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Rubino FM. Separation methods for methotrexate, its structural analogues and metabolites. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:217-54. [PMID: 11817030 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is the prototype folate antagonist cytotoxic drug, employed in the therapy of solid tumors and leukaemias, and recently also as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplantation, in the treatment of some autoimmune diseases and in the therapy of severe asthma. MTX is one of the very few antineoplastic drugs the therapeutic concentration monitoring of which is currently employed in clinical practice and can be routinely measured in biological samples by a number of different analytical techniques, among which are immunoenzymatic and chromatographic methods. Each technique has of course its own advantages in terms of sensitivity, specificity, speed, cost and level of expertise required. Along with therapeutic drug concentration monitoring and clinical pharmacology, fundamental research into the mechanism of action of antifolate drugs is still a field which requires the measurement of MTX, of its new analogues and of their metabolites in biological samples. This review summarizes the instrumental conditions and the performance of several published chromatographic methods employed to measure MTX, its metabolites and some analogues in clinical and biological research. More than 70 papers describing chromatographic assays for MTX and its metabolites have been published in the literature between 1975 and 2000. A wide array of experimental conditions for sample preparation, analyte separation and detection have been employed. According to their chemical properties, MTX, its metabolites and analogue drugs present in several biological samples (plasma, serum, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue specimens) can be extracted, separated and detected under a variety of chromatographic conditions, i.e. on different stationary phases, under a wide choice of mobile phase conditions (acidic or neutral, employing ion-pair or micellar chromatography), followed by several detection techniques (UV-Vis spectrophotometry, pre- or post-column oxidation and fluorimetry, electrochemistry, mass spectrometry). Optimized methods allow simultaneous measurement within a few minutes of the plasma levels of MTX and its main metabolites at concentrations in the low-nM range. One special field which needs sensitive, fast and inexpensive methods for the detection and measurement of MTX is the monitoring of contamination in workplace environments, such as pharmaceutical industries and oncological hospital pharmacies, and in sewage waters. The measurement of the intracellular gamma-oligo-glutamate metabolites of biological folates, of MTX and of some analogue drugs is of great importance in basic pharmacological research. The existence of empirical quantitative relationships between the retention of individual oligomers under different chromatographic conditions and the number of added glutamic acid units allows identification of the metabolites even when authentic standards are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Rubino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Milano at Ospedale S. Paolo, Milan, Italy.
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Okuda T, Motohashi M, Aoki I, Yashiki T. Sensitive determination of methotrexate in monkey plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using on-line solid-phase extraction. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 662:79-84. [PMID: 7894696 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the sensitive determination of methotrexate (MTX) in monkey plasma using direct injection and on-line solid-phase extraction. After application of a 100-microliters aliquot of plasma to a pre-treatment column, the column was washed with 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) to eliminate plasma proteins and endogenous substances, and subsequently the adsorbed MTX was eluted. The MTX fraction was transferred to an analytical column by a column-switching (heart-cutting) technique, and MTX was analyzed using ion-pair chromatography with tetrabutylammonium bromide. More than 50 injections could be performed onto one pretreatment column. The accuracy, precision, reproducibility and linearity were satisfactory over a wide range of MTX concentrations (5-1000 ng/ml). The quantitation limit was 5 ng/ml with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5. The method was suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of MTX in monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okuda
- Takeda Analytical Research Laboratories, Osaka, Japan
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Brandšteterová E, Chovancová V, Hal??o J. Application of micro HPLC for the determination of methotrexate in clinical samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240150115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brimmell PA, Sams DJ. Rapid and simple assay for the measurement of methotrexate in serum, urine and red blood cells by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 413:320-5. [PMID: 3558685 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Šalamoun J, František J. Determination of methotrexate and its metabolites 7-hydroxymethotrexate and 2,4-diamino-N10-methylpteroic acid in biological fluids by liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Palmisano F, Cataldi TR, Zambonin PG. Determination of the antineoplastic agent methotrexate in body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 344:249-58. [PMID: 4086545 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Some preliminary data concerning the anodic behaviour of the antineoplastic agent methotrexate are reported, and a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection for its determination in human serum and urine is described. The method uses a reversed-phase C18 column and isocratic elution with amperometric detection on glassy carbon at +0.95 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Sample treatment consists of a simple deproteinization step (serum) or an extraction procedure on Sep-Pak C18 cartridges (serum) or Amberlite column (urine). The detection limit for methotrexate in serum is 2.2 nmol/l. The method should prove useful for the evaluation of the drug pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing anticancer therapy.
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Abstract
The present review on the quantification of cytostatic drugs has mainly been focussed on chromatographic techniques. Special attention has been paid to the precautions that have to be taken into account to ensure the selectivity and accuracy of the various methods. The various cytostatics that have been dealt with are: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids, antibiotics, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, podophyllotoxine derivatives, and nitrosoureas.
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So N, Chandra* DP, Alexander IS, Webster VJ, O'Gorman Hughes DW. Determination of serum methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(85)80010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fabre G, Cano JP, Iliadis A, Carcassonne Y, Favre R, Gilli R, Catalin J. Assay of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate by gradient-elution high-performance liquid chromatography and its application in a high-dose pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1984; 2:61-72. [PMID: 16867766 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(84)80090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/1982] [Revised: 10/01/1982] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A paired-ion high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the simultaneous determination of methotrexate (MTX) and its major metabolise, 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX), in plasma and urine. In addition, this technique permits the separation of other known metabolites of MTX, such as DAMPA and MTX-polyglutamates. After selective extraction on an anion-exchange resin column, both compounds and the internal standard, aminopterin, were separated on a reversed-phase octadecylsilane column with UV-detection at 313 nm. The detection limits for plasma and urine samples were approximately 40 ng/ml (8.8 x 10(-8) M) for MTX and 100 ng/ml (2.1 x 10(-7) M) for 7-OH-MTX. This method was applied in pharmacokinetic studies following 24-h infusion of high-dose MTX in four patients during two successive treatments. After the end of the infusion, the mean apparent half-life for the metabolite was 19.1 h, while that for MTX was 8.8 h. A stepwise increase in the plasma concentrations of both MTX and its metabolite was observed during the second MTX infusion. This increase was reflected in the cumulative urinary excretion of both drug and its metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fabre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale SC 16, Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 bd. Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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Chen ML, Chiou WL. Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate and 7-hydroxy-methotrexate in rabbits after intravenous administration. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS 1983; 11:499-513. [PMID: 6668556 DOI: 10.1007/bf01062208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of methotrexate (MTX) and 7-hydroxy-methotrexate (7-OH-MTX), a major metabolite, were investigated in rabbits after intravenous bolus injection and infusion using a specific HPLC assay. The arterial sampling (from the carotid artery) was used in all the studies since peculiar and significant arterial-venous differences in the plasma concentration of MTX and 7-OH-MTX were found following bolus administration of the drug. The disposition kinetics of MTX appeared polyexponential with a small terminal phase having a half-life of 10.2-27.5 hr. Extensive formation of 7-OH-MTX occurred at the two dose levels (15 and 50 mg/kg). Nonlinear disposition of MTX was reflected in several aspects of data analysis. A disproportionate increase in the AUC with dose was observed. An increase in dose not only reduced the mean total body clearance (7.49 vs. 4.26 ml/min/kg) and renal clearance (4.89 vs. 2.76 ml/min/kg), but also prolonged the mean residence time (26.2 vs. 43.3 min). The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) of MTX was estimated to range from 0.16 to 0.25 L/kg. More than 90% of the dose was excreted as MTX and 7-OH-MTX within 8 hr after dosing. Renal clearances decreased with the increasing plasma levels, suggesting active tubular secretion as one of the excretion mechanisms. A similar pattern for renal clearance of 7-OH-MTX was obtained. Infusion studies of 7-OH-MTX revealed that this metabolite had a longer residence time and a larger Vss as compared with MTX, which were in accordance with its physicochemical properties. Essentially complete doses of 7-OH-MTX could be recovered in the rabbit urine.
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Durand R, Fabre G, Cano JP, Catalin J, Ahmed OA, Just S. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of MTX, 7-OH-MTX and MTX derivatives: application to intracellular metabolism in tumor cells (HT 29). J Appl Toxicol 1983; 3:189-95. [PMID: 6196390 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the intracellular metabolism of Methotrexate (MTX) and the cytotoxicity of the antifolates, a specific paired-ion HPLC method has been developed which permits the simultaneous determination of DAMPA, MTX, 7-OH-MTX, MTX-G1, MTX-G2 and MTX-G3. Cells were incubated with 3H-MTX. The MTX metabolites were extracted, purified on SEP-PAK cartridges and further analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The stationary phase was constituted by a C18 muBondapak and the mobile phase by 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 2.5 mM tetrabutylammonium nitrate. The elution was performed with a linear methanol gradient (20--30%). HPLC fractions were collected and radioactivity evaluated by beta counting (retention times: DAMPA = 12.93 min; MTX = 18.29 min; 7-OH-MTX = 21.13 min; MTX-G1 = 22.69 min; MTX-G2 = 26.81 min; MTX-G3 = 30.61 min). This analytical procedure was applied to separate and characterize multiple forms of MTX polyglutamate derivatives in HT 29, a human adenocarcinoma cell line varying the incubation time (4--18 h) and MTX concentration (0.6--10.6 micrometer). The incorporation process seems to be characteristic of a cell line resistant to MTX. The incorporation were very low and after a 4-h exposure time only 5% of the MTX was converted to polyglutamates. Between 1.6 and 10.6 microM MTX, no difference was observed in the polyglutamization. The defect in the incorporation of the drug and in the metabolization process in vitro could partially explain the failure of the MTX treatment in colorectal cancer.
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Ferrua B, Milano G, Ly B, Guennec JY, Masseyeff R. An enzyme immunoassay design using labelled antibodies for the determination of haptens. Application to methotrexate assay. J Immunol Methods 1983; 60:257-68. [PMID: 6343500 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(83)90353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A competitive enzyme immunoassay with labelled antibodies has been developed for methotrexate (MTX). Methotrexate in the sample and a constant quantity of this hapten physically absorbed to polystyrene spheres through a methylated bovine albumin carrier were allowed to compete for a limiting amount of peroxidase labelled antibody. After washing, the residual enzyme activity bound to the solid phase was measured. This test was able to detect 10 fm of MTX per sample. A comparative study of this test with a commercial radioimmunoassay kit using the same antiserum and a high pressure liquid chromatography method showed that the sensitivity, specificity and precision of this test were as good as of the radioimmunoassay. The high pressure liquid chromatography method was 500 times less sensitive. Good agreement was found among the 3 methods on 83 serum samples from patients receiving methotrexate therapy.
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Cairnes DA, Evans WE. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of methotrexate, 7-hydroxymethortrexate, 4-deoxy-4-amino-N10-methylpteroic acid and sulfamethoxazole in serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1982; 231:103-10. [PMID: 7119052 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An automated high-performance liquid chromatographic system is described for separation and quantitation of the antineoplastic drug methotrexate and metabolites, and the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole in body fluids. The 40-min analysis utilizes a reversed-phase C18 column and gradient elution with detection by absorbance of ultraviolet light at 308 nm. The minimum detectable quantities with this assay are: methotrexate 4.4 ng (9.8 X 10(-12) mole); 4-deoxy-4-amino-N10-methylpteroic acid 11.9 ng (3.7 X 10(-11) mole); 7-hydroxymethotrexate 30 ng (6.5 X 10(-11) mole); sulfamethoxazole 125 ng (4.9 X 10(-10) mole). This analytical method should prove useful for therapeutic monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies of these compounds.
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Breithaupt H, Küenzlen E, Goebel G. Rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of methotrexate and its metabolites 7-hydroxymethotrexate and 2,4-diamino-N(10)-methylpteroic acid in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 1982; 121:103-13. [PMID: 7091670 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Buice RG, Sidhu P. Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of serum methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate. J Pharm Sci 1982; 71:74-7. [PMID: 7057386 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600710119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for determining methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate in human serum is presented. A mobile phase of acetate buffer (0.2 M, pH 5.5 with 0.03 M ethylenediaminetetraacetate), methanol, and acetonitrile (85.3:8.4:6.3), passed through a mu Bondapak C18 column at 1.5 ml/min produced excellent resolution of sharp, symmetrical bands. An improved extraction process, using a sample preparation cartridge, resulted in analytical recoveries in excess of 90% for methotrexate and 70% for 7-hydroxymethotrexate, permitting the determination of serum concentrations of 2.20 and 2.13 x 10(-7) M, respectively, using only 200 microliter of serum. UV detection at 313 nm provided adequate sensitivity for each component. While the reproducibility for 7-hydroxymethotrexate was approximately equal to previous methods, that for methotrexate was greatly improved. Serum methotrexate data at selected time points following high dose methotrexate therapy are presented.
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Chen ML, Chiou WL. Sensitive and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of methotrexate and its metabolites in plasma, saliva and urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1981; 226:125-34. [PMID: 7320138 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of methotrexate (MTX) and its two active metabolites, 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX) and and 2,4-diamino-N10-methylpteroic acid (APA) in plasma, saliva and urine was developed. The method involved deproteinization with acetonitrile followed by addition of isoamyl alcohol and ethyl acetate. After extraction the sample was chromatographed on a cation-exchange column and monitored at 313 nm. The retention times were 5, 7 and 9 min and detection limits 20, 10 and 5 ng/ml for 7-OH-MTX, MTX and APA, respectively. For concentrations greater than 100 ng/ml one-step deproteinization of 0.1 ml sample with 0.25 ml acetonitrile was satisfactory for sample preparations. The method has been evaluated in samples from patients and rabbits receiving MTX.
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Lawson GJ, Dixon PF, Aherne GW. Rapid and simple method for the measurement of methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1981; 223:225-31. [PMID: 7251770 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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