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Kokilambigai KS, Irina VM, Sheba Mariam KC, Adila K, Kathirvel S. Comprehensive overview of analytical and bioanalytical methodologies for the opioid analgesics - Tramadol and combinations. Anal Biochem 2024; 692:115579. [PMID: 38797485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic opioids like Tramadol are used to treat mild to moderate pain. Its ability to relieve pain is about a tenth that of morphine. Furthermore, Tramadol shares similar effects on serotonin and norepinephrine to several antidepressants known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine and duloxetine. The present review paper discusses the recent developments in analytical methods for identifying drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological materials, such as blood, saliva, urine, and hair. In recent years, a wide variety of analytical instruments, including capillary electrophoresis, NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, GC, GC-MS, and electrochemical sensors, have been used for drug identification in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological samples. The primary quantification techniques currently employed for its quantification in various matrices are highlighted in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kokilambigai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V M Irina
- Dr. Moopen's College of Pharmacy, Naseera Nagar, Meppadi PO, Wayanad, 673577, Kerala, India
| | - K C Sheba Mariam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India
| | - K Adila
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India
| | - S Kathirvel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National College of Pharmacy, Manassery, Mukkam Post., Kozhikode, 673602, Kerala, India.
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Sarkany A, Hancu G, Drăguț C, Modroiu A, Barabás-Hajdu E. Capillary Electrophoresis Methods for the Determination of Tramadol: A Review. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2019.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tramadol is a widely used opioid analgesic frequently prescribed for treatment of moderate to severe, acute and chronic pain. It has a complex mechanism of action, acting both as a central opiate agonist and as a norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is a chiral substance, having two chiral centers in its structure and it is used in therapy as a racemic mixture of two of its enantiomers, (S,S)-tramadol and (R,R)-tramadol. In the last 25 years, several analytical procedures have been published in the literature for the achiral and chiral determination of tramadol from pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices. Among these methods, capillary electrophoresis techniques have proved to be an efficient, reliable and cost-effective solution. The purpose of the present review is to provide a systematic survey to present and discuss the electrodriven methods available in the literature for the achiral and chiral analysis of tramadol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Sarkany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology from Tîrgu Mureș, 38 Gh Marinescu, Tîrgu Mureș 540139, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology from Tîrgu Mureș, 38 Gh Marinescu, Tîrgu Mureș 540139, Romania
| | - Claudiu Drăguț
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology from Tîrgu Mureș, 38 Gh Marinescu, Tîrgu Mureș 540139, Romania
| | - Adriana Modroiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology from Tîrgu Mureș, 38 Gh Marinescu, Tîrgu Mureș 540139, Romania
| | - Enikő Barabás-Hajdu
- Department of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology from Tîrgu Mureș, 38 Gh Marinescu, Tîrgu Mureș 540139, Romania
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Capillary electrophoresis hyphenated with UV-native-laser induced fluorescence detection (CE/UV-native-LIF). Electrophoresis 2016; 38:135-149. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Habibi-Khorasani M, Mohammadpour AH, Mohajeri SA. Development of solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography for analysis of tramadol in brain tissue using its molecularly imprinted polymer. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27386837 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, performance of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a selective solid-phase microextraction sorbent for the extraction and enrichment of tramadol in aqueous solution and rabbit brain tissue, is described. Binding properties of MIPs were studied in comparison with their nonimprinted polymer (NIP). Ten milligrams of the optimized MIP was then evaluated as a sorbent, for preconcentration, in molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction (MISPME) of tramadol from aqueous solution and rabbit brain tissue. The analytical method was calibrated in the range of 0.004 ppm (4 ng mL-1 ) and 10 ppm (10 μg mL-1 ) in aqueous media and in the ranges of 0.01 and 10 ppm in rabbit brain tissue, respectively. The results indicated significantly higher binding affinity of MIPs to tramadol, in comparison with NIP. The MISPME procedure was developed and optimized with a recovery of 81.12-107.54% in aqueous solution and 76.16-91.20% in rabbit brain tissue. The inter- and intra-day variation values were <8.24 and 5.06%, respectively. Finally the calibrated method was applied for determination of tramadol in real rabbit brain tissue samples after administration of a lethal dose. Our data demonstrated the potential of MISPME for rapid, sensitive and cost-effective sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Habibi-Khorasani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Beyreiss R, Geißler D, Ohla S, Nagl S, Posch TN, Belder D. Label-free fluorescence detection of aromatic compounds in chip electrophoresis applying two-photon excitation and time-correlated single-photon counting. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8150-7. [PMID: 23944704 DOI: 10.1021/ac4010937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce time-resolved fluorescence detection with two-photon excitation at 532 nm for label-free analyte determination in microchip electrophoresis. In the developed method, information about analyte fluorescence lifetimes is collected by time-correlated single-photon counting, improving reliable peak assignment in electrophoretic separations. The determined limits of detection for serotonin, propranolol, and tryptophan were 51, 37, and 280 nM, respectively, using microfluidic chips made of fused silica. Applying two-photon excitation microchip separations and label-free detection could also be performed in borosilicate glass chips demonstrating the potential for label-free fluorescence detection in non-UV-transparent devices. Microchip electrophoresis with two-photon excited fluorescence detection was then applied for analyses of active compounds in plant extracts. Harmala alkaloids present in methanolic plant extracts from Peganum harmala could be separated within seconds and detected with on-the-fly determination of fluorescence lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhild Beyreiss
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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de Kort BJ, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Native fluorescence detection of biomolecular and pharmaceutical compounds in capillary electrophoresis: Detector designs, performance and applications: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 766:13-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Electrospun Nanofibers of Poly(methylmethacrylate)/Polystyrene Blend as a Microcolumn Extraction Sorbent Followed by Corona Discharge Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Analysis of Tramadol in Biological Fluids. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Beyreiss R, Ohla S, Nagl S, Belder D. Label-free analysis in chip electrophoresis applying deep UV fluorescence lifetime detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 32:3108-14. [PMID: 22102494 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein we introduce deep UV fluorescence lifetime detection in microfluidics applied for label-free detection and identification of various aromatic analytes in chip electrophoresis. For this purpose, a frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) picosecond laser at 266 nm was incorporated into an inverse fluorescence microscope setup with time-correlated single photon counting detection. This allowed recording of photon timing with sub-nanosecond precision. Thereby fluorescence decay curves are gathered on-the-fly and average lifetimes can be determined for each substance in the electropherogram. The aromatic compounds serotonin, propranolol, 3-phenoxy-1,2-propanediol and tryptophan were electrophoretically separated using a fused-silica microchip. Average lifetimes were independently determined for each compound via bi-exponential tail fitting. Time-correlated single photon counting also allows the discrimination of background fluorescence in the time domain. This results in improved signal-to-noise-ratios as demonstrated for the above model analytes. Microchip electrophoretic separations with fluorescence lifetime detection were also performed with a protein mixture containing lysozyme, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen emphasizing the potential for biopolymer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhild Beyreiss
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany
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Szökő É, Tábi T. Analysis of biological samples by capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1180-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Bioanalytical applications of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced native fluorescence detection. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:1641-53. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we describe recent developments and applications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with laser-induced native fluorescence (LINF) detection in the analysis of biological, pharmaceutical and environmental samples. Compared with traditional UV absorbance detection used in CE, the LINF technique can greatly improve the concentration sensitivity of CE without the need for derivatization; the only requirement being that the analyte must have native fluorescence. Instrumentation and laser sources used in CE–LINF are summarized and specific applications of CE–LINF to small-biomolecule analysis, profiling of human biofluids, detection of native fluorescent peptides and proteins, single-cell analysis and the use of online sample preconcentration methods are also reviewed in detail.
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11
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Solid-phase extraction of tramadol from plasma and urine samples using a novel water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymer. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1700-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:29-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Schulze P, Ludwig M, Belder D. Impact of laser excitation intensity on deep UV fluorescence detection in microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4894-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Label-free fluorescence detection in capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:515-25. [PMID: 18982318 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we summarize the current status of native fluorescence detection in microchannel electrophoresis, with a strong focus on chip-based systems. Fluorescence detection is a powerful technique with unsurpassed sensitivity down to the single-molecule level. Accordingly fluorescence detection is attractive in combination with miniaturised separation techniques. A drawback is, however, the need to derivatize most analytes prior to analysis. This can often be circumvented by utilising excitation light in the UV spectral range in order to excite intrinsic fluorescence. As sensitive absorbance detection is challenging in chip-based systems, deep-UV fluorescence detection is currently one of the most general optical detection techniques in microchip electrophoresis, which is especially attractive for the detection of unlabelled proteins. This review gives an overview of research on native fluorescence detection in capillary (CE) and microchip electrophoresis (MCE) between 1998 and 2008. It discusses material aspects of native fluorescence detection and the instrumentation used, with particular focus on the detector design. Newer developments, featured techniques, and their prospects in the future are also included. In the last section, applications in bioanalysis, drug determination, and environmental analysis are reviewed with regard to limits of detection.
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Schappler J, Staub A, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S. Highly sensitive detection of pharmaceutical compounds in biological fluids using capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced native fluorescence. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kartinasari WF, Palupi T, Indrayanto G. HPLC Determination and Validation of Tramadol Hydrochloride in Capsules. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120028261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiwin Farina Kartinasari
- a Quality Control Laboratory , Bernofarm Pharmaceutical Company , Buduran, Sidoarjo, Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Tini Palupi
- a Quality Control Laboratory , Bernofarm Pharmaceutical Company , Buduran, Sidoarjo, Surabaya , Indonesia
| | - Gunawan Indrayanto
- b Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy , Airlangga State University , Jl. Dharmawangsa dalam, Surabaya , 60286 , Indonesia
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Ding SN, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-zirconia-Nafion composite films applied as solid-state electrochemiluminescence detector for capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1737-44. [PMID: 15800963 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The major goal of this work was to develop a new solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detector suitable for capillary electrophoresis (CE). The detector was fabricated by coating a sol-gel derived zirconia (ZrO(2))-Nafion composite film on a graphite electrode, then the zirconia-Nafion modified electrode was immersed in tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3) (2+)) solution to immobilize this active chemiluminescence reagent. The voltammetric and ECL behaviors of the detector were investigated and optimized in tripropylamine solution. The ratio of 53% for zirconia in the zirconia-Nafion composite provided the highest luminescence intensity of immobilized Ru(bpy)(3) (2+). The ECL can maintain its stability very well in the phosphate solution in the period of 5-90 h when the solid-state ECL detector was immersed in the solution all the time. The optimum distance of capillary outlet to the solid-state ECL detector has been found to be ca. 50-80 microm for a 75 microm capillary. The effects of ionic strength and pH of ECL solution on peak height were investigated. The CE with solid-state ECL detector system was successfully used to detect tripropylamine, lidocaine, and proline. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 5 x 10(-9) mol.L(-1) for tripropylamine, 1 x 10(-8) mol.L(-1) for lidocaine and 5 x 10(-6) mol.L(-1) for proline, and the linear ranges were from 1.0 x 10(-8) to 1.0 x 10(-5) mol.L(-1) for tripropylamine, 5.0 x 10(-7) mol.L(-1) to 1.0 x 10(-5) mol.L(-1) for lidocaine and 1.0 x 10(-5) to 1.0 x 10(-3) mol.L(-1) for proline, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Nian Ding
- The Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210 093, China
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Küçük A, Kadioğlu Y, Celebi F. Investigation of the pharmacokinetics and determination of tramadol in rabbit plasma by a high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector method using liquid–liquid extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 816:203-8. [PMID: 15664351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC system using a new, simple and rapid liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector method (HPLC-DAD) detection was validated to determine tramadol concentration in rabbit plasma. The method described was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of intravenous tramadol injections in rabbits. The extraction with ethylacetate yielded good response. The recovery of tramadol from plasma averaged 90.40%. Serial plasma samples were obtained prior to, during and after completion of the infusion for determination of tramadol concentrations. Tramadol concentrations were measured using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic application with intravenous tramadol in rabbits revealed that tramadol followed one-compartment open model. Maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for tramadol were 14.3 microg mL(-1) and 42.2 microg h mL(-1), respectively. The method developed was successfully applied to a simple, rapid, specific, sensitive and accurate HPLC method for investigation of the pharmacokinetics of tramadol in rabbit plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Küçük
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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Fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)45006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lehtonen P, Siren H, Ojanperä I, Kostiainen R. Migration behaviour and separation of tramadol metabolites and diastereomeric separation of tramadol glucuronides by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1041:227-34. [PMID: 15281273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with UV detection was used to separate tramadol (TR), a centrally acting analgesic, and its five phase I (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) and three phase II metabolites (glucuronides of M1, M4 and M5). Several factors were evaluated in optimisation of the separation: pH and composition of the background electrolyte and the influence of a micellar modifier, sodium dodecyl sulfate. Baseline separation of TR and all the analytes was obtained with use of 65 mM tetraborate electrolyte solution at pH 10.65. The lowest concentrations of the analytes that could be detected were below 1 microM for the O-methylated, below 2 microM for the phenolic and ca. 7 microM for the glucuronide metabolites. The suitability of the method for screening of real samples was tested with an authentic urine sample collected after a single oral dose (50 mg) of TR. After purification and five-fold concentration of the sample (solid-phase extraction with Oasis MCX cartridges), the parent drug TR and its metabolites M1, M1G, M5 and M5G were easily detected, in comparison with standards, in an interference-free area of the electropherogram. Diastereomeric separation of TR glucuronides in in vitro samples was achieved with 10 mM ammonium acetate-100 mM formic acid electrolyte solution at pH 2.75 and with basic micellar 25 mM tetraborate-70 mM SDS electrolyte solution at pH 10.45. Both separations showed that glucuronidation in vitro produces glucuronide diastereomers in different amounts. The authentic TR urine sample was also analysed by micellar method, but unambiguous identification of the glucuronide diastereomers was not achieved owing to many interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Lehtonen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland.
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Campanero MA, García-Quetglas E, Sádaba B, Azanza JR. Simultaneous stereoselective analysis of tramadol and its primary phase I metabolites in plasma by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1031:219-28. [PMID: 15058586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a bioanalytical method involving a simple liquid-liquid extraction for the simultaneous HPLC determination of the enantiomers of tramadol, the active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol (M1), and the other main metabolite N-desmethyltramadol (M2) in biological samples. Chromatography was performed at 5 degrees C on a Chiracel OD-R column containing cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) as chiral selector, preceded by a achiral end-capped C8 column (LiChrospher 60-RP-selected B 5 microm, 250 mm x 4 mm). The mobile phase was a mixture of phosphate buffer containing sodium perchlorate (1 M) adjusted to pH 2.5-acetonitrile-N,N-dimethyloctylamine (74.8:25:0.2). The flow rate was 0.5 ml/min. Fluorescence detection (lambda(ex) 200 nm/lambda(em) 301 nm) was used. Fluconazol was selected as internal standard. The limit of quantitation of each enantiomer of tramadol and their metabolites was 0.5 ng/ml (sample size = 0.5 ml). The chiral conditions and the LC optimisation were investigated in order to select the most appropriate operating conditions. The method developed has also been validated. Mean recoveries above of 95% for each enantiomer were obtained. Calibration curves for tramadol enantiomers (range 1-500 ng/ml), M1 enantiomers (range 0.5-100 ng/ml), and M2 enantiomers (range 0.5-250 ng/ml) were linear with coefficients of correlation better than 0.996. Within-day variation determined on four different concentrations showed acceptable values. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was determined to be less than 10%. This method was successfully used to investigate plasma concentration of enantiomers of tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol and N-desmethyltramadol in a pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Campanero
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, C/Pio XII s/n, 31080 Pamplona, Spain.
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Abdellatef HE. Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of tramadol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 29:835-42. [PMID: 12093516 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two simple and sensitive kinetic methods for the determination of tramadol hydrochloride are described. The first method is based upon a kinetic investigation of the oxidation reaction of the drug with alkaline potassium permanganate at room temperature for a fixed time at 20 min. The absorbance of the colored manganate ions was measured at 610 nm. The second method is based on the reaction of tramadol hydrochloride with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) in presence of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate. The spectrophotometric measurements were recorded by measuring the absorbance at 467 nm, at fixed time at 25 min on thermostated water bath at 90+/-1 degrees C. All variables affecting the development of the colour have been investigated and the conditions were optimised. The absorbance concentration plots in both methods were rectilinear over the range 5-25 and 50-250 microg ml(-1), for the first and second methods, respectively. The two methods have been applied successfully to commercial capsule and ampoule dosage form. The results obtained are compared statistically with those given by the reference spectrophotometric method. The determination of tramadol hydrochloride by the fixed concentration and rate constant methods is feasible with the calibration equations obtained, but the fixed time method proves to be more applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham E Abdellatef
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Nobilis M, Kopecký J, Kvetina J, Chládek J, Svoboda Z, Vorísek V, Perlík F, Pour M, Kunes J. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tramadol and its O-desmethylated metabolite in blood plasma. Application to a bioequivalence study in humans. J Chromatogr A 2002; 949:11-22. [PMID: 11999728 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous HPLC determination of the analgetic agent tramadol, its major pharmacodynamically active metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol) in human plasma is described. Simple methods for the preparation of the standard of the above-mentioned tramadol metabolite and N1,N1-dimethylsulfanilamide (used as the internal standard) are also presented. The analytical procedure involved a simple liquid-liquid extraction of the analytes from the plasma under the conditions described previously. HPLC analysis was performed on a 250x4 mm chromatographic column with LiChrospher 60 RP-selectB 5-microm (Merck) and consists of an analytical period where the mobile phase acetonitrile-0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 2.8 (3:7, v/v) was used, and of a subsequent wash-out period where the plasmatic ballast compounds were eluted from the column using acetonitrile-ultra-high-quality water (8:2, v/v). The whole analysis, including the equilibration preceding the initial analytical conditions lasted 19 min. Fluorescence detection (lambda(ex) 202 nm/lambda(em) 296 nm for tramadol and its metabolite, lambda(ex) 264 nm/lambda(em) 344 nm for N1,N1-dimethylsulfanilamide) was used. The validated analytical method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies of tramadol in human volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nobilis
- Institute of Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Joint Research Center of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and PRO.MED.CS Praha a.s., Hradec Králové
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24
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Soetebeer UB, Schierenberg MO, Schulz H, Andresen P, Blaschke G. Direct chiral assay of tramadol and detection of the phase II metabolite O-demethyl tramadol glucuronide in human urine using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced native fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 765:3-13. [PMID: 11817307 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A chiral separation using carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin for the direct assay of tramadol in human urine by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced native fluorescence detection was developed. Furthermore, the phase II metabolite O-demethyl tramadol glucuronide was determined from the urine samples and the ratio of the diasteromers was determined. The chiral method was validated. Correlation coefficients were higher than 0.999. Within day variation showed accuracy in the range 96.1-105.8% with a RSD less than 6.00%. Day to day variation present an accuracy ranging from 100.2 to 103.5% with a RSD less than 5.4%. After oral administration of 150 mg tramadol hydrochloride to a healthy volunteer, the urinary excretion was monitored during 24 h. About 11.4% of the dose was excreted as 1S,2S-tramadol, 16.4% as 1R,2R-tramadol and 23.7% as O-demethyl tramadol glucuronide. The amount of 1S,2S O-demethyl tramadol glucuronide was more than three fold higher as IR,2R-O-demethyl tramadol glucuronide. The enantiomeric ratio of tramadol and the diastereomeric ratio of O-demethyl tramadol glucuronide was deviated from 1.0 showing that a stereoselective metabolism of tramadol occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- U B Soetebeer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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25
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Thormann W, Lurie IS, McCord B, Marti U, Cenni B, Malik N. Advances ofcapillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis (1999-2000). Electrophoresis 2001; 22:4216-43. [PMID: 11824639 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200111)22:19<4216::aid-elps4216>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, capillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis is reviewed on the basis of the literature of 1999, 2000 and the first papers in 2001. An overview of progress relevant examples for each major field of application, namely (i) analysis of drug seizures, explosives residues, gunshot residues and inks, (ii) monitoring of drugs, endogenous small molecules and ions in biofluids and tissues, (iii) general screening for serum proteins and analysis of specific proteins (carbohydrate deficient transferrin, alpha1-antitrypsin, lipoproteins and hemoglobins) in biological fluids, and (iv) analysis of nucleic acids and oligonucleotides in biological samples, including oligonucleotide therapeutics, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thormann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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26
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Páez X, Hernández L. Biomedical applications of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001; 22:273-89. [PMID: 11835251 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a high-efficiency analytical technique that has had a great impact as a tool in biomedical research, clinical and forensic practice in the last ten years. Only in one of the applications, the DNA analysis, it has had an explosive exponential growth in the last few years. This impact is expressed in an enormous amount of CE articles and many reviews. The CE advantages with respect to other analytical techniques: the required very small sample volume, rapid analysis, great resolution power and low costs, have made this technique ideal for the analysis of a numerous endogenous and exogenous substances present in biological fluids. The different modes of CE have been coupled to different detection techniques such as UV-absorbance, electrochemical, mass spectrometry and laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIFD) to detect different nature and molecular size separated analytes. This review focuses mostly on the applications of CE-LIFD, to measure drugs and endogenous neuroactive substances such as amino acids and monoamines, especially in microdialysis samples from experimental animals and humans. CE-LIFD trends are discussed: automated faster analysis with capillary array systems, resolution power improvement, higher detection sensitivity, and CE systems miniaturization for extremely small sample volume, in order to make CE easier and affordable to the lab bench or the clinical bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Páez
- Laboratory of Behavioral Physiology, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.
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27
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Soetebeer UB, Schierenberg MO, Möller JG, Schulz H, Grünefeld G, Andresen P, Blaschke G, Ahr G. Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence in clinical drug development routine application and future aspects. J Chromatogr A 2000; 895:147-55. [PMID: 11105856 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinical bioanalytical setting is characterized by sample volumes of < 1 ml biological fluid (e.g. plasma, urine), a range of 3-4 decades of concentrations to be quantified and a limit of quantitation in the microg/l-ng/l range for sets of 100-5000 individual samples. Setup of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for routine application in this analytical field was successful for analytes accessible to fluorescence detection by using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. Empowerment of CE-LIF for routine serial analysis of thousands of samples includes improvement in autosampler techniques, thorough procedures for capillary treatment and particularly more advanced detection technology. Introduction of multi-capillary systems with charge-coupled device cameras and frequency doubled Ar-ion laser (lambda = 257 nm) offers this technique the chance of superiority over classical analytical assays - especially in the field of (new) low volume samples e.g. capillary blood or microdialysate encouraging clinicians to search for meaningful non-invasive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- U B Soetebeer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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