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Alharbi NFM, Ahad A, Bin Jardan YA, Al-Jenoobi FI. Effect of eugenol on cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 activity in human liver microsomes. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102118. [PMID: 38841106 PMCID: PMC11152732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to provide an understanding of the influence of eugenol on CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes (HLM). Specific substrate for CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 were incubated in HLM with or without eugenol. The formation of their respective metabolites was assessed with HPLC analytical methods. Eugenol at 1, 10 and 100 µM levels inhibited the activity of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 by 23.38 %, 23.57 %, 39.80 % and 62.82 %, 63.27 %, 67.70 % respectively. While, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity was decreased by 40.70 %, 45.88 %, 62.68 % and 37.41 %, 42.58 % and 67.86 % at 1, 10 and 100 µM eugenol level respectively. The IC50 value of eugenol for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 was calculated as 11.09 ± 3.49 µM and 13.48 ± 3.86 µM respectively. Potential herb-drug interactions was noted when eugenol is administered simultaneously with medications metabolized by these enzymes, most notably CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Fahad M. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad I. Al-Jenoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Gong X, Chen W, Zhang K, Li T, Song Q. Serially coupled column liquid chromatography: An alternative separation tool. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464278. [PMID: 37572536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of liquid chromatography (LC) in recent decades, it remains a challenge to achieve the desired chromatographic separation of complex matrices using a single column. Multi-column LC techniques, particularly serially coupled column LC (SCC-LC), have emerged as a promising solution to overcome this challenge. While more attention has been focused on heart-cutting or comprehensive two-dimensional LC, reviews specifically focusing on SCC-LC, which offers advantages in terms of precision and facile instrumentation, are scarce. Here, our concerns are devoted to the progress summary regarding the instrumentation and applications of SCC-LC. Emphasis is placed on column selection aiming to enlarge peak capacity, selectivity, or both through the optimization of combination types (e.g. RPLC-RPLC, -RPLC-HILIC, and achiral-chiral LC), connection devices (e.g. zero dead volume connector, tubing, and T-type connector), elution program (i.e. isocratic or gradient) and detectors (e.g. mass spectrometer, ultraviolet detector, and fluorescence detector). The application of SCC-LC in pharmaceutical, biological, environmental, and food fields is also reviewed, and future perspectives and potential directions for SCC-LC are discussed. We envision that the review can give meaningful information to analytical scientists when facing heavy chromatographic separation tasks for complicated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Gong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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Lo Faro AF, Berardinelli D, Sprega G, Tini A, Carlier J, Farkas T, Busardò FP, Chankvetadze B. Development of an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of methorphan and its O-demethylated metabolite in human blood and its application to post-mortem samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 230:115384. [PMID: 37044005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present work an isocratic enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the separation and quantitative determination of dextro - and levo -methorphan and their pharmacologically relevant metabolites, dextrorphan and levorphanol, respectively, in human blood samples. The separation of enantiomers of methorphan and metabolites was performed on the polysaccharide-based chiral column Lux AMP in combination with acetonitrile and 5 mM aqueous ammonium bicarbonate pH 11 in the ratio 50:50 (%, v/v) as mobile phase with the flow rate 1 mL/min. The mass spectrometer was operated in scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, with four transitions for each dextromethorpan, levomethorphan, dextrorphan and dextromethorphan-d3 and two transitions for each levorphanol, levorphanol-d3 and dextrorphan-d3. Application of this method to human post-mortem blood samples confirmed cases of severe overdosing with dextromethorphan, levomethorphan, and less commonly with both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Fabrizio Lo Faro
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Diletta Berardinelli
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sprega
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Anastasio Tini
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Jeremy Carlier
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Tivadar Farkas
- Phenomenex Inc., 411 Madrid Ave., Torrance, 90501 CA, USA
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Tbilisi State University, Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Tan BH, Ahemad N, Pan Y, Palanisamy UD, Othman I, Ong CE. In vitro inhibitory effects of glucosamine, chondroitin and diacerein on human hepatic CYP2D6. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 36:259-270. [PMID: 34821124 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glucosamine, chondroitin and diacerein are natural compounds commonly used in treating osteoarthritis. Their concomitant intake may trigger drug-natural product interactions. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) has been implicated in such interactions. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a major hepatic CYP involved in metabolism of 25% of the clinical drugs. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of these antiarthritic compounds on CYP2D6. METHODS CYP2D6 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. CYP2D6-antiarthritic compound interactions were studied using in vitro enzyme kinetics assay and molecular docking. RESULTS The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based dextromethorphan O-demethylase assay was established as CYP2D6 marker. All glucosamines and chondroitins weakly inhibited CYP2D6 (IC50 values >300 µM). Diacerein exhibited moderate inhibition with IC50 and K i values of 34.99 and 38.27 µM, respectively. Its major metabolite, rhein displayed stronger inhibition potencies (IC50=26.22 μM and K i =32.27 μM). Both compounds exhibited mixed-mode of inhibition. In silico molecular dockings further supported data from the in vitro study. From in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, rhein presented an area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio of 1.5, indicating low potential to cause in vivo inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Glucosamine, chondroitin and diacerein unlikely cause clinical interaction with the drug substrates of CYP2D6. Rhein, exhibits only low potential to cause in vivo inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Hooi Tan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yan Pan
- Division of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Uma Devi Palanisamy
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Eng Ong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Tan BH, Ahemad N, Pan Y, Palanisamy UD, Othman I, Ong CE. In vitro inhibitory effects of glucosamine, chondroitin and diacerein on human hepatic CYP2D6. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 0:dmdi-2020-0182. [PMID: 33831979 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2020-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glucosamine, chondroitin and diacerein are natural compounds commonly used in treating osteoarthritis. Their concomitant intake may trigger drug-natural product interactions. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) has been implicated in such interactions. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a major hepatic CYP involved in metabolism of 25% of the clinical drugs. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of these antiarthritic compounds on CYP2D6. METHODS CYP2D6 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. CYP2D6-antiarthritic compound interactions were studied using in vitro enzyme kinetics assay and molecular docking. RESULTS The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based dextromethorphan O-demethylase assay was established as CYP2D6 marker. All glucosamines and chondroitins weakly inhibited CYP2D6 (IC50 values >300 µM). Diacerein exhibited moderate inhibition with IC50 and K i values of 34.99 and 38.27 µM, respectively. Its major metabolite, rhein displayed stronger inhibition potencies (IC50=26.22 μM and K i =32.27 μM). Both compounds exhibited mixed-mode of inhibition. In silico molecular dockings further supported data from the in vitro study. From in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, rhein presented an area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio of 1.5, indicating low potential to cause in vivo inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Glucosamine, chondroitin and diacerein unlikely cause clinical interaction with the drug substrates of CYP2D6. Rhein, exhibits only low potential to cause in vivo inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Hooi Tan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yan Pan
- Division of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Uma Devi Palanisamy
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Eng Ong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Effect of Naltrexone Hydrochloride on Cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 Activity in Human Liver Microsomes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 43:707-713. [PMID: 29744741 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 are the most important phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, but there is a dearth of literature available on the effects of naltrexone hydrochloride on these major enzymes present in the human liver. Thus, in the present study, the effect of naltrexone hydrochloride on the activity of CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 using human liver microsomes (HLM) was investigated. METHODS A selective probe for CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 was incubated with HLM with or without naltrexone hydrochloride. Phenacetin O-deethylation, tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation, dextromethorphan O-demethylation, and testosterone 6β-hydroxylation reactions were monitored for enzyme activity. RESULTS The activity of all the studied CYP enzymes except 1A2 was significantly inhibited by naltrexone hydrochloride 1 µM. Furthermore, 1 µM naltrexone hydrochloride inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity, the most by 37.9% followed by CYP2C9 (36.5%) and CYP2D6 (31.8%). The CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 metabolic activities were greatly affected by naltrexone hydrochloride, which even at the lowest concentration of naltrexone hydrochloride (0.01 µM) significantly decreased the metabolic activity by 34.9 and 16.0%, respectively. The half maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) values for CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 inhibition were 3.40 ± 1.78 and 5.92 ± 1.58 µM, respectively. CONCLUSION These outcomes advocate that there is a great possibility of drug interactions resulting from the concurrent administration of naltrexone hydrochloride with actives that are metabolized by these CYP enzymes, particularly CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. Nevertheless, further clarification is needed through detailed in vivo pharmacokinetic studies.
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Jain V, Sharma MC. Validated RP-HPLC method for determining the levels of bromhexine HCl, chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan HBr and guaiphenesin in their pharmaceutical dosage forms. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jain
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshashila CampusIndoreM.P. 452001India
| | - Mukesh C. Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Takshashila CampusIndoreM.P. 452001India
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Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes by thymoquinone in human liver microsomes. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:673-677. [PMID: 29989011 PMCID: PMC6035319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effect of thymoquinone (TQ) on the metabolic activity of four major drug metabolizing enzymes in human liver microsomes, namely cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. The inhibition of CYP enzymatic activities by TQ was evaluated by incubating typical substrates (phenacetin for CYP1A2, tolbutamide for CYP2C9, dextromethorphan for CYP2D6, and testosterone for CYP3A4) with human liver microsomes and NADPH in the absence or presence of TQ (1, 10 and 100 µM). The respective metabolite of the substrate that was formed was measured by HPLC. Results of the presented study presented that the metabolic activities of all the investigated CYP enzymes, viz. CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, were inhibited by TQ. At 1 µM TQ, CYP2C9 enzyme activity was maximally inhibited by 46.35%, followed by CYP2D6 (20.26%) > CYP1A2 (13.52%) > CYP3A4 (12.82%). However, at 10 µM TQ, CYP2C9 enzyme activity was maximally inhibited by 69.69%, followed by CYP3A4 (23.59%) > CYP1A2 (23.51%) > CYP2D6 (11.42%). At 100 µM TQ, CYP1A2 enzyme activity was maximally inhibited by 81.92%, followed by CYP3A4 (79.24%) > CYP2C9 (69.22%) > CYP2D6 (28.18%). The IC50 (mean ± SE) values for CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition were 26.5 ± 2.9 µM, 0.5 ± 0.4 µM, >500 µM and 25.2 ± 3.1 µM, respectively. These findings suggest that there is a high probability of drug interactions resulting from the co-administration of TQ or herbs containing TQ with drugs that are metabolized by the CYP enzymes, particularly CYP2C9.
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Cornthwaite HM, Labine L, Watterson JH. Semi-quantitative analysis of tramadol, dextromethorphan, and metabolites in decomposed skeletal tissues by ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:961-967. [PMID: 29055108 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of filtration/pass-through extraction (FPTE) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS) to detect tramadol (TRAM), dextromethorphan (DXM), and metabolites from skeletal remains is described. Rats (n=5) received 50 mg/kg tramadol and were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation approximately 30 minutes post-dose. Rats (n=4) received 75 mg/kg dextromethorphan and were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation approximately 45 minutes post-dose. Remains decomposed to skeleton outdoors and vertebral bones were collected. Bones were cleaned, dried, and pulverized to a fine powder. Bones underwent dynamic methanolic extraction followed by FPTE before analysis using UPLC-qTOF-MS. Recovery was at least 90% of maximal value within the first 10 minutes of methanolic extraction for all samples assayed. Analytical response was measured over the concentration range of 1-500 ng/mL, with precision and bias <20% in triplicate analyses of all calibrators, and a limit of detection of 1 ng/mL for TRAM, DXM, and all metabolites. The vertebral bone analyzed using this method detected TRAM, DXM, and their respective metabolites in all samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Cornthwaite
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Labine
- Department of Forensic Science, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - J H Watterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Forensic Science, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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Stationary phase modulation in liquid chromatography through the serial coupling of columns: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 923:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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LC–MS–MS Method to Simultaneously Determine Six Probe Drugs for CYP450 Isozymes in Human Liver Microsomes. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Thukair AA, Alam MA, Abbas FA, Al-Mohizea AM, Alkharfy KM, Al-Suwayeh SA. Modulation of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 metabolic activities by Ferula asafetida resin. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 22:564-9. [PMID: 25561870 PMCID: PMC4281599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Present study investigated the potential effects of Ferula asafetida resin on metabolic activities of human drug metabolizing enzymes: CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Dextromethorphan (DEX) was used as a marker to assess metabolic activities of these enzymes, based on its CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 mediated metabolism to dextrorphan (DOR) and 3-methoxymorphinan (3-MM), respectively. In vitro study was conducted by incubating DEX with human liver microsomes and NADPH in the presence or absence of Asafetida alcoholic extract. For clinical study, healthy human volunteers received a single dose of DEX alone (phase-I) and repeated the same dose after a washout period and four-day Asafetida treatment (phase-II). Asafetida showed a concentration dependent inhibition on DOR formation (in vitro) and a 33% increase in DEX/DOR urinary metabolic ratio in clinical study. For CYP3A4, formation of 3-MM in microsomes was increased at low Asafetida concentrations (10, 25 and 50 μg/ml) but slightly inhibited at the concentration of 100 μg/ml. On the other hand, in vivo observations revealed that Asafetida significantly increased DEX/3-MM urinary metabolic ratio. The findings of this study suggest that Asafetida may have a significant effect on CYP3A4 metabolic activity. Therefore, using Ferula asafetida with CYP3A4 drug substrates should be cautioned especially those with narrow therapeutic index such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus and carbamazepine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad I. Al-Jenoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +966 504187374.
| | - Areej A. Al-Thukair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawkeya A. Abbas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Mohizea
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Alkharfy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Al-Suwayeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Effect of Garden Cress Seeds Powder and Its Alcoholic Extract on the Metabolic Activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:634592. [PMID: 24711855 PMCID: PMC3966352 DOI: 10.1155/2014/634592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The powder and alcoholic extract of dried seeds of garden cress were investigated for their effect on metabolic activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes. In vitro and clinical studies were conducted on human liver microsomes and healthy human subjects, respectively. Dextromethorphan was used as a common marker for measuring metabolic activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes. In in vitro studies, microsomes were incubated with NADPH in presence and absence of different concentrations of seeds extract. Clinical investigations were performed in two phases. In phase I, six healthy female volunteers were administered a single dose of dextromethorphan and in phase II volunteers were treated with seeds powder for seven days and dextromethorphan was administered with last dose. The O-demethylated and N-demethylated metabolites of dextromethorphan were measured as dextrorphan (DOR) and 3-methoxymorphinan (3-MM), respectively. Observations suggested that garden cress inhibits the formation of DOR and 3-MM metabolites. This inhibition of metabolite level was attributed to the inhibition of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity. Garden cress decreases the level of DOR and 3-MM in urine and significantly increases the urinary metabolic ratio of DEX/DOR and DEX/3-MM. The findings suggested that garden cress seeds powder and ethanolic extract have the potential to interact with CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 substrates.
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Electrochemical Determination of Dextromethorphan on Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Screen-Printed Electrode after Electromembrane Extraction. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Effect of Curcuma longa on CYP2D6- and CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of dextromethorphan in human liver microsomes and healthy human subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:61-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rajan S, Colaco S, Ramesh N, Meyyanathan SN, Elango K. Development and validation of dissolution study of sustained release dextromethorphan hydrobromide tablets. Pak J Biol Sci 2014; 17:429-433. [PMID: 24897800 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2014.429.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the development and validation of dissolution tests for sustained release Dextromethorphan hydrobromide tablets using an HPLC method. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column utilizing 0.5% triethylamine (pH 7.5) and acetonitrile in the ratio of 50:50. The detection wavelength was 280 nm. The method was validated and response was found to be linear in the drug concentration range of 10-80 microg mL(-1). The suitable conditions were clearly decided after testing sink conditions, dissolution medium and agitation intensity. The most excellent dissolution conditions tested, for the Dextromethorphan hydrobromide was applied to appraise the dissolution profiles. The method was validated and response was found to be linear in the drug concentration range of 10-80 microg mL(-1). The method was established to have sufficient intermediate precision as similar separation was achieved on another instrument handled by different operators. Mean Recovery was 101.82%. Intra precisions for three different concentrations were 1.23, 1.10 0.72 and 1.57, 1.69, 0.95 and inter run precisions were % RSD 0.83, 1.36 and 1.57%, respectively. The method was successfully applied for dissolution study of the developed Dextromethorphan hydrobromide tablets.
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Jia LL, Zhong ZY, Li F, Ling ZL, Chen Y, Zhao WM, Li Y, Jiang SW, Xu P, Yang Y, Hu MY, Liu L, Liu XD. The Aggravation of Clozapine-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Glycyrrhetinic Acid in Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:468-79. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13257fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Ding Y, Huang K, Chen L, Yang J, Xu WY, Xu XJ, Duan R, Zhang J, He Q. Simultaneous quantitative analysis of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan and chlorphenamine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:446-52. [PMID: 24254834 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Chen
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yan Xu
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Jiao Xu
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Duan
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing He
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Wuxi People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; 299 Qingyang Road Wuxi 214023 People's Republic of China
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El-Sheikh R, Zaky M, Mohamed FZ, Amin AS, Gouda AAEF. Spectrophotometric Determination of Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide and Ketamine Hydrochloride in Pure and Dosage Forms. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200600109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ruikar DB, Rajput SJ. Optimization of the in vitro oxidative biotransformation of glimepiride as a model substrate for cytochrome p450 using factorial design. Daru 2012; 20:38. [PMID: 23351782 PMCID: PMC3555947 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-20-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Glimepiride (GLM) was chosen as a model substrate in order to determine the kinetic parameters for in vitro metabolism via human liver micrososmes (HLM). We aimed to optimize the turnover of the substrate by the test system in relation to incubation time and HLM concentration in such a way that it was linearly dependent on time and less than 20% of the substrate was consumed which utilized the lowest amount of the HLM. Further we aimed to report Km and Vmax values for GLM. METHODS Linearity of enzyme reactions in microsomal incubations was assessed by monitoring the effect of incubation time (from 5 to 60 min) and HLM concentration (from 0.2 to 0.75 mg/ml) on metabolite formation of GLM. The ideal conditions for turnover of GLM were justified using 3x3 factorial design. F value was calculated to confirm the omission of insignificant terms from the full-model to derive a reduced- model polynomial equation. The regression equation was used to develop a contour plot that showed turnover rate within the limits of this design. The optimized reaction velocity data was extrapolated to carry out the kinetic studies in vitro to generate a saturation curve for the determination of Km and Vmax values. RESULTS The reaction was found to be linear with respect to both incubation time between 24 and 50 min and HLM concentration between 0.3 to 0.65 mg/ml. The Km and Vmax values obtained by nonlinear least squares regression method was found to be 28.9 ± 2.97 μMole and 0.559 ± 0.017 μMole respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plot was also used to estimate Km and Vmax which yield value of 29.411 ± 1.25 μMole and 0.571 ± 0.020 μMole/min/mg protein respectively. MAJOR CONCLUSION The statistical approach successfully allows for the optimization of reaction time course experiments. The results obtained with linear as well as the nonlinear transformation were found to be in close agreement with each other which shows the best precision for estimates of Km and Vmax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti B Ruikar
- Quality Assurance Laboratory, Centre Of Relevance And Excellence In Novel Drug Delivery System, Pharmacy Department, G. H. Patel Pharmacy Building, Donor’s Plaza, The Maharaja Sayajirao University Of Baroda, Fatehgunj, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sadhana J Rajput
- Quality Assurance Laboratory, Centre Of Relevance And Excellence In Novel Drug Delivery System, Pharmacy Department, G. H. Patel Pharmacy Building, Donor’s Plaza, The Maharaja Sayajirao University Of Baroda, Fatehgunj, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
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Pan Y, Abd-Rashid BA, Ismail Z, Ismail R, Mak JW, Ong CE. Heterologous expression of human cytochromes P450 2D6 and CYP3A4 in Escherichia coli and their functional characterization. Protein J 2011; 30:581-91. [PMID: 22001938 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to express two major drug-metabolizing human hepatic cytochromes P450 (CYPs), CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, together with NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (OxR) in Escherichia coli and to evaluate their catalytic activities. Full length cDNA clones of both isoforms in which the N-terminus was modified to incorporate bovine CYP17α sequence were inserted into a pCWori(+) vector. The modified CYP cDNAs were subsequently expressed individually, each together with OxR by means of separate, compatible plasmids with different antibiotic selection markers. The expressed proteins were evaluated by immunoblotting and reduced CO difference spectral scanning. Enzyme activities were examined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays with probe substrates dextromethorphan and testosterone for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, respectively. Results from immunoblotting demonstrated the presence of both CYP proteins in bacterial membranes and reduced CO difference spectra of the cell preparations exhibited the characteristic absorbance peak at 450 nm. Co-expressed OxR also demonstrated an activity level comparable to literature values. Kinetic parameters, K(m) and V(max) values determined from the HPLC assays also agreed well with literature values. As a conclusion, the procedures described in this study provide a relatively convenient and reliable means of producing catalytically active CYP isoforms suitable for drug metabolism and interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Pan Y, Abd-Rashid BA, Ismail Z, Ismail R, Mak JW, Pook PCK, Er HM, Ong CE. In vitro effects of active constituents and extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus on the activities of three major human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 190:1-8. [PMID: 21276781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) has been traditionally used to treat diabetes, kidney and urinary disorders, high blood pressure and bone or muscular pain. To assess the possibility of drug-herb interaction via interference of metabolism, effects of four OS extracts of different polarity and three active constituents (sinensetin, eupatorin and rosmarinic acid) on major human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were investigated. Three substrate-probe based high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays were established to serve as activity markers for CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Our results indicate that OS extracts and constituents exhibited differential modulatory effects on different CYPs. While none of the OS components showed significant inhibition on CYP2C9, eupatorin strongly and uncompetitively inhibited CYP2D6 activity with a K(i) value of 10.2μM. CYP3A4 appeared to be the most susceptible enzyme to OS inhibitory effects. It was moderately inhibited by OS dichloromethane and petroleum ether extract with mixed-type and noncompetitive inhibitions (K(i)=93.7 and 44.9μg/mL), respectively. Correlation study indicated that the inhibition was accounted for by the presence of eupatorin in the extracts. When IC(50) values of these extracts were expressed in volume per dose unit to reflect inhibitory effect at recommended human doses from commercially available products, moderate inhibition was also observed. In addition, CYP3A4 was strongly and noncompetitively inhibited by eupatorin alone, with a K(i) value of 9.3μM. These findings suggest that co-administration of OS products, especially those with high eupatorin content, with conventional drugs may have the potential to cause drug-herb interactions involving inhibition of major CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126, Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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In vitro determination of the effect of Andrographis paniculata extracts and andrographolide on human hepatic cytochrome P450 activities. J Nat Med 2011; 65:440-7. [PMID: 21365364 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Andrographis paniculata (AP) extracts and andrographolide on the catalytic activity of three human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes: CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. In vitro probe-based high performance liquid chromatography assays were developed to determine CYP2C9-dependent tolbutamide methylhydroxylation, CYP2D6-dependent dextromethorphan O-demethylation and CYP3A4-dependent testosterone 6β-hydroxylation activities in the presence and absence of AP extracts and andrographolide. Our results indicate that AP ethanol and methanol extracts inhibited CYP activities more potently than aqueous and hexane extracts across the three isoforms. Potent inhibitory effects were observed on CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 activities (K (i) values below 20 μg/ml). Andrographolide was found to exclusively but weakly inhibit CYP3A4 activity. In conclusion, data presented in this study suggest that AP extracts have the potential to inhibit CYP isoforms in vitro. There was, however, variation in the potency of inhibition depending on the extracts and the isoforms investigated.
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Kikura-Hanajiri R, Kawamura M, Miyajima A, Sunouchi M, Goda Y. Chiral analyses of dextromethorphan/levomethorphan and their metabolites in rat and human samples using LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:165-74. [PMID: 21311876 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop an analytical method for the discrimination of dextromethorphan (an antitussive medicine) from its enantiomer, levomethorphan (a narcotic) in biological samples, chiral analyses of these drugs and their O-demethyl and/or N-demethyl metabolites in rat plasma, urine, and hair were carried out using LC-MS/MS. After the i.p. administration of dextromethorphan or levomethorphan to pigmented hairy male DA rats (5 mg/kg/day, 10 days), the parent compounds and their three metabolites in plasma, urine and hair were determined using LC-MS/MS. Complete chiral separation was achieved in 12 min on a Chiral CD-Ph column in 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile by a linear gradient program. Most of the metabolites were detected as being the corresponding O-demethyl and N, O-didemethyl metabolites in the rat plasma and urine after the hydrolysis of O-glucuronides, although obvious differences in the amounts of these metabolites were found between the dextro and levo forms. No racemation was observed through O- and/or N-demethylation. In the rat hair samples collected 4 weeks after the first administration, those differences were more clearly detected and the concentrations of the parent compounds, their O-demethyl, N-demethyl, and N, O-didemethyl metabolites were 63.4, 2.7, 25.1, and 0.7 ng/mg for the dextro forms and 24.5, 24.6, 2.6, and 0.5 ng/mg for the levo forms, respectively. In order to fully investigate the differences of their metabolic properties between dextromethorphan and levomethorphan, DA rat and human liver microsomes were studied. The results suggested that there might be an enantioselective metabolism of levomethorphan, especially with regard to the O-demethylation, not only in DA rat but human liver microsomes as well. The proposed chiral analyses might be applied to human samples and could be useful for discriminating dextromethorphan use from levomethorphan use in the field of forensic toxicology, although further studies should be carried out using authentic human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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LIU YJ, WU HL, NIE JF, WANG JY, OUYANG LQ, YU RQ. Simultaneous Determination of Dextromethorphan and Its Metabolite Dextrorphan in Plasma Samples Using Second-order Calibration Coupled with Excitation-Emission Matrix Fluorescence. ANAL SCI 2011; 27:663-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan LIU
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
| | - Hai-Long WU
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
| | - Jin-Fang NIE
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
| | - Jian-Yao WANG
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
| | - Li-Qun OUYANG
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
| | - Ru-Qin YU
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University
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Ganjali MR, Larijani B, Shams H, Riahi S, Faridbod F, Norouzi P. Using dextromethorphan potentiometric membrane sensor in analysis of dextromethorphan hydrobromide in pharmaceutical formulation and urine; Computational study. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Loos WJ, de Graan AJM, de Bruijn P, van Schaik RHN, van Fessem MAC, Lam MH, Mathijssen RHJ, Wiemer EAC. Simultaneous quantification of dextromethorphan and its metabolites dextrorphan, 3-methoxymorphinan and 3-hydroxymorphinan in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:387-94. [PMID: 20926215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of dextromethorphan (DM) and its metabolites dextrorphan (DX), 3-methoxymorphinan (3MM) and 3-hydroxymorphinan (3HM), in human lithium heparinized plasma. The extraction involved a simple liquid-liquid extraction with 1 ml n-butylchloride from 200μl aliquots of plasma, after the addition of 20 μl 4% (v/v) ammonium hydroxide and 100 μl stable labeled isotopic internal standards in acetonitrile. Chromatographic separations were achieved on an Aquity UPLC(®) BEH C(18) 1.7 μm 2.1 mm x 100mm column eluted at a flow-rate of 0.250 ml/min on a gradient of acetonitrile. The overall cycle time of the method was 7 min, with elution times of 1.3min for DX and 3HM, 2.8 min for 3MM and 2.9min for DM. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions were set at 272>215 (m/z), at 258>133 (m/z), at 258>213 (m/z) and at 244>157 (m/z) for DM, DX, 3MM and 3HM, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r²≥0.995) over the range of 0.500-100 nM with the lower limit of quantitation validated at 0.500 nM for all compounds, which is equivalent to 136, 129, 129 and 122 pg/ml for DM, DX, 3MM and 3HM, respectively. Extraction recoveries were constant, but ranged from 39% for DM to 83% for DX. The within-run and between-run precisions were within 11.6%, while the accuracy ranged from 92.7 to 110.6%. The applicability of the bioanalytical method was demonstrated and is currently implemented in a clinical trial to study DM as probe-drug for individualized tamoxifen treatment in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Loos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Pan Y, Abd-Rashid BA, Ismail Z, Ismail R, Mak JW, Pook PCK, Er HM, Ong CE. In vitro modulatory effects on three major human cytochrome P450 enzymes by multiple active constituents and extracts of Centella asiatica. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:275-83. [PMID: 20457244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centella asiatica (CA) has been widely cultivated as a vegetable or spice in China, Southeast Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Africa, and Oceanic countries and traditionally used for wound healing and maintaining normal blood pressure. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was carried out to examine the potential modulatory effects of three commercially available active components (asiaticoside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid) and four extracts (aqueous, ethanol, dichloromethane and hexane) of CA on three major cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. MATERIALS AND METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based enzyme assays, namely tolbutamide 4-methyhydroxylase, dextromethorphan O-demethylase and testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase assays were developed to probe activities of CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, respectively. Probe substrates were incubated with or without each active component and extract for each isoform, followed by examination of the kinetics parameters, IC(50) and K(i), to characterize modulatory effects. RESULTS CYP2C9 was more susceptible to inhibitory effects by CA extracts compared to CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Moderate degree of inhibition was observed in ethanol (K(i)=39.1 microg/ml) and dichloromethane (K(i)=26.6 microg/ml) extracts implying potential risk of interaction when CYP2C9 substrates are consumed with CA products. The two extracts however showed negligible inhibition towards CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 (IC(50)'s of 123.3 microg/ml and above). Similarly CA aqueous and hexane extracts did not significantly inhibit all three isoforms investigated (IC(50)'s of 117.9 microg/ml and above). Among the active constituents investigated, asiatic acid and madecassic acid appeared to selectively inhibit CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 more than CYP3A4. Of particular interest is the potent inhibitory effect of asiatic acid on CYP2C9 (K(i)=9.1 microg/ml). This signifies potential risk of interaction when substrates for this isoform are taken together with CA products with high asiatic acid content. Inhibitions of asiatic acid with the other isoforms and that of madecassic acid with all isoforms were only moderate (K(i)'s ranged from 17.2 to 84.4 microg/ml). On the other hand, the IC(50) values for asiaticoside were high (1070.2 microg/ml or above) for all three isoforms, indicating negligible or low potential of this compound to modulate CYP enzymatic activity. CONCLUSION Centella asiatica extracts and active constituents inhibited CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activities with varying potency with CYP2C9 being the most susceptible isoform to inhibition. Significant inhibition was observed for asiatic acid and CA ethanol and dichloromethane extracts, implying involvement of semipolar constituents from CA in the effect. This study suggested that CA could cause drug-herb interactions through CYP2C9 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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A validated SIM GC/MS method for the simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan and its metabolites dextrorphan, 3-methoxymorphinan and 3-hydroxymorphinan in biological matrices and its application toin vitroCYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition study. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:1131-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Development of immobilized enzyme reactors based on human recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes for phase I drug metabolism studies. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1206:2-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Development and validation of a chemical hydrolysis method for dextromethorphan and dextrophan determination in urine samples: Application to the assessment of CYP2D6 activity in fibromyalgia patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 861:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen C, Huang M, Ho H, Chen H, Sheu M. Influence of Structural Differences of Dextromethorphan and its Three Metabolites on their Simultaneous Separation using Various Silica Columns with a Simple Aqueous Mobile Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701665667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien‐Ho Chen
- a School of Medical Technology, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming‐Chun Huang
- b National Laboratories of Food and Drugs, Department of Health, Executive Yuan , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu‐O Ho
- c School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsueh‐Hui Chen
- c School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- d Mackay Memorial Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming‐Thau Sheu
- c School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Lin SY, Chen CH, Ho HO, Chen HH, Sheu MT. Simultaneous analysis of dextromethorphan and its three metabolites in human plasma using an improved HPLC method with fluorometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 859:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Amin AS, El-Sheikh R, Zahran F, Gouda AAEF. Spectrophotometric determination of pipazethate HCl, dextromethorphan HBr and drotaverine HCl in their pharmaceutical preparations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 67:1088-93. [PMID: 17092767 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple, accurate and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method is proposed for the rapid determination of pipazethate hydrochloride, dextromethorphan hydrobromide and drotaverine hydrochloride using chromotrope 2B (C2B) and chromotrope 2R (C2R). The method consists of extracting the formed ion-associates into chloroform in the case of pipazethate HCl and dextromethorphan HBr or into methylene chloride in the case of drotaverine HCl. The ion-associates exhibit absorption maxima at 528, 540 and 532 nm with C2B and at 526, 517 and 522 nm with C2R for pipazethate HCl, dextromethorphan HBr and drotaverine HCl, respectively. The calibration curves resulting from the measurements of absorbance-concentration relations (at the optimum reaction conditions) of the extracted ion-pairs are linear over the concentration range 4.36-52.32 microg mL(-1) for pipazethate, 3.7-48.15 microg mL(-1) for dextromethorphan and 4.34-60.76 microg mL(-1) for drotaverine, respectively. The effect of acidity, reagent concentration, time, solvent and stoichiometric ratio of the ion-associates were estimated. The molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity of the reaction products were calculated. Statistical treatment of the results reflects that the procedure is precise, accurate and easily applied for the determination of the drugs under investigation in pure form and in their pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Amin
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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El-Shiekh R, Zahran F, El-Fetouh Gouda AA. Spectrophotometric determination of some anti-tussive and anti-spasmodic drugs through ion-pair complex formation with thiocyanate and cobalt(II) or molybdenum(V). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 66:1279-87. [PMID: 17142094 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Two rapid, simple and sensitive extractive specrophotometric methods has been developed for the determination of anti-tussive drugs, e.g., dextromethorphan hydrobromide (DEX) and pipazethate hydrochloride (PiCl) and anti-spasmodic drugs, e.g., drotaverine hydrochloride (DvCl) and trimebutine maleate (TM) in bulk and in their pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed methods depend upon the reaction of cobalt(II)-thiocyanate (method A) and molybdenum(V)-thiocyanate ions (method B) with the cited drugs to form stable ion-pair complexes which extractable with an n-butnol-dichloromethane solvent mixture (3.5:6.5) and methylene chloride for methods A and B, respectively. The blue and orange red color complexes are determined either colorimetrically at lambdamax 625 nm (using method A) and 467 or 470 nm for (DEX and PiCl) or (DvCl and TM), respectively (using method B). The concentration range is 20-400 and 2.5-50 microg mL-1 for methods A and B, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in pure and in pharmaceutical formulations applying the standard additions technique and the results obtained in good agreement well with those obtained by the official method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa El-Shiekh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Kim SC, Chung H, Lee SK, Park YH, Yoo YC, Yun YP. Simultaneous analysis of d-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan and l-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan by high pressure liquid chromatography equipped with PDA. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 161:185-8. [PMID: 16870378 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2005] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
d-3-Methoxy-17-methylmorphinan (Dextromethorphan, DXM), which is a structural analog of morphine and codeine, has been widely used as a non-narcotic antitussive agent. It is a safe drug in therapeutic dose and does not produce analgesic effects, while its enantiomer, l-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan called levomethorphan (LXM) is a potent narcotic analgesic. DXM has been widely abused in Korea due to its hallucinogenic effect in large doses; therefore, the health authorities have regulated its use as a psychotropic agent since 2003. As its abuse has been serious, a possibility that DXM would be smuggled into Korea has also increased. Moreover, it has been suspected that there was the possibility of the adulteration or substitution of DXM with LXM due to their chemical similarities. Therefore, it was necessary for us to establish the enantiomeric separation of DXM and LXM. In this study, a liquid chromatographic method using a chiral column capable of separating stereoisomers of DXM as well as analyzing the major metabolites of DXM, 3-methoxymorphinan, 3-hydroxymorphinan, and 17-hydroxymethylmorphinan was developed. The validation of a method was studied through repeatability of retention times. Using this method, 32 confiscated DXM samples were analyzed to identify the enantiomers of DXM. As a result, DXM was detected in all samples and there was no evidence of the adulteration or substitution of DXM with LXM. Nevertheless, the stereochemical analysis of DXM and LXM is important not only to identify starting materials for illegal drug manufacture but also to understand the trends of abused drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Cheun Kim
- National Institute of Scientific Investigation, Chungbuk National University, Yang-Chun Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Srinivas NR. Drug disposition of chiral and achiral drug substrates metabolized by cytochrome P450 2D6 isozyme: case studies, analytical perspectives and developmental implications. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:466-91. [PMID: 16779774 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of drug development have evolved over the last few decades. Although number of novel chemical entitities belonging to varied classes have made it to the market, the process of drug development is challenging, intertwined as it is with complexities and uncertainities. The intention of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of novel chemical entities (NCEs) that are substrates to cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 isozyme. Topics covered in this review aim: (1) to provide a framework of the importance of CYP2D6 isozyme in the biotransformation of NCEs as stand-alones and/or in conjunction with other CYP isozymes; (2) to provide several case studies of drug disposition of important drug substrates, (3) to cover key analytical perspectives and key assay considerations to assess the role and involvement of CYP2D6, and (4) to elaborate some important considerations from the development point of view. Additionally, wherever applicable, special emphasis is provided on chiral drug substrates in the various subsections of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Drug Development, Discovery Research, Dr Reddy's Laboratories, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India.
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Constanzer ML, Chavez-Eng CM, Fu I, Woolf EJ, Matuszewski BK. Determination of dextromethorphan and its metabolite dextrorphan in human urine using high performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry: a study of selectivity of a tandem mass spectrometric assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 816:297-308. [PMID: 15664362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analytical method for the simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan (1) and dextrorphan (2) in urine, based on solid-phase extraction of drug from acidified hydrolyzed biological matrix, were developed. The analytes (1 and 2) and the internal standard (levallorphan, 3, IS) were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in positive ionization mode using a heated nebulizer (HN) probe and monitoring their precursor-->product ion combinations of m/z 272-->215, 258-->201, and 284-->201 for 1, 2, and 3, respectively, in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The analytes and IS were chromatographed on a Keystone Prism reverse phase (50 mm x 2.0 mm) 5 microm column using a mobile phases consisting of a 35/65 or 27/73 mixtures of methanol/water containing 0.1% TFA adjusted to pH 3 with ammonium hydroxide pumped at 0.4 ml/min for 1 and 2, respectively. The limits of reliable quantification of 1 and 2 were 2 and 250 ng/ml, respectively, when 1 ml of urine was processed. The absence of matrix effect was demonstrated by analysis of neat standards and standards spiked into urine extracts originating from five different sources. The linear ranges of the assay were 2-200 and 250-20,000 ng/ml for 1 and 2, respectively. Assay selectivity was evaluated by monitoring the "cross-talk" effects from other metabolites into the MS/MS channels used for monitoring 1, 2, and 3. In addition, an interfering peak originating from an unknown metabolite of 1 into the quantification of dextromethorphan was detected, requiring an effective chromatographic separation of analytes from other metabolites of 1. The need for careful assessment of selectivity of the HPLC-MS/MS assay in the presence of metabolites, and the assessment of matrix effect, are emphasized.
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Kim JY, Suh SI, Paeng KJ, In MK. Determination of Dextromethorphan and its Metabolite Dextrorphan in Human Hair by Gas Chromatography?Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Calleri E, Marrubini G, Massolini G, Lubda D, de Fazio SS, Furlanetto S, Wainer IW, Manzo L, Caccialanza G. Development of a chromatographic bioreactor based on immobilized β-glucuronidase on monolithic support for the determination of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan in human urine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:1179-89. [PMID: 15336363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2004] [Accepted: 02/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We here reported the development and application of an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) based on beta-glucuronidase to the on-line determination of urinary molar ratios of dextromethorphan (DOMe)/dextrorphan (DOH) for the assessment of the metabolic activity of CYP2D6, a genetically variable isoform of cytochrome P-450 (CYP). beta-Glucuronidase was immobilized on an HPLC monolithic aminopropyl silica support. Catalytic activity and stability of the chromatographic reactor were evaluated using 8-hydroxyquinoline glucuronide (8-HQG) as substrate. The IMER was coupled through a switching valve to a reversed-phase column (C8) for the simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan and its main metabolite dextrorphan. On purpose a selective reversed-phase ion pair HPLC method coupled with fluorescence detection was developed. Urine samples were first centrifuged to remove insoluble materials and then aliquots of the supernatants were injected into the coupled-column analyser. Linearity, precision and accuracy of the method were established. The method reliability was verified by comparing our data with previous data of a phenotyping study carried out by the Poison Control Centre of Pavia-Clinical Toxicology Division.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Calleri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, Pavia I-27100, Italy.
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Afshar M, Rouini MR, Amini M. Simple chromatography method for simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan and its main metabolites in human plasma with fluorimetric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 802:317-22. [PMID: 15018793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan, the innocuous non-narcotic antitussive agent, is the most widely used probe drug to assess CYP2D6 function both in vivo and in vitro. For this reason a simple and selective high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorimetric detection for simultaneous quantitation of dextromethorphan, and its main metabolites in human plasma was developed and validated. The method involved a simple and rapid protein precipitation protocol, using a mixture of ZnSO(4) and methanol. The analysis was performed on a 3 microm, C(18) Tracer Excel 15 cm x 0.4 cm i.d. column by gradient elution in which Mobile phase A consisted of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH = 3, 0.01 M):methanol:tetrahydrofuran (68.5:31:0.5), and mobile phase B consisted of methanol:tetrahydrofuran (93.25:6.75). Linear calibration curves were obtained in the range of 10-500 ng/ml for dextromethorphan, dextrorphan and hydroxymorphinan. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 10 ng/ml for each compound. The maximum within and between days precisions were 7.4 and 7.8%, respectively. The accuracies at four different concentration levels ranged from 88.2 to 111.5%. The recoveries were between 88.0 and 108.6%. The assay method was successfully applied to determine dextromethorphan metabolic ratio after an oral dose of 30 mg of dextromethorphan hydrobromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Afshar
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6451 Tehran, Iran
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Ynddal L, Hansen SH. On-line turbulent-flow chromatography–high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for fast sample preparation and quantitation. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1020:59-67. [PMID: 14661757 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method has been developed for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of drug substances and metabolites in rat plasma. The method combines on-line turbulent-flow chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. This combination is considered to be a new approach suitable for fast bio-analysis in drug discovery. Dextromethorphan, and its two metabolites, dextrorphan and 3-methoxymorphinan served as model substances. The analytes present in plasma were collected on a Cyclone column using turbulent-flow chromatography and were subsequently transferred on-line to and focused on an X-Terra MS C8 column. The analytes were eluted by a linear gradient and detected by a fast scanning mass spectrometer. The detector response was quadratic and the dynamic range was estimated to be 0.5-100 ng/ml plasma or 12.5 pg to 2.50 ng injected into the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ynddal
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Research and Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark.
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Zang LY, Dehaven J, Yocum A, Qiao G. Determination of alachlor and its metabolites in rat plasma and urine by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 767:93-101. [PMID: 11863300 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method based on liquid chromatography (LC) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of alachlor (ALA) and its metabolites, 2-chloro-N-[2,6-diethylphenyl]acetamide (CDEPA) and 2,6-diethylaniline (DEA), in rat plasma and urine has been developed. 13C-labeled ALA was used as the internal standard for quantitation. The analyte in plasma or urine was isolated using a Waters Oasis HLB extraction plate. The mass spectrometer was operated in the ESI MS-SIM mode with a programming procedure. The retention times for ALA, CDEPA and DEA were 1.84, 3.11 and 4.12 min, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for ALA, CDEPA and DEA were 2.3, 0.8 and 0.8 ng per injection, respectively. The linear fit of analyte to mass response had an R2 of 0.99. Reproducibility of the sample handling and LC-MS analysis had a RSD of < or = 10%. The average recoveries for these analytes in rat plasma were better than 90%. Similar results were obtained with rat urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Yi Zang
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888, USA.
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