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Gauthier D, Gupta R. Determination of Gabapentin in Plasma by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection after Solid-Phase Extraction with a C18 Column. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.12.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ram Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Joseph’s Hospital, 50 Charlton Ave. East, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6 Canada
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Dasgupta A, Appenzeller P, Moore J. Gas chromatography-electron ionization and chemical ionization mass spectrometric analysis of serum mexiletine concentration after derivatization with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate: a novel derivative. Ther Drug Monit 1998; 20:313-8. [PMID: 9631929 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-199806000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mexiletine (Mexitil) is an antiarrhythmic agent used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmia. The drug has a narrow therapeutic window, and monitoring its serum concentration is recommended. The authors describe a gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC/MS) assay of mexiletine using selected ion monitoring. Mexiletine was extracted from alkaline serum with dichloromethane followed by derivatization with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate. The reaction was completed in 30 minutes at 70 degrees C. N-propylamphetamine was used as the internal standard. The ions monitored were m/z 58, 102, 122, 232, and 234 for derivatized mexiletine and m/z 56, 91, 131, 260, and 262 for the derivatized internal standard. The within-run precision at a serum mexiletine concentration of 1 mg/l was 1.7% (mean = 0.981, SD = 0.017 mg/l, n = 8) and the between-run precision was 3.3% (mean = 0.983, SD = 0.033 mg/l, n = 6). The assay was linear for serum mexiletine concentrations of 0.2 to 2.5 mg/l. The detection limit was 0.1 mg/l. The authors observed no carry-over problem in their assay. They observed a good correlation between mexiletine concentrations measured by a reference laboratory (Associated Regional University Pathologists, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A.) and by the new GC/MS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, 77030, USA
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Dasgupta A, Yousef O. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of serum mexiletine concentration after derivatization with perfluorooctanoyl chloride, a new derivative. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 705:283-8. [PMID: 9521565 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mexiletine is an antiarrhythmic agent used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmia. The drug has a narrow therapeutic window which necessitates monitoring its serum concentrations. We describe a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of mexiletine using selected ion monitoring. Mexiletine was extracted from alkaline serum with dichloromethane and then derivatized with perfluorooctanoyl chloride. The derivatization reaction was completed in 20 min at 80 degrees C. We used N-propylamphetamine as the internal standard. The ions monitored were m/z 122, 454 and 575 for the derivatized mexiletine and m/z 91, 118, 440 and 452 for the derivatized internal standard. The within-run precision at a serum mexiletine concentration of 1 mg/l was 1.9% (mean=0.98, S.D.=0.019 mg/l, n=7) and the between-run precision was 2.5% (mean=0.99, S.D.=0.025 mg/l, n=7). The assay was linear for serum mexiletine concentrations of 0.2 to 4 mg/l. The detection limit was 0.1 mg/l. The average recoveries of mexiletine and the internal standard were 80% and 84%, respectively at a mexiletine concentration of 1 mg/l. There was no carry over problem in our assay. We observed a good correlation between mexiletine concentrations measured by a reference laboratory (GC) and by our new GC-MS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque 87106, USA
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El Walily AFM, El-Yazbi FA, Belal SF, Abdel-Razak O. Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorometric Determination of Heptaminol and mexiletine in Their Dosage Forms. ANAL LETT 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719708001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Fieger H, Wainer IW. Direct analysis of the enantiomers of mexiletine and its metabolites in plasma and urine using an HPLC-CSP. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1993; 11:1173-9. [PMID: 8123732 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay has been developed for the quantification of the enantiomers of mexiletine and its four major metabolites, in plasma and in urine. Mexiletine and all metabolites were determined, after derivatization of mexiletine and its hydroxymetabolites, p-hydroxymexiletine and hydroxymethylmexiletine, using a Chiralpak AD chiral stationary phase, based on a carbamoyl derivative of amylose. o-phthalaldehyde was chosen as derivatization reagent to increase the sensitivity of detection, to achieve separation of all compounds in one chromatographic system, and to avoid interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fieger
- McGill University, Department of Oncology, Montreal General Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Freitag DG, Foster RT, Coutts RT, Pasutto FM. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for resolving the enantiomers of mexiletine and two major metabolites isolated from microbial fermentation media. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 616:253-9. [PMID: 8376507 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80393-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
(+/-)-Mexiletine is a class Ib antiarrhythmic drug useful in the treatment of premature ventricular contractions. It is predominantly metabolized by the liver with less than 15% being excreted in urine as unchanged drug. p-Hydroxymexiletine (PHM) and hydroxymethylmexiletine (HMM) are the two major mammalian metabolites. The purpose of our study was to develop a stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method to determine whether the fungus, Cunninghamella echinulata (UAMH 4145), was able to biosynthesize these same two metabolites from the substrate (+/-)-mexiletine. Furthermore, it was desirable to ascertain whether metabolism of mexiletine was stereoselective. The method requires pre-column derivatization of the drug and metabolites with S-(+)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate (NEIC) followed by normal-phase HPLC. Mexiletine, PHM, HMM and (+/-)-1-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3-isopropylaminopropan-2-ol (internal standard) were extracted from microbial broth using two volumes of diethyl ether after basifying with sodium carbonate. The combined ether extracts were evaporated to dryness, using a gentle stream of nitrogen, and reconstituted in 0.3 ml of chloroform to which was added 0.075 ml of NEIC (0.1%, v/v, in chloroform). This solution was immediately evaporated to dryness under a nitrogen stream. The residue was reconstituted with 0.220 ml of chloroform and 0.030 ml of n-butylamine (0.33%, v/v, in chloroform) and injected into the HPLC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Freitag
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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7
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Tod M, Legendre JY, Chalom J, Kouwatli H, Poulou M, Farinotti R, Mahuzier G. Primary and secondary amine derivatization with luminarins 1 and 2: separation by liquid chromatography with peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80353-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Paczkowski D, Filipek M, Mielniczuk Z, Andrzejczak J, Popławska W, Sitkiewicz D. Simultaneous determination of mexiletine and four hydroxylated metabolites in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 573:235-46. [PMID: 1601956 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of mexiletine and its four hydroxylated metabolites in human serum. The method involves a single-step extraction of mexiletine, hydroxymethylmexiletine, p-hydroxymexiletine and their corresponding alcohols with diisopropyl ether-dichloromethane-propan-2-ol (2.5:1.5:0.5, v/v). Separation of the compounds on a deactivated Supelcosil LC8-DB column is accomplished by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 203 nm. Overall the recovery of each compound is reproducible and greater than 75%. The lower limit of detection is 2 ng/ml for mexiletine and its metabolites. The application of the method is shown by measuring the concentrations in serum of mexiletine and its metabolites over 24 h in a healthy volunteer after a single intravenous injection of the drug and by monitoring serum concentrations in patients receiving long-term treatment by mouth of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Paczkowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
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vasBinder E, Annesley T. Liquid chromatographic analysis of mexiletine in serum, with alternate application to tocainide, procainamide, and N-acetylprocainamide. Biomed Chromatogr 1991; 5:19-22. [PMID: 1709575 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130050106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and precise high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of mexiletine in human serum or plasma is described. Following addition of N-propionylprocainamide as internal standard the specimens are extracted, under basic conditions, into methylene chloride. After removal of the aqueous layer the drug is back-extracted into dilute acid, which is then injected directly for analysis. The extraction efficiency is 79% for both mexiletine and internal standard, and the assay is linear to 4 mg/L (twice upper therapeutic concentration). Inter-run coefficients of variation are 3.0% or less. The relative retention time of mexiletine to internal standard averages 1.3. An adaptation of this method is described for an alternate application to the analysis of tocainide, procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E vasBinder
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0054
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LeGatt DF, Audette RJ, Youzwishen O, Stewart T. Mexiletine determination in serum by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-selective detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1991; 9:1147-50. [PMID: 1822186 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(91)80057-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D F LeGatt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Canada
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11
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Enhanced fluorescence from o-phthalaldehyde and fluorescamine fluorophores using Triton and β-cyclodextrin. Anal Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Beijnen JH, van Gijn R, Underberg WJ. Gas chromatographic analysis, with nitrogen detection, of tocainide in plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1990; 8:1101-3. [PMID: 2129239 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(90)80180-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Beijnen
- Slotervaart Hospital/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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Evers J, Messer W, Aboudan F, Finke K. [Mexiletine in terminal renal failure and various dialysis procedures]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1989; 67:995-8. [PMID: 2615291 DOI: 10.1007/bf01716063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We monitored the plasma levels of mexiletine in 20 dialysis patients with severe cardiac arrhythmias after repeated oral administration and the elimination by various dialysis procedures. The levels of mexiletine in plasma and dialysate were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. After repeated administration of mexiletine 400-600 mg/day trough levels were in the range from 500-2,000 ng/ml. Treatment controlled by Holter monitoring was effective in 13/20 patients. Doses of 600 mg/day and more often were not tolerated by patients with dialysis after some weeks. There was no important removal of mexiletine from plasma during hemodialysis, hemofiltration, peritoneal dialysis, or plasmapheresis. In conclusion, we recommend a slightly reduced dosage of 400-600 mg mexiletine/day (usually 600-800 mg) for patients with end-stage renal insufficiency, irrespective of dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Evers
- Medizinische Klinik I, Städtische Krankenanstalten, Köln-Merheim
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Krämer BK, Ress KM, Mayer F, Kühlkamp V, Liebich HM, Risler T, Seipel L. Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of mexiletine and its metabolites in serum. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 493:414-20. [PMID: 2584308 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B K Krämer
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Tübingen, F.R.G
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15
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Assay of Free and Total Tocainide by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Ultraviolet (UV) Detection. J Forensic Sci 1989. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs12720j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Shihabi ZK, Scaro J, Dyer RD. Tocainide Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/01483918808067208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Chabenat C, Ladure P, Blanc-Continsouza D, Boismare F, Boucly P. Determination of calcium acetylhomotaurinate by liquid chromatography with fluorimetric and electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 414:417-22. [PMID: 3571409 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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