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Khand AA, Lakho SA, Tahira A, Ubaidullah M, Alothman AA, Aljadoa K, Nafady A, Ibupoto ZH. Facile Electrochemical Determination of Methotrexate (MTX) Using Glassy Carbon Electrode-Modified with Electronically Disordered NiO Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051266. [PMID: 34065856 PMCID: PMC8150394 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the oxidative behavior of methotrexate (MTX) anticancer drug is highly demanded, due to its side effects on healthy cells, despite being a very challenging task. In this study, we have prepared porous NiO material using sodium sulfate as an electronic disorder reagent by hydrothermal method and found it highly sensitive and selective for the oxidation of MTX. The synthesized NiO nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. These physical characterizations delineated the porous morphology and cubic crystalline phase of NiO. Different electrochemical approaches have been utilized to determine the MTX concentrations in 0.04 M Britton-Robinson buffer (BRB) at pH 2 using glassy carbon electrode (GCE)-modified with electronically disordered NiO nanostructures. The linear range for MTX using cyclic voltammetry (CV) was found to be from 5 to 30 nM, and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.46 nM and 4.86 nM, respectively, whereas the linear range obtained via linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was estimated as 15-90 nM with LOD and LOQ of 0.819 nM and 2.713 nM, respectively. Additionally, amperometric studies revealed a linear range from 10 to70 nM with LOD and LOQ of 0.1 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. Importantly, MTX was successfully monitored in pharmaceutical products using the standard recovery method. Thus, the proposed approach for the synthesis of active metal oxide materials could be sued for the determination of other anticancer drugs in real samples and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab A. Khand
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (Z.H.I.)
| | - Saeed A. Lakho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (Z.H.I.)
| | - Aneela Tahira
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan;
| | - Mohd Ubaidullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.U.); (A.A.A.); (K.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asma A. Alothman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.U.); (A.A.A.); (K.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Khoulwod Aljadoa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.U.); (A.A.A.); (K.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Ayman Nafady
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.U.); (A.A.A.); (K.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Zafar H. Ibupoto
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (A.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (Z.H.I.)
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Dogra A, Sharma A, Kumar Mandal U, Kotwal P, Bhatt S, Nandi U. Liquid Chromatography Based Methods for Analysis of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) in Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:224-242. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1503943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Dogra
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Anjna Sharma
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Uttam Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India
| | - Pankul Kotwal
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Shipra Bhatt
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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Montemurro M, De Zan MM, Robles JC. Optimized high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method using core-shell particles for the therapeutic monitoring of methotrexate. J Pharm Anal 2015; 6:103-111. [PMID: 29403969 PMCID: PMC5762447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic drug, and due to its high toxicity, the therapeutic drug monitoring is strictly conducted in the clinical practice. The chemometric optimization and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using core-shell particles is presented for the determination of MTX in plasma during therapeutic monitoring. Experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied for the optimization of the chromatographic system and the analyte extraction step. A Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (3.0 mm×75 mm, 2.7 μm) column was used to obtain a fast and efficient separation in a complete run time of 4 min. The optimum conditions for the chromatographic system resulted in a mobile phase consisting of acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer solution (85.0 mM, pH=4.00) and 11.2% of acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision were demonstrated in a range of 0.10-6.0 µM of MTX. The application of the optimized method required only 150 µL of patient plasma and a low consumption of solvent to provide rapid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Montemurro
- Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María M De Zan
- Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Juan C Robles
- Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Šelešovská R, Janíková-Bandžuchová L, Chýlková J. Sensitive Voltammetric Sensor Based on Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode for Determination of the Chemotherapeutic Drug Methotrexate in Pharmaceutical and Biological Samples. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhu Z, Wu H, Wu S, Huang Z, Zhu Y, Xi L. Determination of methotrexate and folic acid by ion chromatography with electrochemical detection on a functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotube modified electrode. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1283:62-7. [PMID: 23415142 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method was developed for simultaneous determination of methotrexate (MTX) and folic acid (FA) by ion chromatography with electrochemical detection (IC-ECD). Quaternary amine functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (q-MWNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used as an amperometric sensor to determine MTX and FA. The electrochemical behaviors of MTX and FA at the q-MWNTs/GCE were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Results indicated that this modified electrode exhibited electrocatalytic oxidation toward MTX and FA with high sensitivity, stability and long life. Good separation of MTX and FA was demonstrated by IC on an anion-exchange column with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) as eluent. Under the optimal conditions, the linear ranges were from 0.01 to 20mg/L for both MTX and FA with correlation coefficients r ≥ 0.9994. The obtained detection limits (LODs) for MTX and FA were 0.2 and 0.4 μg/L (S/N=3), respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of MTX and FA in plasma and urine of patients of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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Pontinha ADR, Jorge SMA, Diculescu VC, Vivan M, Oliveira-Brett AM. Antineoplasic Drug Methotrexate Redox Mechanism Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Pontinha ADR, Jorge SMA, Chiorcea Paquim AM, Diculescu VC, Oliveira-Brett AM. In situ evaluation of anticancer drug methotrexate-DNA interaction using a DNA-electrochemical biosensor and AFM characterization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5227-34. [PMID: 21359288 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An in situ evaluation of the dsDNA-methotrexate (MTX) interaction was performed by voltammetry using a DNA-electrochemical biosensor and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) at a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. Electrochemical experiments in incubated solutions showed that the interaction of MTX with dsDNA leads to modifications to the dsDNA structure in a time-dependent manner. The AFM images show reorganization of the DNA self-assembled network on the surface of the HOPG electrode upon binding methotrexate and the formation of a more densely packed and slightly thicker MTX-dsDNA lattice with a large number of aggregates embedded into the network film. The intercalation of MTX between complementary base pairs of dsDNA lead to the increase of purine oxidation peaks due to the unwinding of the dsDNA. The dsDNA-electrochemical biosensor and the purinic homo-polynucleotide single stranded sequences of guanosine and adenosine, poly[G] and poly[A]-electrochemical biosensors, were used to investigate and understand the interaction between MTX and dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dora Rodrigues Pontinha
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
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Li H, Luo W, Zeng Q, Lin Z, Luo H, Zhang Y. Method for the determination of blood methotrexate by high performance liquid chromatography with online post-column electrochemical oxidation and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 845:164-8. [PMID: 16890029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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9
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Rubino FM. Separation methods for methotrexate, its structural analogues and metabolites. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 764:217-54. [PMID: 11817030 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is the prototype folate antagonist cytotoxic drug, employed in the therapy of solid tumors and leukaemias, and recently also as an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplantation, in the treatment of some autoimmune diseases and in the therapy of severe asthma. MTX is one of the very few antineoplastic drugs the therapeutic concentration monitoring of which is currently employed in clinical practice and can be routinely measured in biological samples by a number of different analytical techniques, among which are immunoenzymatic and chromatographic methods. Each technique has of course its own advantages in terms of sensitivity, specificity, speed, cost and level of expertise required. Along with therapeutic drug concentration monitoring and clinical pharmacology, fundamental research into the mechanism of action of antifolate drugs is still a field which requires the measurement of MTX, of its new analogues and of their metabolites in biological samples. This review summarizes the instrumental conditions and the performance of several published chromatographic methods employed to measure MTX, its metabolites and some analogues in clinical and biological research. More than 70 papers describing chromatographic assays for MTX and its metabolites have been published in the literature between 1975 and 2000. A wide array of experimental conditions for sample preparation, analyte separation and detection have been employed. According to their chemical properties, MTX, its metabolites and analogue drugs present in several biological samples (plasma, serum, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue specimens) can be extracted, separated and detected under a variety of chromatographic conditions, i.e. on different stationary phases, under a wide choice of mobile phase conditions (acidic or neutral, employing ion-pair or micellar chromatography), followed by several detection techniques (UV-Vis spectrophotometry, pre- or post-column oxidation and fluorimetry, electrochemistry, mass spectrometry). Optimized methods allow simultaneous measurement within a few minutes of the plasma levels of MTX and its main metabolites at concentrations in the low-nM range. One special field which needs sensitive, fast and inexpensive methods for the detection and measurement of MTX is the monitoring of contamination in workplace environments, such as pharmaceutical industries and oncological hospital pharmacies, and in sewage waters. The measurement of the intracellular gamma-oligo-glutamate metabolites of biological folates, of MTX and of some analogue drugs is of great importance in basic pharmacological research. The existence of empirical quantitative relationships between the retention of individual oligomers under different chromatographic conditions and the number of added glutamic acid units allows identification of the metabolites even when authentic standards are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Rubino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Milano at Ospedale S. Paolo, Milan, Italy.
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Turci R, Fiorentino ML, Sottani C, Minoia C. Determination of methotrexate in human urine at trace levels by solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:173-179. [PMID: 10637424 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(20000215)14:3<173::aid-rcm862>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
For biological monitoring of hospital personnel occupationally exposed to antineoplastic agents, highly sensitive and specific methods are required. In order to detect trace MTX urinary concentrations, a precise and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) procedure, incorporating solid phase extraction, has been developed. Urine samples were purified by solid phase extraction (SPE) on octadecyl bonded, endcapped silica SPE columns. After eluting with methanol, the solvent was evaporated obtaining a 25-fold concentration of the analyte. This procedure was validated by using 7-OHMTX as internal standard. Calibration curves had correlation coefficients always higher than 0.999, and the limit of detection was assessed at 0.2 microg L(-1). High specificity of the HPLC-MS/MS technique assures that no interfering substances are detected rather than the analyte of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Turci
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene and Industrial Toxicology, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, via Alzaia 29, Pavia, Italy.
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Hirai T, Matsumoto S, Kishi I. Determination of methotrexate and its main metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with normal solid-phase extraction. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 690:267-73. [PMID: 9106052 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A practical and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method using normal solid-phase extraction has been developed for the determination of methotrexate (MTX) and its main metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX) in human urine. A urine specimen followed by the addition of pH 5.0 acetate buffer was purified by solid-phase extraction on a Sep-Pak silica cartridge. The analyte was chromatographed on a reversed-phase Inertsil ODS-2 column using phosphate buffer-acetonitrile at pH 5.3 as the mobile phase, and the effluent from the column was monitored at 303 nm. A good linear relationship between peak height and concentration was found for both of MTX and 7-OH-MTX in the range 5 to 1000 ng/ml of human urine. The inter-day coefficients of variation for the assay (n = 5) were 8.8% (5 ng/ml), 3.4% (50 ng/ml) and 2.0% (500 ng/ml) for MTX, and 7.2, 2.7 and 2.3% for 7-OH-MTX in urine, respectively. The present method should prove useful for the evaluation of urinary drug excretion in patients undergoing MTX low-dose therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirai
- Medical Research Laboratories, Lederle (Japan) Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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12
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Yu Z, Westerlund D, Boos KS. Determination of methotrexate and its metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate by direct injection of human plasma into a column-switching liquid chromatographic system using post-column photochemical reaction with fluorimetric detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 689:379-86. [PMID: 9080325 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and fully automated column-switching system by direct injection of plasma samples for determination of methotrexate and its metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate was developed. The system utilized a C8 alkyl-diol silica precolumn coupled with a LiChrospher RP-18 analytical column, followed by a photoreactor and fluorimetric detection. The photo-oxidative irradiation was accomplished at UV 254 nm in the presence of 0.1% hydrogen peroxide in the eluent. Studies showed that the fluorimetric response was influenced by the reaction time, the degree of the reactor's transparency and the choice of the working wavelengths. By optimizing the content of acetonitrile in the eluent, methotrexate can be separated from 7-hydroxymethotrexate completely. The method validation revealed quantitative recoveries (> or = 94%) with coefficients of variation < or = 4.4%. The limits of detection and quantitation for determination of methotrexate were 0.20 and 0.36 ng, respectively, corresponding to 2.0 and 3.6 ng/ml for an injection volume of 100 microliters. It was possible to enhance the sensitivity further by injecting larger plasma volumes, up to 500 microliters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yu
- Uppsala University Biomedical Centre, Sweden
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Lu G, Jun HW. Determination of Trace Methotrexate and 7-OH-Methotrexate in Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatog-Raphy with Fluorimetric Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079508009228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Okuda T, Motohashi M, Aoki I, Yashiki T. Sensitive determination of methotrexate in monkey plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using on-line solid-phase extraction. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 662:79-84. [PMID: 7894696 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the sensitive determination of methotrexate (MTX) in monkey plasma using direct injection and on-line solid-phase extraction. After application of a 100-microliters aliquot of plasma to a pre-treatment column, the column was washed with 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) to eliminate plasma proteins and endogenous substances, and subsequently the adsorbed MTX was eluted. The MTX fraction was transferred to an analytical column by a column-switching (heart-cutting) technique, and MTX was analyzed using ion-pair chromatography with tetrabutylammonium bromide. More than 50 injections could be performed onto one pretreatment column. The accuracy, precision, reproducibility and linearity were satisfactory over a wide range of MTX concentrations (5-1000 ng/ml). The quantitation limit was 5 ng/ml with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5. The method was suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of MTX in monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okuda
- Takeda Analytical Research Laboratories, Osaka, Japan
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Mader RM, Rizovski B, Steger GG, Rainer H, Proprentner R, Kotz R. Determination of methotrexate in human urine at nanomolar levels by high-performance liquid chromatography with column switching. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 613:311-6. [PMID: 8491818 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80147-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An high-performance liquid chromatographic method with column switching for the detection of less than 4 ng of methotrexate in the urine of oncologic nurses is described. Urine samples were purified by solid-phase extraction on silica-bonded phenyl columns, eluting impurities with ethyl acetate. After elution from the column, the analyte was concentrated ten-fold, evaporating the solvent. On a strong anion-exchange column (Nucleosil 100 SB), methotrexate was separated from the remaining interfering substances, was then switched to a reversed-phase column (LiChrospher 100 RP-18e), and finally eluted by a linear gradient in a solvent system consisting of ammonium formate buffer (pH 2.7) and acetonitrile. Absorbance was monitored at 310 nm. This method has proved to be suitable for detecting traces of methotrexate in urine in order to individualize risks and to reduce further the occupational safety hazard for hospital personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Mader
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The present review on the methods for the analysis of anticancer drugs should be seen as an addition to the excellent work of Eksborg and Ehrsson published half a decade ago in this journal (Vol. 340, p.31). The style and format have been followed closely, with the focus again on chromatographic techniques. We felt it important to add a list of compound (group) structures as a service to the reader. Methods have been reviewed for alkylating agents, platinum compounds, antitumour antibiotics, antimetabolites, alkaloids, suramin, 1-hydroxy-3-amino-propylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate and tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Tjaden
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ordieres AJ, García AC, Alvarez JM, Blanco PT. Phase-selective alternating current polarographic assay of methotrexate in human serum. Anal Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Nuernberg B, Kohlbrenner M, Faulkner R, Furst DE. Rapid quantitation of methotrexate and its metabolites in human serum, urine and bile, using solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 487:476-82. [PMID: 2723014 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Nuernberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, F.R.G
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Radzik DM, Lunte SM. Application of Liquid Chromatography/Electrochemistry in Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Analysis: A Critical Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/10408348908050070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Roach MC, Gozel P, Zare RN. Determination of methotrexate and its major metabolite, 7-hydroxymethotrexate, using capillary zone electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 426:129-40. [PMID: 3384865 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High-dosage methotrexate therapy requires careful monitoring of the drug in serum to ensure minimal toxic effects. A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the separation and quantitation of methotrexate and its major metabolite, 7-hydroxymethotrexate, using high-voltage capillary zone electrophoresis combined with laser-induced fluorescence detection is described. The detection limit for methotrexate is as low as 5.10(-10) M (signal-to-noise ratio = 3), while that for 7-hydroxymethotrexate is 2.10(-9) M. The linearity of the system extends over nearly four orders of magnitude for both methotrexate and 7-hydroxymethotrexate. The extraction efficiency for the drug and its metabolite from serum is 80-85% using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. Quantitation of methotrexate in serum was possible in the 10(-10) M range, nearly two orders of magnitude lower than that currently obtainable by existing methods. Good correlation (r = 0.99) for serum methotrexate concentrations was obtained with an enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique. Comparison with an enzyme inhibition assay also provided similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Roach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305
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21
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Determination of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil added to blood serum by liquid chromatography with anodic amperometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)80794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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van der Steuijt K, Sonneveld P. Concurrent analysis of methotrexate, trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole and their major metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 422:328-33. [PMID: 3481369 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K van der Steuijt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Dr. Daniël den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Brimmell PA, Sams DJ. Rapid and simple assay for the measurement of methotrexate in serum, urine and red blood cells by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 413:320-5. [PMID: 3558685 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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