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McFadzean H, Schock A, Stubberfield E, Card RM, Thomson J, Rohde J, Murray L, Velo-Rego E, Ainsworth H, Barlow AM, Welchman D. Retrospective analysis of necrotizing typhlitis cases associated with Brachyspira spp. in British rheas. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:1-11. [PMID: 33779433 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1907305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a retrospective analysis of necrotizing typhlitis in common rheas (Rhea americana) diagnosed in the United Kingdom by the Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA). From January 2008 to January 2020, seven cases of spirochaetal typhlitis associated with Brachyspira spp. were identified using the Veterinary Investigation Diagnosis Analysis database. Gross examination was combined with selective anaerobic culture, polymerase chain reaction, and histopathology to diagnose typhlitis associated with spirochaetal infection. Whole-genome sequencing was subsequently utilized on archived isolates from six of the seven submissions, overcoming issues with traditional testing methods and yielded gains in the identification of Brachyspira to species level. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, an organism traditionally associated with typhlitis in rheas, was isolated in three sequenced submissions. One of these also demonstrated co-infection with Brachyspira intermedia. Brachyspira suanatina, Brachyspira hampsonii, and Brachyspira alvinipulli were identified by sequencing as single infections in the remaining three animals. This report demonstrates the ability of Brachyspira species other than B. hyodysenteriae to colonize the caeca of rheas presenting with typhlitis. Additionally, the B. alvinipulli isolate harboured a tva(A) gene, indicating higher potential pleuromutilin resistance, which has not previously been described in this Brachyspira species. This study discusses the epidemiology of examined cases and examines the potential role other species may play in these outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Schock
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Lasswade, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | - Jill Thomson
- SAC Consulting, Veterinary Services, Midlothian, UK
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Murray
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Starcross, Devon, UK
| | | | | | - Alex M Barlow
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Langford, Somerset, UK
| | - David Welchman
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Winchester, Hampshire, UK
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2
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Carranza A, Parada J, Tamiozzo P, León MF, Camacho P, Cola GD, Corona-Barrera E, Ambrogi A, Zielinski G. Identification and distribution of Brachyspira species in feces from finishing pigs in Argentina. Vet World 2021; 14:607-613. [PMID: 33935405 PMCID: PMC8076473 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.607-613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Brachyspira are Gram-negative, aerotolerant spirochetes that colonize the large intestine of various species of domestic animals and humans. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and distribution of different species of Brachyspira presents in feces from finishing pigs in Argentina. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples (n=1550) were collected from finishing pigs in 53 farms of the most important swine production areas of Argentina, and Brachyspiras species were identified by bacteriological and molecular methods. Results: The regional prevalence of Brachyspira spp. was at the level of 75.5% (confidence interval 95%, 62.9-87.9), and it was lower among those farms with >1001 sows. One hundred and twenty-eight isolates of Brachyspira were properly identified and the species found were: Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira innocens, and Brachyspira murdochii. B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli had low prevalence (1.9% and 7.5%, respectively), B. innocens was isolated from 34% of the farms and B. murdochii was found in 39.6%. Conclusion: The present study provides epidemiological data about herd prevalence of the different Brachyspira species in Argentina, showing that the prevalence figure seems to be higher than that reported in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Carranza
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Julián Parada
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Tamiozzo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Malena Flores León
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Pablo Camacho
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Di Cola
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Enrique Corona-Barrera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Victoria, México
| | - Arnaldo Ambrogi
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, National University of Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Zielinski
- National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Marcos Juárez, Córdoba, Argentina
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3
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Mahu M, De Pauw N, Vande Maele L, Verlinden M, Boyen F, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Martel A, Pasmans F. Variation in hemolytic activity of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains from pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:66. [PMID: 27338265 PMCID: PMC4917944 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the primary cause of swine dysentery, which is responsible for major economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. The hemolytic activity of 10 B. hyodysenteriae strains isolated from stools of pigs with mild to mucohemorrhagic diarrhea was compared and seven hemolysis associated genes were sequenced. Hemolysis induced by these strains varied from strong to near absent. One weakly hemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strain showed sequence changes in five hemolysis associated genes (tlyA, tlyB, hemolysin III, hemolysin activation protein and hemolysin III channel protein) resulting in amino acid substitutions. The occurrence of weakly hemolytic strains identifiable as B. hyodysenteriae should be taken into account in swine dysentery diagnostics. The presence of these strains may affect herd dysentery status, with great impact on a farms trading opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Mahu
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nele De Pauw
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lien Vande Maele
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Verlinden
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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4
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Mirajkar NS, Gebhart CJ. Comparison of agar dilution and antibiotic gradient strip test with broth microdilution for susceptibility testing of swine Brachyspira species. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:133-43. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716629154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Production-limiting diseases in swine caused by Brachyspira are characterized by mucohemorrhagic diarrhea ( B. hyodysenteriae and “ B. hampsonii”) or mild colitis ( B. pilosicoli), while B. murdochii is often isolated from healthy pigs. Emergence of novel pathogenic Brachyspira species and strains with reduced susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials has reinforced the need for standardized susceptibility testing. Two methods are currently used for Brachyspira susceptibility testing: agar dilution (AD) and broth microdilution (BMD). However, these tests have primarily been used for B. hyodysenteriae and rarely for B. pilosicoli. Information on the use of commercial susceptibility testing products such as antibiotic gradient strips is lacking. Our main objective was to validate and compare the susceptibility results, measured as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), of 6 antimicrobials for 4 Brachyspira species ( B. hyodysenteriae, “ B. hampsonii”, B. pilosicoli, and B. murdochii) by BMD and AD (tiamulin, valnemulin, lincomycin, tylosin, and carbadox) or antibiotic gradient strip (doxycycline) methods. In general, the results of a high percentage of all 4 Brachyspira species differed by ±1 log2 dilution or less by BMD and AD for tiamulin, valnemulin, lincomycin, and tylosin, and by BMD and antibiotic gradient strip for doxycycline. The carbadox MICs obtained by BMD were 1–5 doubling dilutions different than those obtained by AD. BMD for Brachyspira was quicker to perform with less ambiguous interpretation of results when compared with AD and antibiotic gradient strip methods, and the results confirm the utility of BMD in routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita S. Mirajkar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Mirajkar, Gebhart), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Gebhart), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Connie J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Mirajkar, Gebhart), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Gebhart), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
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5
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Hampson DJ, La T, Phillips ND. Emergence of Brachyspira species and strains: reinforcing the need for surveillance. Porcine Health Manag 2015; 1:8. [PMID: 28694985 PMCID: PMC5499009 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-015-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This short review discusses the increasing complexity that has developed around the understanding of Brachyspira species that infect pigs, and their ability to cause disease. It describes the recognition of new weakly haemolytic Brachyspira species, and the growing appreciation that Brachyspira pilosicoli and some other weakly haemolytic species may be pathogenic in pigs. It discusses swine dysentery (SD) caused by the strongly haemolytic Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, particularly the cyclical nature of the disease whereby it can largely disappear as a clinical problem from a farm or region, and re-emerge years later. The review then describes the recent emergence of two newly described strongly haemolytic pathogenic species, “Brachyspira suanatina” and “Brachyspira hampsonii” both of which appear to have reservoirs in migratory waterbirds, and which may be transmitted to and between pigs. “B. suanatina” seems to be confined to Scandinavia, whereas “B. hampsonii” has been reported in North America and Europe, causes a disease indistinguishable from SD, and has required the development of new routine diagnostic tests. Besides the emergence of new species, strains of known Brachyspira species have emerged that vary in important biological properties, including antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence. Strains can be tracked locally and at the national and international levels by identifying them using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and comparing them against sequence data for strains in the PubMLST databases. Using MLST in conjunction with data on antimicrobial susceptibility can form the basis for surveillance programs to track the movement of resistant clones. In addition some strains of B. hyodysenteriae have low virulence potential, and some of these have been found to lack the B. hyodysenteriae 36 kB plasmid or certain genes on the plasmid whose activity may be associated with colonization. Lack of the plasmid or the genes can be identified using PCR testing, and this information can be added to the MLST and resistance data to undertake detailed surveillance. Strains of low virulence are particularly important where they occur in high health status breeding herds without causing obvious disease: potentially they could be transmitted to production herds where they may colonize more effectively and cause disease under stressful commercial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hampson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6112 Australia
| | - Tom La
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6112 Australia
| | - Nyree D Phillips
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6112 Australia
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6
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Wilberts BL, Arruda PH, Kinyon JM, Madson DM, Frana TS, Burrough ER. Comparison of Lesion Severity, Distribution, and Colonic Mucin Expression in Pigs With Acute Swine Dysentery Following Oral Inoculation With “Brachyspira hampsonii” or Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:1096-108. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813516646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Swine dysentery is classically associated with infection by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the only current officially recognized Brachyspira sp. that consistently imparts strong beta-hemolysis on blood agar. Recently, several strongly beta-hemolytic Brachyspira have been isolated from swine with clinical dysentery that are not identified as B. hyodysenteriae by PCR including the recently proposed species “ Brachyspira hampsonii.” In this study, 6-week-old pigs were inoculated with either a clinical isolate of “ B. hampsonii” (EB107; n = 10) clade II or a classic strain of B. hyodysenteriae (B204; n = 10) to compare gross and microscopic lesions and alterations in colonic mucin expression in pigs with clinical disease versus controls ( n = 6). Gross lesions were similar between infected groups. No histologic difference was observed between infected groups with regard to neutrophilic inflammation, colonic crypt depth, mucosal ulceration, or hemorrhage. Histochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation of the apex of the spiral colon revealed decreased expression of sulphated mucins, decreased expression of MUC4, and increased expression of MUC5AC in diseased pigs compared to controls. No difference was observed between diseased pigs in inoculated groups. This study reveals significant alterations in colonic mucin expression in pigs with acute swine dysentery and further reveals that these and other microscopic changes are similar following infection with “ B. hampsonii” clade II or B. hyodysenteriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. L. Wilberts
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - P. H. Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - J. M. Kinyon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - D. M. Madson
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - T. S. Frana
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - E. R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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7
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Mahu M, de Jong E, De Pauw N, Vande Maele L, Vandenbroucke V, Vandersmissen T, Miry C, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Martel A, Boyen F. First isolation of “Brachyspira hampsonii”
from pigs in Europe. Vet Rec 2014; 174:47. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mahu
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - E. de Jong
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - N. De Pauw
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - L. Vande Maele
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Brusselsesteenweg 370 Melle B-9090 Belgium
| | - V. Vandenbroucke
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - T. Vandersmissen
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - C. Miry
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - F. Pasmans
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - F. Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - A. Martel
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - F. Boyen
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
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8
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Rohde J, Habighorst-Blome K, Seehusen F. “Brachyspira hampsonii” clade I isolated from Belgian pigs imported to Germany. Vet Microbiol 2014; 168:432-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Prohaska S, Pflüger V, Ziegler D, Scherrer S, Frei D, Lehmann A, Wittenbrink M, Huber H. MALDI-TOF MS for identification of porcine Brachyspira
species. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 58:292-8. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Prohaska
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | | | - S. Scherrer
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - D. Frei
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Lehmann
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M.M. Wittenbrink
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - H. Huber
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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10
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MALDI-TOF MS analysis of human and animal Brachyspira species and benefits of database extension. J Proteomics 2012; 78:273-80. [PMID: 23036724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spirochaetes belonging to the genus Brachyspira are anaerobic bacteria that colonize the large intestine of humans and animals, mainly pigs. The main species are namely, B. hyodysenteriae, the etiological agent of swine dysentery, B. pilosicoli, a zoonotic agent causing colonic spirochaetosis both in humans and different animal species, B. aalborgi, exclusively infecting humans causing colonic spirochaetosis, B. intermedia, a potential animal pathogen, B. innocens and B. murdochii, generally commensal of pigs, and B. alvinipulli, found in egg laying hens with diarrhea. In this study, for the first time, MALDI-TOF MS was applied on Brachyspira strains of human and animal origins, supplementing the existing database, limited to the species B. murdochii only, with spirochaetal protein profiles and demonstrating its usefulness in the rapid, cheap and reliable identification of Brachyspira strains at the species level, overcoming the problems previously encountered in the identification of these spirochaetes when using biochemical and genetic-based methods. Moreover, a dendrogram based on protein profiles of the different spirochaetal species was generated reflecting their host spectrum, showing in the same branch the only two species able to infect humans (B. aalborgi and B. pilosicoli) and in the other branch the spirochaetes infecting exclusively animals.
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11
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Glávits R, Ivanics É, Thuma Á, Kaszanyitzky É, Samu P, Ursu K, Dencső L, Dán Á. Typhlocolitis associated with spirochaetes in duck flocks. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:23-31. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2010.534128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Characterization and epidemiological relationships of Spanish Brachyspira hyodysenteriae field isolates. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 138:76-85. [PMID: 19480724 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to describe the genetic and phenotypic diversity of 74 Spanish Brachyspira hyodysenteriae field isolates, to establish epidemiological relationships between the isolates and to confirm the presence of tiamulin-resistant isolates in Spain. For these purposes, we performed biochemical tests in combination with diagnostic PCR analysis for the identification of Brachyspira spp. and for detection of the smpA/smpB gene. We also used antimicrobial susceptibility tests, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and a new pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocol. The combination of RAPD and PFGE allowed the study of epidemiological relationships. Both indole-negative and tiamulin-resistant isolates of B. hyodysenteriae are reported in Spain for the first time. The genetic analyses indicated a relationship between these Spanish isolates and indole-negative isolates previously obtained from Germany and Belgium.
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Fellström C, Råsbäck T, Johansson KE, Olofsson T, Aspán A. Identification and genetic fingerprinting of Brachyspira species. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 72:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Feberwee A, Hampson DJ, Phillips ND, La T, van der Heijden HMJF, Wellenberg GJ, Dwars RM, Landman WJM. Identification of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other pathogenic Brachyspira species in chickens from laying flocks with diarrhea or reduced production or both. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:593-600. [PMID: 18077642 PMCID: PMC2238072 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01829-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cecal samples from laying chickens from 25 farms with a history of decreased egg production, diarrhea, and/or increased feed conversion ratios were examined for anaerobic intestinal spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira. Seventy-three samples positive in an immunofluorescence assay for Brachyspira species were further examined using selective anaerobic culture, followed by phenotypic analysis, species-specific PCRs (for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, B. intermedia, and B. pilosicoli), and a Brachyspira genus-specific PCR with sequencing of the partial 16S rRNA gene products. Brachyspira cultures were obtained from all samples. Less than half of the isolates could be identified to the species level on the basis of their biochemical phenotypes, while all but four isolates (5.2%) were speciated by using PCR and sequencing of DNA extracted from the bacteria. Different Brachyspira spp. were found within a single flock and also in cultures from single chickens, emphasizing the need to obtain multiple samples when investigating outbreaks of avian intestinal spirochetosis. The most commonly detected spirochetes were the pathogenic species B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. The presumed nonpathogenic species B. innocens, B. murdochii, and the proposed "B. pulli" also were identified. Pathogenic B. alvinipulli was present in two flocks, and this is the first confirmed report of B. alvinipulli in chickens outside the United States. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the agent of swine dysentery, also was identified in samples from three flocks. This is the first confirmed report of natural infection of chickens with B. hyodysenteriae. Experimental infection studies are required to assess the pathogenic potential of these B. hyodysenteriae isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Feberwee
- Animal Health Service (GD), PO Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
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15
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Duhamel GE. Comparative pathology and pathogenesis of naturally acquired and experimentally induced colonic spirochetosis. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResearch in the past decade has led to the recognition ofBrachyspira(formerlySerpulina)pilosicolias the primary etiologic agent of colonic spirochetosis (CS), an emerging cause of colitis in humans and animals. Attachment of spirochetes to the epithelial surface of the lower intestine is considered to be the hallmark of CS. However, becauseB. pilosicoli, B. aalborgiand unclassified flagellated bacteria are found singly or together in humans and non-human primates with CS lesions, attachment of spiral-shaped bacteria may not represent the same etiopathogenetic entity in all hosts. Moreover, North American opossums with CS are infected withB. aalborgi-like spirochetes together with flagellated bacteria, whereasB. pilosicoliis found alone in dogs, pigs, chickens and other species of birds with CS. Conversely, guinea-pigs with CS have unidentified spirochetes that may beB. pilosicoli or B. aalborgi.The pig model of CS suggests that attachment ofB. pilosicolito epithelial cells may be transient. By contrast, persistence ofB. pilosicoliin the cecal and colonic crypt lumina, chronic inflammation caused by spirochetal invasion into the subepithelial lamina propria and translocation to extraintestinal sites may be more important than previously thought. This review describes the lesions seen in naturally occurring and experimentally induced CS of animals, and it sets the stage for future research into the pathogenic mechanisms of infection and colitis caused byB. pilosicoli.
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Fellström C, Zimmerman U, Aspan A, Gunnarsson A. The use of culture, pooled samples and PCR for identification of herds infected withBrachyspira hyodysenteriae. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe sensitivity of culturingBrachyspira hyodysenteriaewas determined after sampling with swabs from porcine fecal specimens inoculated with tenfold dilutions of a field strain of these microbes. After storage of swabs,Brachyspira hyodysenteriaewas recovered throughout the first 3 weeks after inoculation from feces with more than 140 cells/g. Viable spirochetes could still be recovered after up to 83 days of storage from feces, with 1.4 × 106cells or more per gram. Culture forBrachyspiraspp. was performed on 285 rectal swabs, which were pooled in batches of five. The number of pooled samples positive forB. hyodysenteriaecorresponded with the sum results of individual analysis of the corresponding collections of five samples. A PCR system based on thetlyA gene ofB.hyodysenteriaewas developed and tested on primary cultures of pooled samples. The results of the PCR assay showed a 97% correlation with the culture results. The prevalence ofBrachyspiraspp. was determined in five swine herds and found to be highest among breeding gilts and boars aged 13–16 weeks and among 6–12-week-old weaned pigs. In contrast,Brachyspiraspp. were only rarely found in sows, which may reflect the development of immunity by adult pigs to all species of the genus.
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Thomson J, Smith W, Murray B, Murray D, Dic J, Sumption K. Porcine enteric spirochete infections in the UK: surveillance data and preliminary investigation of atypical isolates. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInvestigations into the possible causes of colitis and typhlocolitis were carried out on 98 pig units in the United Kingdom between 1997 and 1999.Brachyspira pilosicoliwas identified most commonly, occurring as the suggested primary agent in 18% of the outbreaks but forming part of mixed infections in another 24% of outbreaks. The equivalent figures for other bacterial pathogens were:B.hyodysenteriae, 13% and 16%;Lawsonia intracellularis, 10% and 15%;Salmonellaspecies, 6% and 12%; andYersiniaspecies, 4% and 10%. UnclassifiedBrachyspiraspecies of unknown pathogenicity were identified in 12% of outbreaks. The 24 unclassified isolates divided into three groups on the basis of their phenotypic characteristics. In addition, there were 50 atypicalBrachyspiraspecies isolates that showed differences between their phenotypic characteristics and genetic identity based on sequence analysis of a section of the 23S rDNA gene. Four representative atypical isolates were found to be pathogenic as a result of an experimental oral challenge study in pigs.
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Calderaro A, Bommezzadri S, Gorrini C, Piccolo G, Peruzzi S, Dettori G, Chezzi C. Comparative evaluation of molecular assays for the identification of intestinal spirochaetes from diseased pigs. Vet Microbiol 2006; 118:91-100. [PMID: 16879935 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid identification of porcine Brachyspira species is required in order to differentiate pathogenic from non-pathogenic species. The aim of our study was to compare a recently described genetic method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), nox RFLP-PCR assay, and three species-specific PCRs described previously in the literature with a 16S rRNA gene RFLP-PCR discriminatory reference assay (16S RFLP-PCR) for the identification of Brachyspira spp. of swine origin. In this study, 20 porcine spirochaetal strains were identified and compared to 33 reference strains by 16S RFLP-PCR and nox RFLP-PCR and three species-specific PCRs. RFLP-PCR methods showed concordant results for 47 strains and discordances for 6 strains (2 differently identified and 4 not revealed by nox RFLP-PCR). In our hands species-specific PCRs showed concordant results with 16S and nox RFLP-PCR for 43 strains and discordances for 10 strains (2 differently identified and 8 not amplified). The same results observed testing the 20 field-isolated spirochaetes were obtained for the corresponding porcine faecal samples. The detection limit was 10(2) -10(3) cells/g of faeces for 16S rRNA gene PCR and 10(4) cells/g of faeces for nox PCR. In our experience nox RFLP-PCR appeared successful for the speciation of B. hyodysenteriae reserving 16S RFLP-PCR for all other pathogenic and non-pathogenic Brachyspira species. Among the species-specific PCR assays tested only that for B. pilosicoli was useful in our hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calderaro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14-43100 Parma, Italy.
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Weissenböck H, Maderner A, Herzog AM, Lussy H, Nowotny N. Amplification and sequencing of Brachyspira spp. specific portions of nox using paraffin-embedded tissue samples from clinical colitis in Austrian pigs shows frequent solitary presence of Brachyspira murdochii. Vet Microbiol 2005; 111:67-75. [PMID: 16213113 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira infections are significant causes of enterocolitis in pigs. In order to differentiate pathogenic species (Brachyspira (Br.) hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli) from less pathogenic or non-pathogenic species (Brachyspira intermedia, Brachyspira innocens, Brachyspira murdochii) in paraffin-embedded tissue samples a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol allowing identification of Brachyspira at species level in archival material was developed. This approach was complemented by sequencing of the PCR amplification products. All seven cases presented with clinical and morphological Brachyspira-associated enterocolitis. Br. hyodysenteriae was not identified in any of the cases, while Br. pilosicoli was identified in a single case in conjunction with Br. murdochii. One case each was found positive for Br. innocens and Br. intermedia. Interestingly, the majority of cases presented as single or double infections with Br. murdochii. In some of the pigs other pathogens, like porcine circovirus-2 or Lawsonia intracellularis were present. These observations point at the possibility that under certain conditions even Brachyspira species of low pathogenicity can multiplicate extensively and lead to Brachyspira-associated enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinarplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Corona-Barrera E, Smith DGE, La T, Hampson DJ, Thomson JR. Immunomagnetic separation of the intestinal spirochaetes Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae from porcine faeces. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:301-307. [PMID: 15017286 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine intestinal spirochaetes are fastidious anaerobic organisms and, as a consequence, it has been necessary to develop various protocols to enhance their isolation from or detection in faeces. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a method developed recently to improve separation of target cells from mixed cell suspensions. The purpose of the present study was to compare the relative sensitivity of IMS for isolation of Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae with current routine diagnostic methods (culture on selective media and PCR) for detection of these micro-organisms in pig faeces. Neither direct nor indirect IMS methods enhanced the sensitivity of detection of either organism when performed with the recommended washings during sample processing. Performance of the IMS procedure without washing gave sensitivity at levels similar to direct culture onto selective medium. Further development of IMS techniques is required to improve isolation rates of Brachyspira species from faecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Corona-Barrera
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia 3Scottish Agricultural College, Veterinary Science Division, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - David G E Smith
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia 3Scottish Agricultural College, Veterinary Science Division, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - Tom La
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia 3Scottish Agricultural College, Veterinary Science Division, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - David J Hampson
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia 3Scottish Agricultural College, Veterinary Science Division, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - Jill R Thomson
- Zoonotic and Animal Pathogens, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 2School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia 3Scottish Agricultural College, Veterinary Science Division, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
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Choi C, Han DU, Kim J, Cho WS, Chung HK, Jung T, Yoon BS, Chae C. Prevalence of Brachyspira pilosicoli in Korean pigs, determined using a nested PCR. Vet Rec 2002; 150:217-8. [PMID: 11878441 DOI: 10.1136/vr.150.7.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Choi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Calderaro A, Merialdi G, Perini S, Ragni P, Guégan R, Dettori G, Chezzi C. A novel method for isolation of Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae from pigs with swine dysentery in Italy. Vet Microbiol 2001; 80:47-52. [PMID: 11278122 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae was isolated from 10 of 11 pigs with clinically suspected swine dysentery in six herds in northern Italy. All strains were successfully isolated in the selective blood agar modified medium with spectinomycin and rifampin (BAM-SR) currently used in our laboratory to isolate B. (S.) pilosicoli of human origin, after pre-treatment of intestinal material with spectinomycin and rifampin in foetal calf serum. Isolates had phenotypic characteristics typical of B. (S.) hyodysenteriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calderaro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14-43100, Parma, Italy
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Fellström C, Karlsson M, Pettersson B, Zimmerman U, Gunnarsson A, Aspan A. Emended descriptions of indole negative and indole positive isolates of Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae. Vet Microbiol 1999; 70:225-38. [PMID: 10596806 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two type/reference strains of Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae, 14 Belgian and German indole negative, and 14 Belgian, German and Swedish indole positive field isolates of strongly beta-haemolytic intestinal spirochaetes were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, biochemical reaction patterns, 16S rDNA sequences and MIC determinations of six antibacterial substances. Three tests for indole production, including a spot indole test, were compared with congruent results. All field isolates were classified as B. hyodysenteriae due to a high genetic and phenotypic similarity with the type strains. The Belgian and German indole negative isolates had identical and unique PFGE patterns for the tested restriction enzymes MluI and SalI, as well as identical 16S rDNA sequences, and they could not be differentiated by any of the methods used. Seven unique PFGE patterns were achieved from the 14 indole positive field isolates. The patterns were identical and unique for epidemiologically related isolates. Type/reference strains and isolates without known relation to other tested isolates showed unique banding patterns. The MICs of tylosin, tiamulin, erythromycin, clindamycin, carbadox and virginiamycin were determined in broth for all isolates. In contrast to Belgian and German isolates, the majority of the Swedish field isolates were susceptible to tylosin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Probable pathways of infection for some of the Swedish isolates were determined. The PFGE patterns of epidemic clones of B. hyodysenteriae remained stable for a period of up to 8 years. In vivo development of resistance to macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics due to use of tylosin was clearly indicated for two epidemic clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fellström
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala.
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