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Nowacka-Woszuk J, Stachowiak M, Szczerbal I, Szydlowski M, Szabelska-Beresewicz A, Zyprych-Walczak J, Krzeminska P, Nowak T, Lukomska A, Ligocka Z, Biezynski J, Dzimira S, Nizanski W, Switonski M. Whole genome sequencing identifies a missense polymorphism in PADI6 associated with testicular/ovotesticular XX disorder of sex development in dogs. Genomics 2022; 114:110389. [PMID: 35597501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are congenital malformations defined as discrepancies between sex chromosomes and phenotypical sex. Testicular or ovotesticular XX DSDs are frequently observed in female dogs, while monogenic XY DSDs are less frequent. Here, we applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) to search for causative mutations in XX DSD females in French Bulldogs (FB) and American Staffordshire Terries (AST) and in XY DSD Yorkshire Terries (YT). The WGS results were validated by Sanger sequencing and ddPCR. It was shown that a missense SNP of the PADI6 gene, is significantly associated with the XX DSD (SRY-negative) phenotype in AST (P = 0.0051) and FB (P = 0.0306). On the contrary, we did not find any associated variant with XY DSD in YTs. Our study suggests that the genetic background of the XX DSD may be more complex and breed-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Szydlowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Szabelska-Beresewicz
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Zyprych-Walczak
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Krzeminska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Lukomska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Ligocka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Biezynski
- Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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Vilchis F, Mares L, Chávez B, Paredes A, Ramos L. Late-onset vanishing testis-like syndrome in a 38,XX/38,XY agonadic pig (Sus scrofa). Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 32:284-291. [PMID: 31679558 DOI: 10.1071/rd18514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe the case of a pig with intersex traits including ambiguous external genitalia, sex chromosome abnormalities and a late-onset vanishing testis-like syndrome. It was identified shortly after birth by presenting a predominantly female phenotype with two large scrotal masses resembling testes. The karyotype is 38,XX (53%)/38,XY (47%). Sex steroid levels were undetectable at 1 and 7 months old, whereas circulating cortisol levels were typical. DNA studies excluded gene alterations in sex-determining region Y (SRY), dosage-sensitive sex reversal-congenital adrenal hypoplasia critical region on the X chromosome protein 1 (DAX1), SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (SOX9), nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group a, member 1 (NR5A1), nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group c, member 4 (NR3C4) and steroid 5-alpha-reductase 2 (SRD5A2). At 8 months of age the XX/XY pig evinced delayed growth; however, the most striking phenotypic change was that the testes-like structures completely vanished in a 2-3-week period. The internal genitalia were found to consist of a portion of a vagina and urethra. No fallopian tubes, uterus or remnants of Wolffian derivatives were observed. More importantly, no testes, ovaries, ovotestis or gonadal streaks could be identified. The XX/XY sex chromosome dosage and/or overexpression of the DAX1 gene on the X chromosome in the presence of a wild-type SRY gene may have caused this predominantly female phenotype. This specimen represents an atypical case of 38,XX/38,XY chimeric, ovotesticular disorder of sex development associated with agonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Vilchis
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Lizette Mares
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Bertha Chávez
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Arcadio Paredes
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México
| | - Luis Ramos
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Av. Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, México City, México; and Corresponding author. ;
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Sexual dimorphism in brain transcriptomes of Amami spiny rats (Tokudaia osimensis): a rodent species where males lack the Y chromosome. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:87. [PMID: 30683046 PMCID: PMC6347839 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain sexual differentiation is sculpted by precise coordination of steroid hormones during development. Programming of several brain regions in males depends upon aromatase conversion of testosterone to estrogen. However, it is not clear the direct contribution that Y chromosome associated genes, especially sex-determining region Y (Sry), might exert on brain sexual differentiation in therian mammals. Two species of spiny rats: Amami spiny rat (Tokudaia osimensis) and Tokunoshima spiny rat (T. tokunoshimensis) lack a Y chromosome/Sry, and these individuals possess an XO chromosome system in both sexes. Both Tokudaia species are highly endangered. To assess the neural transcriptome profile in male and female Amami spiny rats, RNA was isolated from brain samples of adult male and female spiny rats that had died accidentally and used for RNAseq analyses. Results RNAseq analyses confirmed that several genes and individual transcripts were differentially expressed between males and females. In males, seminal vesicle secretory protein 5 (Svs5) and cytochrome P450 1B1 (Cyp1b1) genes were significantly elevated compared to females, whereas serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3 N (Serpina3n) was upregulated in females. Many individual transcripts elevated in males included those encoding for zinc finger proteins, e.g. zinc finger protein X-linked (Zfx). Conclusions This method successfully identified several genes and transcripts that showed expression differences in the brain of adult male and female Amami spiny rat. The functional significance of these findings, especially differential expression of transcripts encoding zinc finger proteins, in this unusual rodent species remains to be determined. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5426-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Stachowiak M, Szczerbal I, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Jackowiak H, Sledzinski P, Iskrzak P, Dzimira S, Switonski M. Polymorphisms in the SOX9 region and testicular disorder of sex development (38,XX; SRY -negative) in pigs. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jiménez R, Barrionuevo FJ, Burgos M. Natural exceptions to normal gonad development in mammals. Sex Dev 2012; 7:147-62. [PMID: 22626995 DOI: 10.1159/000338768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonads are the only organs with 2 possible developmental pathways, testis or ovary. A consequence of this unique feature is that mutations in genes controlling gonad development give rise not only to gonadal malformation or dysfunction but also to frequent cases of sex reversal, including XY females, XX males and intersexes. Most of our current knowledge on mammalian sex determination, the genetic process by which the gonadal primordia are committed to differentiate as either testes or ovaries, has derived mainly from the study of sex-reversed mice obtained by direct genetic manipulation. However, there are also numerous cases of natural exceptions to normal gonad development which have been described in a variety of mammals, including both domestic and wild species. Here, we review the most relevant cases of: (1) natural, non-induced sex reversal and intersexuality described in laboratory rodents, including Sxr and B6-Y(DOM) mice; (2) sex reversal in domestic animals, including freemartinism in bovids and pigs, XX sex reversal in pigs, goats and dogs, XY sex reversal in the horse, and sex chromosome chimerism and sex reversal in the cat, and (3) sex reversal in wild mammals, including the generalised true hermaphroditism described in talpid moles, XY sex reversal in Akodon, Microtus and Dicrostonyx species, males lacking a Y chromosome and SRY in Ellobius lutescens, the X* chromosome of Myopus schisticolor, and sex chromosome mosaicism and X0 females in Microtus oregoni. These studies are necessary to elucidate particular aspects of mammalian gonad development in some instances and to understand how the genetic mechanisms controlling gonad development have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jiménez
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Laboratorio 127 CIBM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, ES–18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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Knobbe MG, Maenhoudt C, Turner RM, McDonnell SM. Physical, behavioral, endocrinologic, and cytogenetic evaluation of two Standardbred racehorses competing as mares with an intersex condition and high postrace serum testosterone concentrations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:751-4. [PMID: 21401432 DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.6.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION 2 Standardbred racehorses that had been winning races while competing as mares underwent postrace drug testing and had serum testosterone concentrations above the acceptable limit for female racehorses. CLINICAL FINDINGS Initial physical examinations by the referring veterinarian revealed ambiguous external genitalia and suspected intra-abdominally located testes leading to a preliminary diagnosis of male pseudohermaphroditism. Horses were referred for further evaluation of sex. Physical examination of the external genitalia confirmed the findings of the referring veterinarian. Transrectal palpation and ultrasonography revealed gonads with an ultrasonographic appearance of testes. On cytogenetic analysis, both horses were determined to have a 64,XY karyotype and 8 intact Y chromosome markers and 5 SRY gene markers, which were indicative of a genetic male and confirmed an intersex condition. Additionally, both horses had some male-type behavior and endocrinologic findings consistent with those of sexually intact males. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Taken together, these findings confirmed that both horses were male pseudohermaphrodites. Both horses returned to racing competition as males. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As of October 1, 2008, the Pennsylvania Horse and Harness Racing Commissions implemented a postrace drug testing policy that included analysis of blood samples for anabolic and androgenic steroids and set maximum allowable concentrations of testosterone for racing geldings and females. Within 8 months of initiation of this drug testing policy, the 2 horses of this report were identified as having an intersex condition. This raises the possibility that intersex conditions may be more common in racing Standardbreds than was previously suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Knobbe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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