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Buñay J, Larriba E, Patiño-Garcia D, Urriola-Muñoz P, Moreno RD, del Mazo J. Combined proteomic and miRNome analyses of mouse testis exposed to an endocrine disruptors chemicals mixture reveals altered toxicological pathways involved in male infertility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 25:156-169. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Buñay
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Patiño-Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Urriola-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
- Chemistry Institute, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ricardo D Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile (PUC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesús del Mazo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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2
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de Silva PS, Yang X, Korzenik JR, Goldman RH, Arheart KL, Caban-Martinez AJ. Association of urinary phenolic compounds, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic diarrheal symptoms: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:621-626. [PMID: 28689150 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors such as phenolic compounds and parabens may be involved in chronic non-infective disease. While products incorporating these compounds are extensively utilized in consumer and personal products, little is known about their effect on bowel health. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - consisting of the diseases ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease - and irritable bowel syndrome are common chronic non-infectious diarrheal diseases. Despite limited knowledge on the etiology of IBD, these diseases have increased prevalence in industrialized countries and cause significant impairment to quality of life. In the present study we examine relationships between urinary environmental phenolic compounds, chronic diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease. Data was obtained from the 2005-2010 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) including demographics, lifestyle factors, self-reported health conditions, inflammatory markers and urinary phenolic chemical concentrations. Only participants with complete environmental phenols & parabens component were included in our analysis. Chronic diarrheal symptoms were determined by using the 2009-2010 NHANES questionnaire which included questions pertaining to bowel health. We utilized chronic bowel leakage symptoms as a surrogate marker for chronic diarrhea. The presence of IBD was also analyzed from 2009 to 2010 NHANES data, as a sub-analysis for arthropathy directly querying the presence or absence of IBD. Among the subset of 5218 American adults aged 20-80 years in the NHANES study period who completed environmental phenols & parabens component, 25.5% reported chronic diarrheal symptoms. Abnormal markers of inflammation were present in 2200 (42.2%) of respondents. For IBD, 19 individuals with arthropathy confirmed a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, and 1 person confirmed a Crohn's diagnosis. After adjustment for demographics, inflammatory and subsample weighing; lower paraben levels were associated with chronic bowel leakage (diarrheal) symptoms. Higher 4-tert-octylphenol levels was significantly associated with ulcerative colitis. Further study of underlying mechanisms should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyanganie S de Silva
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Xuan Yang
- Division of Environment and Public Health of the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Joshua R Korzenik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Rose H Goldman
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Kristopher L Arheart
- Division of Biostatistics of the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Alberto J Caban-Martinez
- Division of Environment and Public Health of the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Biostatistics of the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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ESR1 inhibits hCG-induced steroidogenesis and proliferation of progenitor Leydig cells in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43459. [PMID: 28266530 PMCID: PMC5339920 DOI: 10.1038/srep43459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oestrogen is an important regulator in reproduction. To understand the role of oestrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) in Leydig cells, we investigated the expression of ESR1 in mouse Leydig cells during postnatal development and the effects of oestrogen on steroidogenesis and proliferation of progenitor Leydig cells (PLCs). In Leydig cells, the ESR1 expression was low at birth, increased until postnatal day 14 at which PLCs were predominant, and then decreased until adulthood. In foetal Leydig cells, ESR1 immunoreactivity increased from birth to postnatal day 14. These suggest that ESR1 is a potential biomarker of Leydig cell development. In PLCs, 17β-estradiol and the ESR1-selective agonist propylpyrazoletriol suppressed human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced progesterone production and steroidogenic gene expression. The ESR2-selective agonist diarylpropionitrile did not affect steroidogenesis. In PLCs from Esr1 knockout mice, hCG-stimulated steroidogenesis was not suppressed by 17β-estradiol, suggesting that oestrogen inhibits PLC steroidogenesis via ESR1. 17β-estradiol, propylpyrazoletriol, and diarylpropionitrile decreased bromodeoxyuridine uptake in PLCs in the neonatal mice. In cultured PLCs, 17β-estradiol, propylpyrazoletriol, and diarylpropionitrile reduced hCG-stimulated Ki67 and Pcna mRNA expression and the number of KI67-positive PLCs, suggesting that oestrogen inhibits PLC proliferation via both ESR1 and ESR2. In PLCs, ESR1 mediates the oestrogen-induced negative regulation of steroidogenesis and proliferation.
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Ahbab MA, Barlas N, Karabulut G. The toxicological effects of bisphenol A and octylphenol on the reproductive system of prepubertal male rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:133-146. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233715603847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the individual adverse effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and octylphenol (OP) on the reproductive system of prepubertal male rats. Rats were exposed to BPA and OP at doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg/day, by gavage, for 90 days. At the end of the study, the testes, epididymis, prostate gland, and seminal vesicle were removed and examined histopathologically. Also, 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expressions were analyzed and serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured. Sperm head count of caput epididymis was performed using a hemocytometer. Seminiferous and epididymal round tubules were evaluated for tubule diameter, lumen diameter, and height of tubule epithelium. There were significant increases in relative testes weights in BPA125, OP125, and OP250 groups compared with the control. Atrophic tubules, pyknotic tubules, combined tubules, congestion, vacuolization of Sertoli cell, cell debris in the lumen, tubules without sperm, and degeneration of tubules were noted in the tissue specimens obtained from the treatment groups compared with the control group. Sperm head counts were decreased in all treatment groups except for the low-dose BPA group. Testosterone (T) levels decreased in the BPA and high-dose OP treatment groups. LH levels increased in BPA treatment groups and the low-dose OP treatment group and decreased in the high-dose OP group. Epithelial height of high-dose BPA and OP treatment groups increased compared with the control group. Furthermore tubular height of low-dose BPA and high-dose OP groups increased with respect to control levels. In the OP250 treatment group, thyroxine hormone level was increased compared to other groups. Also, in the OP125 treatment group, triiodothyronine hormone level was increased compared with other groups. The results of this study showed that BPA and OP affect the steroidogenic enzyme expression and T production in Leydig cells. In conclusion, BPA and OP have adverse effects on the male reproductive system of prepubertal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurhayat Barlas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Karabulut
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Koriem KMM, Fathi GE, Salem HA, Akram NH, Gamil SA. Protective role of pectin against cadmium-induced testicular toxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.748857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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6
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Batarfi NM. Effect of maternal exposure to octylphenol (4-tert-octylphenol) on the growth of the adrenal gland in male albino rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2012.21006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Embryonic exposure to octylphenol induces changes in testosterone levels and disrupts reproductive efficiency in rats at their adulthood. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:983-90. [PMID: 21219960 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to octylphenol (OP) at the dose of 50mg/kg body weight on days 1, 7 and 14 of pregnancy on reproductive health of male rats at adulthood. F1 male rats from control and OP exposed animals were weaned and maintained up to postnatal day (PND) 100. The indices of testis, epididymis and seminal vesicles were significantly decreased in male rats exposed to OP during embryonic development when compared with controls. Significant reduction in the epididymal sperm count, viable sperms and motile sperms and number of tail coiled sperms (HOS-test) were observed in experimental rats when compared to control rats. The levels of serum testosterone and also activity levels of testicular hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were significantly decreased with a significant increase in the serum follicle stimulating and leutinizing hormones in experimental rats. Furthermore, embryonic exposure to OP caused significant down regulation of StAR, 3ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNAs in testis of adult rats as compared to control rats. The results of fertility studies revealed that there was an increase in the mating index in experimental rats with an increase in the pre- and post-implantation losses in rats cohabited with treated animals indicating poor male reproductive performance.
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Bianco M, Mita L, Portaccio M, Diano N, Sica V, De Luca B, Mita DG, Carratelli CR, Viggiano E. Differential accumulation levels in the brain of rats exposed to the endocrine disruptor 4-tert-octylphenol (OP). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:198-204. [PMID: 21787686 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Octylphenol (OP) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that accumulates in various organs. It has also been shown to exert noxious effects on the central nervous system. In the present study, we measured in Sprague-Dawley rats the degree of OP accumulation in different areas of the brain and investigated the effect of OP in pain modulation. Two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 20 days with 50mg/kg BW/day of OP (group 1) or vehicle (group 2). At the end of the treatment, the formalin test was performed to evaluate the effect of OP exposure on pain. Soon after, rats were sacrificed, and the accumulation of OP in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, thalamus, striatum, mesencephalus and ventral hindbrain was measured by HPLC analysis. The results showed a greater accumulation of OP in the cerebral cortex compared to all the other areas; there was also more accumulation in the cerebellum compared to the mesencephalus and thalamus. No accumulation was found in the striatum. These results suggest that there is a preferential accumulation of OP in different areas of the brain with consequences to neural behaviour. On the contrary, experiments on facial grooming did not show significant effects of OP on pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bianco
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
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9
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Effects of 4-tert-octylphenol on the testes and seminal vesicles in adult male bank voles. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Gregory M, Lacroix A, Haddad S, Devine P, Charbonneau M, Tardif R, Krishnan K, Cooke GM, Schrader T, Cyr DG. Effects of chronic exposure to octylphenol on the male rat reproductive system. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1553-1560. [PMID: 20077229 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903232434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
p-tert-Octylphenol (OP) is a degradation product of alkylphenol ethoxylates. OP is an endocrine disruptor known to bind to the estrogen receptor; however, effects on males are controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to OP on male reproduction. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were administered OP for 60 d, representing 1.5 cycles of spermatogenesis. Experimental groups included a vehicle control, and three doses of OP (25, 50, or 125 mg/kg body weight [bw]) administered daily by gavage. There was a significant decrease in body weight in the 125-mg/kg group after 60 d of treatment. Both testicular and epididymal weights and histology were not altered by treatment with OP at any of the doses administered. There were no marked differences in cauda epididymal sperm counts at any doses; however, total percent sperm motility was significantly lower in rats exposed to the intermediate dose (50 mg/kg bw). There was an increase in percent static sperm cells in all OP-treated groups, with the intermediate dose (50 mg/kg) displaying a significantly higher proportion of static cells relative to untreated controls. Caput epididymal sperm motility was unaltered by OP treatment. Gene expression profiles of testes from control and high-dose-exposed rats indicate that 14 genes were modulated by at least twofold, although these changes were not statistically significant. Taken together, results from this study indicate that OP treatment of adult rats does not appear to exert major effects on male reproductive endpoints at relevant environmental exposure doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gregory
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Québec, Canada
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11
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Göktekin E, Barlas N. Histopathological effects of 4-tert-octylphenol treatment through the pregnancy period, on the pituitary, adrenal, pancreas, thyroid and parathyroid glands of offspring rats at adulthood. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 26:199-205. [PMID: 21783911 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) exposure at fetal period on adrenal, pituitary, thyroid+parathyroid and pancreas tissues of male and female offsprings. Pregnant rats were treated with OP (100 or 250mg/(kgday)) in vehicle (corn oil) or vehicle alone daily from day 1 to 20 of pregnancy. After birth, young rats were allowed to growth until adulthood. While there were no differences in data of organ weight between control and treatment groups, in contrast, a decrease of relative organ weights of thyroid+parathyroid and adrenal in high dose treatment group in male rats, otherwise an increase of final body weights was found in 250mg/(kgday) treatment group in all rats. Also, a lot of histopathological findings were observed in investigated tissues. The results of this study suggest that, the octylphenol which was applied in fetal period causes negative effects on the adrenal, pituitary gland, thyroid+parathyroid and pancreas in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Göktekin
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Kim SK, Kim JH, Lee HJ, Yoon YD. Octylphenol reduces the expressions of steroidogenic enzymes and testosterone production in mouse testis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:449-58. [PMID: 17696135 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
4-tert-octylphenol (OP) is known to disrupt testicular development and reduce male fertility. In the present study, male mice were exposed to OP at two different developmental stages, and the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and testosterone production were evaluated. Juvenile (15-day-old) and adult (8-week-old) male mice were injected with 2, 20, or 200 mg/kg of OP or 0.2 microg/kg of estradiol valerate for 5 days. Testosterone concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay and the expressions of the testicular genes were determined by RT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry. In the animals exposed with 20 mg/kg of OP during juvenile stage, histochemical analysis of the testis showed that number of pyknotic germ cells inside the tubule was increased, while the number of oil red O positive Leydig cells was decreased. Moreover, the lumen formation was remarkably delayed. A reduced serum testosterone concentration and down-regulated expressions of the mRNAs for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), and 17alpha-hydroxylase/C(17-20) lyase (P450(17alpha)) were also observed after juvenile exposure to OP. Immunohistochemical staining for P450scc was mainly detected in interstitial Leydig cells, and a slightly reduced expression of P450scc protein was observed in the testis exposed to 20 mg/kg of OP during juvenile stage. The present study demonstrates that juvenile exposure to OP inhibits steroidogenesis by decreasing the expressions of steroidogenic enzymes in the testis. Diminished lipid content in Leydig cells and reduced transcriptional expression of the cholesterol transport gene, StAR, also support altered cholesterol metabolism and/or transport as a potential mechanism for the decreased testosterone production following exposure to OP. Altogether, the alteration of steroidogenesis by exposure to OP may adversely affect the normal development of the testis and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suel-Kee Kim
- Laboratory of Toxicogenomics for Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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13
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Aydoğan M, Barlas N. Effects of maternal 4-tert-octylphenol exposure on the reproductive tract of male rats at adulthood. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22:455-60. [PMID: 16520019 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increases in human male reproductive disorders (testicular cancer, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and low sperm counts) might stem from increased exposure of the developing male to environmental estrogens. In the present study, we investigated the effects of octylphenol (OP), an estrogenic compound, exposure on the male reproductive system during the fetal period in which the development of reproductive organs and sexual differentiation occurs. Male rats were treated with OP in utero at doses of control (vehicle), 100 or 250 mg/kg/day. After birth, male rats were allowed to grow until adulthood, and then testes, epididymides, and prostate glands were investigated histopathologically. Sperm counts and percentage of abnormal sperm were determined. Seminiferous and epididymal round tubules were evaluated for tubule diameter, lumen diameter, and height of tubule epithelium. Treatment with OP caused abnormalities in the histology of the testis and epididymis and induced atrophy of prostate glands tubules. Although there were no differences in sperm counts among treatment groups, abnormal sperm percentages in the high dose group increased significantly. The results of this study demonstrate that maternally injected OP causes adverse effects on male reproductive tract at adulthood, especially on sperm structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müfide Aydoğan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hacettepe, 06532 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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Mikkilä TFM, Toppari J, Paranko J. Effects of neonatal exposure to 4-tert-octylphenol, diethylstilbestrol, and flutamide on steroidogenesis in infantile rat testis. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91:456-66. [PMID: 16537657 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of neonatal testis, populated by fetal-type Leydig cells, to endocrine-active compounds may have far-reaching consequences. Our aim was to resolve the sensitivity of testosterone synthesis of infant rat (Sprague-Dawley) testis to diethylstilbestrol (DES; 0.1-1.0 mg/kg), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP; 10-100 mg/kg), and Flutamide (FLU; 2.0-25 mg/kg) given by daily sc injections from birth to postnatal day 4. Testes and serum were collected on day 14 when body and testis weight, testicular histology, circulating testosterone, LH and FSH levels, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 3beta-hydroxy-steroid-dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) protein levels were determined. DES at each dose and FLU at 25 mg/kg dose reduced testis weight and the diameter of seminiferous cords. FLU caused some Leydig cell hyperplasia. Plasma testosterone was reduced in all DES animals, LH elevated in DES 0.5 mg/kg and FLU 25 mg/kg animals, and FSH reduced in the DES 1.0 mg/kg group. Basal testicular ex vivo progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated testosterone production were decreased in DES animals. Despite a decrease in hCG-induced cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production, intratesticular testosterone was increased in the FLU 10 and 25 mg/kg groups. OP 100 mg/kg elevated hCG-induced progesterone production only. No changes were seen in 3beta-HSD protein levels in any treatment group. StAR levels were reduced in DES animals. The results indicate the sensitivity of postnatal fetal-type Leydig cells to endocrine-active compounds. Suppression of StAR expression level was an early sign of the DES-induced steroidogenic lesion. FLU-induced changes suggest the importance of androgen receptor-mediated regulation of testosterone synthesis in the postnatal rat testis. Octylphenol appeared less effective in bringing about acute steroidogenic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina F M Mikkilä
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
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15
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Myllymäki SA, Karjalainen M, Haavisto TE, Toppari J, Paranko J. Infantile 4-tert-octylphenol exposure transiently inhibits rat ovarian steroidogenesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 207:59-68. [PMID: 16054900 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds, such as 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), have been shown to interfere with rat ovarian steroidogenesis. However, little is known about steroidogenic effects of infantile OP exposure on immature ovary. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of infantile OP exposure on plasma FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone levels in 14-day-old female rats. The effect on ovarian steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and FSH receptor (FSHr) expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Ex vivo analysis was carried out for follicular estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and cAMP production. Sprague-Dawley rats were given OP (0, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) subcutaneously on postnatal days 6, 8, 10, and 12. On postnatal day 14, plasma FSH was decreased and progesterone increased significantly at a dose of 100 mg OP/kg. In addition, the highest OP dose advanced the time of vaginal opening in puberty. OP had no effect on infantile LH and estradiol levels or ovarian FSHr content. Ovarian StAR protein content and ex vivo hormone and cAMP production were decreased at all OP doses compared to controls. However, hormone levels recovered independent on FSH and even increased above the control level during a prolonged culture. On postnatal day 35, no statistically significant differences were seen between control and OP-exposed animals in plasma FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone levels, or in ovarian StAR protein content. The results indicate that the effect of OP on the infantile ovary is reversible, while more permanent effects in the hypothalamus and pituitary, as described earlier, are involved in the reduction of circulating FSH levels and premature vaginal opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Myllymäki
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, 20014 University of Turku, Finland.
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Masutomi N, Shibutani M, Takagi H, Uneyama C, Hirose M. Dietary influence on the impact of ethinylestradiol-induced alterations in the endocrine/reproductive system with perinatal maternal exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 18:23-33. [PMID: 15013061 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2003] [Revised: 07/04/2003] [Accepted: 09/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of two diets, differing in phytoestrogen contents, on the phenotypic changes induced in the endocrine/reproductive system by perinatal exposure to an estrogen agonist during a critical period for brain sexual differentiation in rats. Ethinylestradiol (EE) was mixed at a concentration of 0.5 ppm into two diets: CRF-1, a standard rodent diet containing soybean-derived phytoestrogens; and a soy-free (SF) diet. These diets were provided to maternal Sprague-Dawley rats during gestational day 15 to postnatal day 10. Growth suppression of offspring was evident with EE especially during the exposure period and was slightly enhanced with the SF diet. On the other hand, most of the female offspring exposed to EE with CRF-1 showed early onset of vaginal opening, strong irregularity in estrous cycle (persistent estrus) and profound histopathological alterations, such as multifollicular ovaries, endometrial hypertrophy, and diffuse hyperplasia of the anterior pituitary. These EE-induced changes were much less pronounced with the SF diet. The results thus demonstrated differential effects of perinatal EE depending on the basal diet used, with enhancement of typical estrogenic responses in females by potential soybean-derived factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Masutomi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Masutomi N, Shibutani M, Takagi H, Uneyama C, Takahashi N, Hirose M. Impact of dietary exposure to methoxychlor, genistein, or diisononyl phthalate during the perinatal period on the development of the rat endocrine/reproductive systems in later life. Toxicology 2003; 192:149-70. [PMID: 14580783 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(03)00269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the impact of dietary exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during the sensitive period of brain sexual differentiation, maternal Sprague-Dawley rats were fed three representative chemicals, methoxychlor (MXC; 24, 240, and 1200 ppm), genistein (GEN; 20, 200, and 1000 ppm), or diisononyl phthalate (DINP; 400, 4000, and 20,000 ppm), from gestational day 15 to postnatal day 10. Soy-free diet was used as a basal diet to eliminate possible estrogenic effects from the standard diet. Offspring were examined in terms of anogenital distances, prepubertal organ weights, onset of puberty, estrous cyclicity, and organ weights and histopathology of endocrine organs at adult stage (week 11) as well as the volumes of sexually dimorphic nucleus of preoptic area (SDN-POA). All chemicals caused signs of maternal toxicity at high doses. MXC, at 1200 ppm, facilitated and delayed the onset of puberty in females and males, respectively, females also showing endocrine disrupting effects thereafter, such as irregular estrous cyclicity and histopathological alterations in the reproductive tract and anterior pituitary. GEN, at all doses, reduced body weight (BW) at week 11, but did not affect endocrine parameters. Treatment with DINP at 20,000 ppm resulted in degeneration of meiotic spermatocytes and Sertoli cells in the testis and decrease of corpora lutea in the ovary at week 11, although changes remained minimal or slight. The SDN-POA volume remained unchanged with all three chemicals. The results demonstrated that perinatal dietary exposure to EDCs for a limited period causes endocrine disruption in offspring only at high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Masutomi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Kim KB, Seo KW, Kim YJ, Park M, Park CW, Kim PY, Kim JI, Lee SH. Estrogenic effects of phenolic compounds on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in MCF-7 cells and uterine glutathione peroxidase in rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 50:1167-1173. [PMID: 12547330 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested phenolic compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-octylphenol (OP) and 4-propylphenol (PP) by using glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in estrogen sensitive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in female immature Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. This study was designed to investigate whether phenolic compounds have estrogenic effects in these useful screening methods for endocrine disruptors. We chose 6 h as the incubation period for the G6PD assay through a preliminary experiment using 17beta-estradiol (E2). Above the concentration of 1 x 10(-8) M, BPA significantly increased the G6PD activity in a concentration-dependent manner, relative to the control. NP (over the concentration of 1 x 10(-9) M) also enhanced the G6PD activity by about 1.8 times that of the control. OP produced weaker effects on G6PD than NP, and showed a tendency to increase the G6PD activity. PP did not affect the G6PD activity. These results show that BPA and NP have the effect of enhancing G6PD activities in MCF-7 cells. In the in vivo GPx assay, both BPA and E2 significantly increased the uterus wet weights and dramatically enhanced uterine GPx activities in immature female rats in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with NP (500 mg/kg/day) increased significantly both the uterine GPx activity and the uterus wet weights in immature female rats. OP (500 mg/kg/day) also caused a significant increase in uterine GPx activity, but had no effect on the uterus wet weights. This finding indicates that the change in uterine GPx activities could be a more sensitive parameter than that of uterus wet weights in immature rats. This study implies that phenolic compounds have a weak estrogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Bong Kim
- Pharmacology Department, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, 5-Nokbun-dong, Eunpyung-gu, Seoul 122-704, South Korea
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Yoshida M, Takenaka A, Katsuda SI, Kurokawa Y, Maekawa A. Neonatal exposure to p-tert-octylphenol causes abnormal expression of estrogen receptor alpha and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity in the developing Donryu rat uterus. Toxicol Pathol 2002; 30:357-64. [PMID: 12051553 DOI: 10.1080/01926230252929936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated immunohistochemically the time-course alterations in estrogen receptor alpha (ER) expression and cell proliferating activity in the developing uteri of Donryu rats exposed neonatally to a high dose p-tert-octylphenol (OP), an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). OP-treatment (sc injections of 100 mg/kg, every other day from postnatal days 1 to 15) induced an early and enhanced ER expression in the luminal epithelium compared with age-matched controls from postnatal day (PND) 10, and increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells up to PND21. At PND28, ER expression in the luminal epithelium of the OP-treated group was decreased, in association with decline in the luminal epithelial areas. PND14, the second week of life, is coincident with the normal time for differentiation when the luminal epithelium invaginates into the stroma to form uterine glands. OP-treatment, however, delayed and inhibited gland-formation, and suppressed ER expression in the invaginated-luminal and glandular epithelium at this time. These results indicate that ER expression in these sites is strongly linked with cell proliferating activity. In stromal cells, ER was expressed from PND6 in both groups without any PCNA positive cells, but significantly lower values were noted in the OP-treated group up to PND10. Our immunohistochemical investigation did not reveal any abnormalities in expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos, mitotic inhibitor p21, or epidermal growth factor antigen, although the apoptotic index in the luminal epithelium was slightly increased in the OP-treated group. These results demonstrate neonatal effects of a high dose of OP, already detectable at PND10, with early and enhanced ER expression, resulting in increase of cell proliferative activity in the luminal epithelium, though expression in the glandular epithelium was suppressed in relation to inhibited gland-genesis. The present study thus suggests that neonatal exposure to high doses of EDCs with estrogenic activity can induce abnormal differentiation in the developing rat uteri via abnormal ER expression and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Sasaki Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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Laurenzana EM, Balasubramanian G, Weis C, Blaydes B, Newbold RR, Delclos KB. Effect of nonylphenol on serum testosterone levels and testicular steroidogenic enzyme activity in neonatal, pubertal, and adult rats. Chem Biol Interact 2002; 139:23-41. [PMID: 11803027 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous dose range-finding studies with nonylphenol (NP) administered to rats in a soy- and alfalfa-free diet showed apparent feminization of several endpoints in male rats at doses of 25 ppm and above. One possible mechanism contributing to these effects is a reduction of testosterone at critical developmental periods. The present study was conducted as an adjunct to a multigeneration study and was designed to examine the effect of NP on testosterone production. Male rats in the F1 and F2 generations were exposed through their dams or directly to various dietary doses of NP (0, 25, 200 and 750 ppm) throughout gestation and until sacrifice at either postnatal day 2 (PND2), PND50, or PND140. Male pups in the F3 generation were examined only on PND2. At PND2, serum testosterone levels were significantly decreased in all groups exposed to NP in the F1 generation, but not in the F2 or F3 generations. The activity of 17alpha-hydroxylase/C17, 20 lyase (P450c17) in PND2 testicular homogenates was not affected by NP treatment. In F1 and F2 PND50 and PND140 rats, NP treatment did not affect serum testosterone levels. The absolute dorsolateral prostate weight was increased in the 200 and 750 ppm dose groups only in the F1 PND50 rats, however, no significant effects were observed in other male reproductive organs. NP treatment did not affect P450c17 activity in microsomes prepared from testes of F1 PND50 or PND140 rats. However, P450c17 activity was significantly decreased in testicular microsomes of F(2) PND50 (200 and 750 ppm dose groups) and PND140 (25, 200, and 750 ppm dose groups) rats. A decrease in testicular beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) P450 reductase was also observed in all PND50 and PND140 NP-exposed rats of the F1 and F2 generations. The ability of NP to directly inhibit P450c17 activity in vitro at concentrations of 1-100 microM was also demonstrated. These results indicate that NP can inhibit the activity of enzymes involved in testosterone synthesis, but suggest minimal effects on testosterone or testosterone-dependent endpoints via this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Laurenzana
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, HFT-110, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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