotypic viral variants as determined by neutralization assay, all variants were neutralized by high-titre polyclonal equine antisera, suggesting that immune evasion is unlikely to be responsible for the establishment of persistent EAV infection of carrier stallions. Northern blot analyses of RNA extracted from cell culture propagated viruses isolated from 10 different persistently infected stallions failed to demonstrate any large genomic deletions, suggesting that defective interfering particles are also unlikely to be important in either the maintenance or clearance of persistent EAV infection of the reproductive tract of carrier stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Bernard and Gloria Salick Equine Viral Disease Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jodi F Hedges
- Bernard and Gloria Salick Equine Viral Disease Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Victoria L Smalley
- Bernard and Gloria Salick Equine Viral Disease Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrea Navarrette
- Bernard and Gloria Salick Equine Viral Disease Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - William H McCollum
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Peter J Timoney
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC P4-26, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - N James MacLachlan
- Bernard and Gloria Salick Equine Viral Disease Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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