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Bista PK, Pillai D, Narayanan SK. Outer-Membrane Vesicles of Fusobacterium necrophorum: A Proteomic, Lipidomic, and Functional Characterization. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2082. [PMID: 37630642 PMCID: PMC10458137 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) are extruded nanostructures shed by Gram-negative bacteria, containing periplasmic contents, and often including virulence factors with immunogenic properties. To assess their potential for use in vaccine development, we purified OMVs from the Fusobacterium necrophorum subspecies necrophorum, an opportunistic necrotic infection-causing pathogen, and characterized these structures using proteomics, lipid-profiling analyses, and cytotoxicity assays. A proteomic analysis of density-gradient-purified F. necrophorum OMVs identified 342 proteins, a large proportion of which were outer-membrane proteins (OMPs), followed by cytoplasmic proteins, based on a subcellular-localization-prediction analysis. The OMPs and toxins were among the proteins with the highest intensity identified, including the 43-kDa-OMP-, OmpA-, and OmpH-family proteins, the cell-surface protein, the FadA adhesin protein, the leukotoxin-LktA-family filamentous adhesin, the N-terminal domain of hemagglutinin, and the OMP transport protein and assembly factor. A Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of several OMPs and toxins in the F. necrophorum OMVs. The lipid-profiling analysis revealed phospholipids, sphingolipids, and acetylcarnitine as the main lipid contents of OMVs. The lactate-dehydrogenase-cytotoxicity assays showed that the OMVs had a high degree of cytotoxicity against a bovine B-lymphocyte cell line (BL-3 cells). Thus, our data suggest the need for further studies to evaluate the ability of OMVs to induce immune responses and assess their vaccine potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha K. Bista
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (P.K.B.); (D.P.)
| | - Deepti Pillai
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (P.K.B.); (D.P.)
- Indiana Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sanjeev K. Narayanan
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (P.K.B.); (D.P.)
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He X, Liu J, Jiang K, Lian S, Shi Y, Fu S, Zhao P, Xiao J, Sun D, Guo D. The outer membrane protein of Fusobacterium necrophorum, 43K OMP, stimulates inflammatory cytokine production through nuclear factor kappa B activation. Anaerobe 2023; 82:102768. [PMID: 37541484 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fusobacterium necrophorum causes bovine hepatic abscess, foot rot, mastitis, and endometritis. The 43 kDa outer membrane protein (43 K OMP) of F. necrophorum is a porin protein that plays an important role in infections by this bacterium, but the biological function and the pathogenesis of this protein are largely unknown. METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of the 43 K OMP in bacterial infection of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells) by Tandem Mass Tag proteomic analysis. The RAW264.7 cells were incubated with recombinant 43 K OMP (12.5 μg/mL) for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 12 h, and then the inflammatory related protein and inflammatory cytokine production were measured by Western blot analysis and ELISA, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokine were measured by Real-Time PCR. RESULTS Proteomic analysis results demonstrated there were 224 differentially expressed proteins in the MAC-T cells stimulated with the 43 K OMP compared with control, and 118 proteins were upregulated and 106 proteins were downregulated. These differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in NF-kappa B signaling, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, cell adhesion, complement and coagulation cascades. The top six differentially expressed proteins were; MMP9, PLAU, STOM, PSMD13, PLAUR, and ITGAV, which were involved in a protein-protein interaction network. Furthermore, TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathway related proteins and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) were assessed by Western blot analysis and ELISA. Results showed the 43 K OMP to enhance the expression of TLR4 protein at 2 h (P < 0.01) and the MyD88 protein at 4 h (P < 0.05) post-stimulation, and to decrease IκBα expression at 4 h, 6 h and 12 h (P < 0.05) post-infection, as well as induce phosphorylation at Ser536 (P < 0.01). Levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the supernatants of mouse macrophages were increased (P < 0.05), as were mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α (P < 0.05), while IL-4 mRNA expression was decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested the important role for 43 K OMP in F. necrophorum infection, promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) by activation of the TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. These findings provided a theoretical basis for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of F. necrophorum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Jiao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shan Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Pengyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jiawei Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, No. 5 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Theurer ME, Amachawadi RG. Antimicrobial and Biological Methods to Control Liver Abscesses. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:383-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Detection of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus from cow footrot in the Heilongjiang Province, China. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201988020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cow footrot in the Heilongjiang Province, northeast China is a problem resulting in lost production in agriculture. In this study, 200 swab samples from footrot lesions of naturally infected cows with odorous exudative inflammation and keratinous hoof separation at 10 farms were examined in the period from May 2016 to May 2017. Twenty cows from each farm were taken for sampling. The samples were examined for detectingthe presence of Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) and Fusobacterium necrophorum (F. necrophorum). Such detection was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR primers were designed to identify the lktA gene, which encodes a leukotoxin unique to F. necrophorum, and the fimA gene of D. nodosus. Of the 200 samples, 111 (55.5%) revealed the presence of F. necrophorum and 11 (5.5%) exhibited D. nodosus. The frequent finding of F. necrophorum in cow farms of Heilongjiang province, northeast China is noteworthy. The possibility of F. necrophorum and D. nodosus infection should be an important concern when controlling cow footrot in China.
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Holm K, Collin M, Hagelskjær-Kristensen L, Jensen A, Rasmussen M. Three variants of the leukotoxin gene in human isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum subspecies funduliforme. Anaerobe 2017; 45:129-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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6
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The role of Fusobacterium necrophorum in pharyngotonsillitis – A review. Anaerobe 2016; 42:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Amachawadi RG, Nagaraja TG. Liver abscesses in cattle: A review of incidence in Holsteins and of bacteriology and vaccine approaches to control in feedlot cattle12. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1620-32. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wendel SO, Menon S, Alshetaiwi H, Shrestha TB, Chlebanowski L, Hsu WW, Bossmann SH, Narayanan S, Troyer DL. Cell Based Drug Delivery: Micrococcus luteus Loaded Neutrophils as Chlorhexidine Delivery Vehicles in a Mouse Model of Liver Abscesses in Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128144. [PMID: 26011247 PMCID: PMC4444037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent WHO report on antibiotic resistances shows a dramatic increase of microbial resistance against antibiotics. With only a few new antibiotics in the pipeline, a different drug delivery approach is urgently needed. We have obtained evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of a cell based drug delivery system that utilizes the innate immune system as targeting carrier for antibacterial drugs. In this study we show the efficient loading of neutrophil granulocytes with chlorhexidine and the complete killing of E. coli as well as Fusobacterium necrophorum in in-vitro studies. Fusobacterium necrophorum causes hepatic abscesses in cattle fed high grain diets. We also show in a mouse model that this delivery system targets infections of F. necrophorum in the liver and reduces the bacterial burden by an order of magnitude from approximately 2•106 to 1•105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian O. Wendel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sailesh Menon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Hamad Alshetaiwi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tej B. Shrestha
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lauren Chlebanowski
- Department of Chemistry, Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wei-Wen Hsu
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stefan H. Bossmann
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sanjeev Narayanan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Deryl L. Troyer
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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Identification of a 43-kDa outer membrane protein of Fusobacterium necrophorum that exhibits similarity with pore-forming proteins of other Fusobacterium species. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:27-33. [PMID: 23433684 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A pair of primers was designed in an attempt to amplify outer membrane protein (OMP) gene of Fusobacterium necrophorum based on nucleotide sequence of the OMP of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Further analysis was performed to characterize its molecular properties and phylogeny in the genus Fusobacterium. We identified a predicated 43kDa outer membrane protein (43K OMP) in F. necrophorum, which showed the same properties as other pore-forming proteins of Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria according to analysis of signal peptide, AT-rich, membrane-spanning region and conserved motifs. The predicated 43K OMP exhibited 70.22%, 62.04%, 56.75%, 58.72%, 51.59%, 31.49% and 50.26% amino acid identity with the OMPs of F. nucleatum, Fusobacterium varium, Fusobacterium ucerans, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Fusobacterium gonidiaformans and F. necrophorum (hypothetical protein), respectively. 11 common conserved domains and 10 common variable domains were found among the 45 aligned OMPs of Fusobacterium species. Distributions of the conserved and variable domains were highly associated with predicted membrane-spanning regions, cell surface exposed regions and B-cell epitope regions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the predicated 43K OMP of F. necrophorum was closely related with the OMPs from F. nucleatum and F. periodonticum. These data will increase understanding of pathogenesis and genetic evolution of F. necrophorum.
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Shotgun proteomic analysis of plasma from dairy cattle suffering from footrot: characterization of potential disease-associated factors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55973. [PMID: 23418487 PMCID: PMC3572155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma proteome of healthy dairy cattle and those with footrot was investigated using a shotgun LC-MS/MS approach. In total, 648 proteins were identified in healthy plasma samples, of which 234 were non-redundant proteins and 123 were high-confidence proteins; 712 proteins were identified from footrot plasma samples, of which 272 were non-redundant proteins and 138 were high-confidence proteins. The high-confidence proteins showed significant differences between healthy and footrot plasma samples in molecular weight, isoelectric points and the Gene Ontology categories. 22 proteins were found that may differentiate between the two sets of plasma proteins, of which 16 potential differential expression (PDE) proteins from footrot plasma involved in immunoglobulins, innate immune recognition molecules, acute phase proteins, regulatory proteins, and cell adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins; 6 PDE proteins from healthy plasma involved in regulatory proteins, cytoskeletal proteins and coagulation factors. Of these PDE proteins, haptoglobin, SERPINA10 protein, afamin precursor, haptoglobin precursor, apolipoprotein D, predicted peptidoglycan recognition protein L (PGRP-L) and keratan sulfate proteoglycan (KS-PG) were suggested to be potential footrot-associated factors. The PDE proteins PGRP-L and KS-PG were highlighted as potential biomarkers of footrot in cattle. The resulting protein lists and potential differentially expressed proteins may provide valuable information to increase understanding of plasma protein profiles in cattle and to assist studies of footrot-associated factors.
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An indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis of cattle footrot caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. Anaerobe 2010; 16:317-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Identification of three immunodominant regions on leukotoxin protein of Fusobacterium necrophorum. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:749-55. [PMID: 19449113 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To analyze immunodominant regions of leukotoxin protein of Fusobacterium necrophorum strain H05, a series of truncated forms of leukotoxin gene were expressed in Escherichia coli using the vector pGEX-6p-1 or pPROEX HTa. The results of SDS-PAGE showed the truncated forms PL1, PL2, PL4, and PL5 were expressed in Escherichia coli using the vector pGEX-6p-1, and the truncated forms PL3 was expressed in Escherichia coli using the vector pPROEX HTa. These recombinant proteins were able to react with antisera against Fusobacterium necrophorum strain A25. In five recombinant proteins, the recombinant proteins PL1, PL3 and PL4 as vaccine were able to elicit formation of the better protective effects on mice against infection of Fusobacterium necrophorum strain A25.
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Bennett G, Hickford J, Sedcole R, Zhou H. Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and the epidemiology of footrot. Anaerobe 2009; 15:173-6. [PMID: 19239925 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Footrot is a debilitating disease of sheep resulting in lameness, production losses and suffering. To study the basic bacteriology of the disease, a survey was initiated across commercial farms and non-commercial research flocks to compare the bacteriology of symptomatic footrot infected sheep with healthy asymptomatic sheep. Of the 80 farmers initially contacted, 14 collected hoof swabs and returned the swabs by post. Following DNA extraction, species-specific PCR was used to identify if Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) or Fusobacterium necrophorum (F. necrophorum) species were present on each swab. Of the 42 swabs taken from symptomatic footrot infected sheep, 17 were positive for both F. necrophorum and D. nodosus, two were positive for F. necrophorum only, two for D. nodosus only and 23 swabs were negative for both F. necrophorum and D. nod osus. Of the 50 swabs received from healthy asymptomatic sheep, one was positive for F. necrophorum only and 49 were negative for both D. nodosus and F. necrophorum. This suggests that both F. necrophorum and D. nodosus are linked to footrot in the field in a pastoral farming system. If these bacteria are linked together and collectively cause footrot, this may need to be considered when managing a footrot outbreak, or maintaining a quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Bennett
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
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Tadepalli S, Narayanan S, Stewart G, Chengappa M, Nagaraja T. Fusobacterium necrophorum: A ruminal bacterium that invades liver to cause abscesses in cattle. Anaerobe 2009; 15:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Leukotoxin operon and differential expressions of the leukotoxin gene in bovine Fusobacterium necrophorum subspecies. Anaerobe 2008; 14:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Riordan T. Human infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum (Necrobacillosis), with a focus on Lemierre's syndrome. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:622-59. [PMID: 17934077 PMCID: PMC2176048 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00011-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum usually involves F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme rather than F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum, which is a common pathogen in animals. Lemierre's syndrome, or postanginal sepsis, is the most common life-threatening manifestation. Tonsillitis is followed by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and then a septicemia with septic emboli in lungs and other sites. Recent evidence suggests that F. necrophorum can be limited to the throat and cause persistent or recurrent tonsillitis. F. necrophorum is unique among non-spore-forming anaerobes, first for its virulence and association with Lemierre's syndrome as a monomicrobial infection and second because it seems probable that it is an exogenously acquired infection. The source of infection is unclear; suggestions include acquisition from animals or human-to-human transmission. Approximately 10% of published cases are associated with infectious mononucleosis, which may facilitate invasion. Recent work suggests that underlying thrombophilia may predispose to internal jugular vein thrombophlebitis. Lemierre's syndrome was relatively common in the preantibiotic era but seemed to virtually disappear with widespread use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infection. In the last 15 years there has been a rise in incidence, possibly related to restriction in antibiotic use for sore throat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Riordan
- Microbiology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle result from aggressive grain-feeding programs and are influenced by a number of dietary and management factors. They have a major economic impact on the feedlot industry because of liver condemnation and reduced animal performance and carcass yield. Ruminal lesions resulting from acidosis usually are accepted as the predisposing factors. Generally, control of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle has depended on the use of tylosin, which reduces abscess incidence by 40% to 70%. However, new methods and products for liver abscess control are needed. Corn milling by-products that are less fermentable may aide in the quest for cattle production techniques that lead to lower usage of antimicrobials. A vaccine is also commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5606, USA.
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Nagaraja TG, Narayanan SK, Stewart GC, Chengappa MM. Fusobacterium necrophorum infections in animals: Pathogenesis and pathogenic mechanisms. Anaerobe 2005; 11:239-46. [PMID: 16701574 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium necrophorum, a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming anaerobe, is a normal inhabitant of the alimentary tract of animals and humans. Two subspecies of F. necrophorum, subsp. necrophorum (biotype A) and subsp. funduliforme (biotype B), have been recognized, that differ morphologically, biochemically, and biologically. The subsp. necrophorum is more virulent and is isolated more frequently from infections than the subsp. funduliforme. The organism is an opportunistic pathogen that causes numerous necrotic conditions (necrobacillosis), either specific or non-specific infections, in a variety of animals. Of these, bovine liver abscesses and foot rot are of significant concern to the cattle industry. Liver abscesses arise with the organisms that inhabit the rumen gaining entry into the portal circulation, and are often secondary to ruminal acidosis and rumenitis complex in grain-fed cattle. Foot rot is the major cause of lameness in dairy and beef cattle. The pathogenic mechanism of F. necrophorum is complex and not well defined. Several toxins or secreted products, such as leukotoxin, endotoxin, hemolysin, hemagglutinin, proteases, and adhesin, etc., have been implicated as virulence factors. The major virulence factor appears to be leukotoxin, a secreted protein of high molecular weight, active specifically against leukocytes from ruminants. The complete nucleotide sequence of the leukotoxin operon of F. necrophorum has been determined. The operon consists of three genes (lktBAC) of which the second gene (lktA) is the leukotoxin structural gene. The leukotoxin appears to be a novel protein and does not share sequence similarity with any other leukotoxin. F. necrophorum is also a human pathogen and the human strains appear to be different from the strains involved in animal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 305 Coles Hall, Manhattan, KA 66506, USA.
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Oelke AM, Nagaraja TG, Wilkerson MJ, Stewart GC. The leukotoxin operon of Fusobacterium necrophorum is not present in other species of Fusobacterium. Anaerobe 2005; 11:123-9. [PMID: 16701542 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the leukotoxin operon of Fusobacterium necrophorum has been determined. The operon consists of three genes (lktBAC) of which the leukotoxin structural gene is the middle determinant. Southern and western blot analyses and flow cytometry analysis for biological activity of the culture supernatants were carried out to determine if the leukotoxin is present in other species of the genus Fusobacterium. Only the two subspecies of F. necrophorum were found to possess the leukotoxin locus and produce the toxin. The human periodontal pathogen, F. nucleatum does not produce detectable leukotoxin. The F. necrophorum leukotoxin was found to be active against human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha M Oelke
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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