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Swaminathan SK, Fisher J, Brogden NK, Kandimalla KK. Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the estimation of scopolamine in human serum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:41-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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2
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Koželj G, Perharič L, Stanovnik L, Prosen H. Simple validated LC–MS/MS method for the determination of atropine and scopolamine in plasma for clinical and forensic toxicological purposes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Sáiz J, Mai TD, López ML, Bartolomé C, Hauser PC, García-Ruiz C. Rapid determination of scopolamine in evidence of recreational and predatory use. Sci Justice 2013; 53:409-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Jakabová S, Vincze L, Farkas Á, Kilár F, Boros B, Felinger A. Determination of tropane alkaloids atropine and scopolamine by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in plant organs of Datura species. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1232:295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Favreto WAJ, Pugens Pinto AM, Manfio JL, Fiametti KG, Percio MF, Santos MBD. Development and validation of a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of N-butylscopolamine in human plasma: Application to a bioequivalence study. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:215-21. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Alex Jann Favreto
- Biocinese-Centro de Estudos Biofarmacêuticos Ltda; Av. Cirne Lima, 1541-Vila Becker; 85.902-400; Toledo; PR; Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Pugens Pinto
- Biocinese-Centro de Estudos Biofarmacêuticos Ltda; Av. Cirne Lima, 1541-Vila Becker; 85.902-400; Toledo; PR; Brazil
| | - Josélia Larger Manfio
- Biocinese-Centro de Estudos Biofarmacêuticos Ltda; Av. Cirne Lima, 1541-Vila Becker; 85.902-400; Toledo; PR; Brazil
| | - Karina Graziella Fiametti
- Biocinese-Centro de Estudos Biofarmacêuticos Ltda; Av. Cirne Lima, 1541-Vila Becker; 85.902-400; Toledo; PR; Brazil
| | - Maycon Fernando Percio
- Biocinese-Centro de Estudos Biofarmacêuticos Ltda; Av. Cirne Lima, 1541-Vila Becker; 85.902-400; Toledo; PR; Brazil
| | - Mauricio Bedim dos Santos
- Biocinese-Centro de Estudos Biofarmacêuticos Ltda; Av. Cirne Lima, 1541-Vila Becker; 85.902-400; Toledo; PR; Brazil
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Shaoul E, Ayalon A, Tal Y, Lotan T. Transdermal delivery of scopolamine by natural submicron injectors: in-vivo study in pig. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31922. [PMID: 22363770 PMCID: PMC3283710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery has made a notable contribution to medical practice, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. While transdermal delivery systems would appear to provide an attractive solution for local and systemic drug delivery, only a limited number of drugs can be delivered through the outer layer of the skin. The most difficult to deliver in this way are hydrophilic drugs. The aquatic phylum Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, jellyfish and hydra, is one of the most ancient multicellular phyla that possess stinging cells containing organelles (cnidocysts), comprising a sophisticated injection system. The apparatus is folded within collagenous microcapsules and upon activation injects a thin tubule that immediately penetrates the prey and delivers its contents. Here we show that this natural microscopic injection system can be adapted for systemic transdermal drug delivery once it is isolated from the cells and uploaded with the drug. Using a topically applied gel containing isolated natural sea anemone injectors and the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine, we found that the formulated injectors could penetrate porcine skin and immediately deliver this hydrophilic drug. An in-vivo study in pigs demonstrated, for the first time, rapid systemic delivery of scopolamine, with T(max) of 30 minutes and C(max) 5 times higher than in controls treated topically with a scopolamine-containing gel without cnidocysts. The ability of the formulated natural injection system to penetrate a barrier as thick as the skin and systemically deliver an exogenous compound presents an intriguing and attractive alternative for hydrophilic transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yossi Tal
- NanoCyte (Israel) Ltd, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Tamar Lotan
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Long Z, Wang C, Guo Z, Zhang X, Nordahl L, Zeng J, Zeng J, Liang X. A non-aqueous solid phase extraction method for alkaloid enrichment and its application in the determination of hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Analyst 2012; 137:1451-7. [PMID: 22299130 DOI: 10.1039/c2an15824h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A non-aqueous solid phase extraction (SPE) method utilizing silica based strong cation exchange (SCX) was developed and optimized for the enrichment of alkaloids. In this method, silica based SCX SPE columns were used for the elimination of non-alkaloid compounds and the preconcentration of alkaloids from the extracts. Mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the alkaloid-enriched fraction, and results showed that the SPE method developed in this study was effective for the removal of non-alkaloids. Then, this pretreatment method was combined with high performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of scopolamine and hyoscyamine from Scopolia tangutica Maxim. The recoveries of scopolamine and (-)-hyoscyamine were 98.51% and 91.12%, respectively. Relative standard deviation values were 1.4% for scopolamine and 1.6% for (-)-hyoscyamine. The linearity was good in the 0.01-0.8 mg mL(-1) range for hyoscyamine and 0.01-0.4 mg mL(-1) range for scopolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Long
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning Province. Dalian, 116023, China
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8
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Tropane alkaloid analysis by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques: An update. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1391-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Boros B, Farkas Á, Jakabová S, Bacskay I, Kilár F, Felinger A. LC-MS Quantitative Determination of Atropine and Scopolamine in the Floral Nectar of Datura Species. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Van Sassenbroeck DK, Hemelsoet DMR, Vanwalleghem P, Verstraete AG, Santens P, Monsieurs KG, Buylaert WA. Three Cases of Substitution Errors Leading to Hyoscine Hydrobromide Overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 43:861-5. [PMID: 16440514 DOI: 10.1080/15563650500357560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report three patients with anticholinergic poisoning caused by the substitution of hyoscine hydrobromide for hyoscine butylbromide in preparations compounded by two different pharmacists. The patients took the preparations for gastrointes tinal discomfort and presented with altered mental status tachycardia, facial flushing, dilated pupils, and dry skin shortly after the ingestion. In one patient the intoxication was initially not recognized and he was treated as suffering from an acute cerebrovascular accident. Two patients experienced long-lasting effects such as decreased ability to concentrate, memory dis turbances, tremor, and photo- and phonophobia. It was obviously impossible to elucidate the exact nature of the relationship between the intoxication and these long-lasting complaints. Information from the Belgian poison control center revealed that cases of substitution error with hyoscine hydrobromide are not unique The Belgian authorities issued a warning to all pharmacists.
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KONISHI T, AKAKI K, HATANO K. Determination of Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine in Serum and Urine of Humans by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2008; 49:266-71. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.49.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Henderson TJ, Cullinan DB, Lawrence RJ, Oyler JM. Positive Identification of the Principal Component of a White Powder as Scopolamine by Quantitative One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional NMR Techniques. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53:151-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Li J, Chun Y, Ju H. Simultaneous Electrochemiluminescence Detection of Anisodamine, Atropine, and Scopolamine inFlos daturae by Capillary Electrophoresis Using β-Cyclodextrin as Additive. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Beyer J, Peters FT, Kraemer T, Maurer HH. Detection and validated quantification of toxic alkaloids in human blood plasma--comparison of LC-APCI-MS with LC-ESI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:621-33. [PMID: 17323418 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Poisonings with toxic plants may occur after abuse, intentional or accidental ingestion of plants. For diagnosis of such poisonings, multianalyte procedures were developed for detection and validated quantification of the toxic alkaloids aconitine, atropine, colchicine, coniine, cytisine, nicotine and its metabolite cotinine, physostigmine, and scopolamine in plasma using LC-APCI-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS. After mixed-mode solid-phase extraction of 1 ml of plasma, the analytes were separated using a C8 base select separation column and gradient elution (acetonitrile/ammonium formate, pH 3.5). Calibration curves were used for quantification with cotinine-d(3), benzoylecgonine-d(3), and trimipramine-d(3) as internal standards. The method was validated according to international guidelines. Both assays were selective for the tested compounds. No instability was observed after repeated freezing and thawing or in processed samples. The assays were linear for coniine, cytisine, nicotine and its metabolite cotinine, from 50 to 1000 ng/ml using LC-APCI-MS and 1 to 1000 ng/ml using LC-ESI-MS/MS, respectively, and for aconitine, atropine, colchicine, physostigmine, and scopolamine from 5 to 100 ng/ml for LC-APCI-MS and 0.1 to 100 ng/ml for LC-ESI-MS/MS, respectively. Accuracy ranged from -38.6 to 14.0%, repeatability from 2.5 to 13.5%, and intermediate precision from 4.8 to 13.5% using LC-APCI-MS and from -38.3 to 8.3% for accuracy, from 3.5 to 13.8%, for repeatability, and from 4.3 to 14.7% for intermediate precision using LC-ESI-MS/MS. The lower limit of quantification was fixed at the lowest calibrator in the linearity experiments. With the exception of the greater sensitivity and higher identification power, LC-ESI-MS/MS had no major advantages over LC-APCI-MS. Both presented assays were applicable for sensitive detection of all studied analytes and for accurate and precise quantification, with the exception of the rather volatile nicotine. The applicability of the assays was demonstrated by analysis of plasma samples from suspected poisoning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Beyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Adams M, Wiedenmann M, Tittel G, Bauer R. HPLC-MS trace analysis of atropine in Lycium barbarum berries. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2006; 17:279-83. [PMID: 17019928 DOI: 10.1002/pca.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The dried ripe fruits of Barbary wolfberry, Lycium barbarum L. are widely used in China for medicinal purposes and as a functional food. Previous investigations reported to have found atropine in Barbary wolfberries from India. These results have been questioned. Since then, however, there has been a discussion on whether the berries are suitable for human consumption. In order to determine the content of atropine, we have analysed eight samples of berries from China and Thailand for traces of atropine, using highly selective and sensitive HPLC-MS methods. Atropine was found in all examined samples in concentrations of maximally 19 ppb (w/w). Therefore, the content is far below toxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Adams
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Austria
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Abstract
The alkaloid L-(-)-scopolamine [L-(-)-hyoscine] competitively inhibits muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine and acts as a nonselective muscarinic antagonist, producing both peripheral antimuscarinic properties and central sedative, antiemetic, and amnestic effects. The parasympatholytic scopolamine, structurally very similar to atropine (racemate of hyoscyamine), is used in conditions requiring decreased parasympathetic activity, primarily for its effect on the eye, gastrointestinal tract, heart, and salivary and bronchial secretion glands, and in special circumstances for a CNS action. Therefore, scopolamine is most suitable for premedication before anesthesia and for antiemetic effects. This alkaloid is the most effective single agent to prevent motion sickness. Scopolamine was the first drug to be made commercially available in a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS-patch) delivering alkaloid. Recently, pharmacokinetic data on scopolamine in different biozlogic matrices were obtained most efficiently using liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) or gas chromatography online coupled to mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters are dependent on the dosage form (oral dose, tablets; parenteral application; IV infusion; SC and IM injection). Scopolamine has a limited bioavailability if orally administered. The maximum drug concentration occurs approximately 0.5 hours after oral administration. Because only 2.6% of nonmetabolized L-(-)-scopolamine is excreted in urine, a first-pass metabolism is suggested to occur after oral administration of scopolamine. Because of its short half-life in plasma and dose-dependent adverse effects (in particular hallucinations and the less serious reactions, eg, vertigo, dry mouth, drowsiness), the clinical use of scopolamine administered orally or parenterally is limited. To minimize the relatively high incidence of side effects, the transdermal dosage form has been developed. The commercially available TTS-patch contains a 1.5-mg drug reservoir and a priming dose (140 microg) to reach the steady-state concentration of scopolamine quickly. The patch releases 0.5 mg alkaloid over a period of 3 days (releasing rate 5 microg/h). Following the transdermal application of scopolamine, the plasma concentrations of the drug indicate major interindividual variations. Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of approximately 100 pg/mL (range 11-240 pg/mL) of the alkaloid are reached after about 8 hours and achieve steady state. During a period of 72 hours the plaster releases scopolamine, so constantly high plasma levels (concentration range 56-245 pg/mL) are obtained, followed by a plateau of urinary scopolamine excretion. Although scopolamine has been used in clinical practice for many years, data concerning its metabolism and the renal excretion in man are limited. After incubation with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase, the recovery of scopolamine in human urine increased from 3% to approximately 30% of the drug dose (intravenously administered). According to these results from enzymatic hydrolysis of scopolamine metabolites, the glucuronide conjugation of scopolamine could be the relevant pathway in healthy volunteers. However, scopolamine metabolism in man has not been verified stringently. An elucidation of the chemical structures of the metabolites extracted from human urine is still lacking. Scopolamine has been shown to undergo an oxidative demethylation during incubation with CYP3A (cytochrome P-450 subfamily). To inhibit the CYP3A located in the intestinal mucosa, components of grapefruit juice are very suitable. When scopolamine was administered together with 150 mL grapefruit juice, the alkaloid concentrations continued to increase, resulting in an evident prolongation of tmax (59.5 +/- 25.0 minutes; P < 0.001). The AUC0-24h values of scopolamine were higher during the grapefruit juice period. They reached approximately 142% of the values associated with the control group (P < 0.005). Consequently, the related absolute bioavailabilities (range 6% to 37%) were significantly higher than the corresponding values of the drug orally administered together with water (range 3% to 27%). The effect of the alkaloid on quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) and cognitive performance correlated with pharmacokinetics was shown in studies with healthy volunteers. From pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling techniques, a direct correlation between serum concentrations of scopolamine and changes in total power in alpha-frequency band (EEG) in healthy volunteers was provided. The alkaloid readily crosses the placenta. Therefore, scopolamine should be administered to pregnant women only under observation. The drug is compatible with nursing and is considered to be nonteratogenic. In conclusion, scopolamine is used for premedication in anesthesia and for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of scopolamine depend on the dosage form. Effects on different cognitive functions have been extensively documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf D Renner
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Rbeida O, Christiaens B, Hubert P, Lubda D, Boos KS, Crommen J, Chiap P. Integrated on-line sample clean-up using cation exchange restricted access sorbent for the LC determination of atropine in human plasma coupled to UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 36:947-54. [PMID: 15620518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new, simple and fully automated liquid chromatographic (LC) method with UV detection has been developed for the direct determination of atropine in plasma. Sample clean-up was based on the use of cation exchange restricted access material (RAM) in a pre-column, coupled to LC by means of a column switching system. After direct injection of a 200 microl-volume of plasma sample, the biological matrix was washed out for 10 min using a washing liquid composed of 2 mM lithium perchlorate adjusted to pH 3.0 and methanol (97:3; v/v). By rotation of the switching valve, atropine was then eluted in the back-flush mode for 2 min and transferred to the analytical column packed with octadecyl silica by the LC mobile phase constituted of a mixture of acetonitrile and potassium phosphate buffer (pH 3.0; 50 mM) containing 2 mM sodium heptanesulfonate (16:84; v/v). The UV detection was performed at 220 nm. The method was validated according to a new approach based on accuracy profile over a concentration range from 25 ng/ml, corresponding to the limit of quantitation, to 1000 ng/ml. The method was then applied for the determination of atropine in plasma after intravenous administration to hospitalised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rbeida
- Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, CHU B36, B-4000 Liège 1, Belgium
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18
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Abstract
Urge incontinence (also known as overactive bladder) is a common form of urinary incontinence, occurring alone or as a component of mixed urinary incontinence, frequently together with stress incontinence. Because of the pathophysiology of urge incontinence, anticholinergic/antispasmodic agents form the cornerstone of therapy. Unfortunately, the pharmacological activity of these agents is not limited to the urinary tract, leading to systemic adverse effects that often promote nonadherence. Although the pharmacokinetics of flavoxate, propantheline, scopolamine, imipramine/desipramine, trospium chloride and propiverine are also reviewed here, only for oxybutynin and tolterodine are there adequate efficacy/tolerability data to support their use in urge incontinence. Oxybutynin is poorly absorbed orally (2-11% for the immediate-release tablet formulation). Controlled-release oral formulations significantly prolong the time to peak plasma concentration and reduce the degree of fluctuation around the average concentration. Significant absorption occurs after intravesical (bladder) and transdermal administration, although concentrations of the active N-desethyl metabolite are lower after transdermal compared with oral administration, possibly improving tolerability. Food has been found to significantly affect the absorption of one of the controlled-release formulations of oxybutynin, enhancing the rate of drug release. Oxybutynin is extensively metabolised, principally via N-demethylation mediated by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A isozyme. The pharmacokinetics of tolterodine are dependent in large part on the pharmacogenomics of the CYP2D6 and 3A4 isozymes. In an unselected population, oral bioavailability of tolterodine ranges from 10% to 74% (mean 33%) whereas in CYP2D6 extensive metabolisers and poor metabolisers mean bioavailabilities are 26% and 91%, respectively. Tolterodine is metabolised via CYP2D6 to the active metabolite 5-hydroxymethyl-tolterodine and via CYP3A to N-dealkylated metabolites. Urinary excretion of parent compound plays a minor role in drug disposition. Drug effect is based upon the unbound concentration of the so-called 'active moiety' (sum of tolterodine + 5-hydroxymethyl-tolterodine). Terminal disposition half-lives of tolterodine and 5-hydroxymethyl-tolterodine (in CYP2D6 extensive metabolisers) are 2-3 and 3-4 hours, respectively. Coadministration of antacid essentially converts the extended-release formulation into an immediate-release formulation. Knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of these agents may improve the treatment of urge incontinence by allowing the identification of individuals at high risk for toxicity with 'usual' dosages. In addition, the use of alternative formulations (controlled-release oral, transdermal) may also facilitate adherence, not only by reducing the frequency of drug administration but also by enhancing tolerability by altering the proportions of parent compound and active metabolite in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R P Guay
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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19
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Tsai TH. Assaying protein unbound drugs using microdialysis techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 797:161-73. [PMID: 14630148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Compared with traditional sampling methods, microdialysis is a technique for protein unbound drug sampling without withdrawal of biological fluids and involving minimal disturbance of physiological function. Conventional total drug sample consists of unbound drugs and protein bound drugs, which are loosely bound to plasma proteins such as albumin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, forming an equilibrium ratio between bound and unbound drugs. However, only the unbound fraction of drug is available for absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, and delivery to the target sites for pharmacodynamic actions. Although several techniques have been used to determine protein unbound drugs from biological fluids, including ultrafiltration, equilibrium dialysis and microdialysis, only microdialysis allows simultaneous sampling of protein unbound chemicals from plasma, tissues and body fluids such as the bile juice and cerebral spinal fluid for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. This review article describes the technique of microdialysis and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of microdialysis are discussed, including the detailed surgical techniques in animal experiments from rat blood, brain, liver, bile duct and in vitro cell culture for unbound drug analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Hu Tsai
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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20
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Kennedy RT, Watson CJ, Haskins WE, Powell DH, Strecker RE. In vivo neurochemical monitoring by microdialysis and capillary separations. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2002; 6:659-65. [PMID: 12413551 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(02)00373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microdialysis is valuable for studying the neurochemical changes underlying behavior. Recent advances include the application of the high-sensitivity methods of capillary electrophoresis and capillary liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to dialysate analysis. These methods have improved temporal resolution, spatial resolution, multi-analyte capability and potential for compound discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, 930 North University, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1055, USA.
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21
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Oertel R, Richter K, Fauler J, Kirch W. Increasing sample throughput in pharmacological studies by using dual-column liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 948:187-92. [PMID: 12831196 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A robust novel technology of parallel chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry was successfully applied to a biological matrix extract for analyte detection. The presented study shows how only by using an additional isocratic pump, a second column and a 10-port valve the throughput is twice of that of a conventional single column system with the same sensitivity. Analytes and matrix were separated and eluting peaks of the first column were detected while the second column was equilibrated. The system was tested and used for the determination of several drugs, metabolites and endogenous compounds (i.e., propiverine, talinolol, scopolamine and leukotrienes).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oertel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fiedlerstrasee 27, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Current awareness. Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:581-588. [PMID: 11391815 DOI: 10.1002/jms.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author (3 Weeks journals - Search completed at 7th. Mar. 2001)
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