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Albreht A, Martelanc M, Žiberna L. Simultaneous determination of free biliverdin and free bilirubin in serum: A comprehensive LC-MS approach. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342073. [PMID: 38182377 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of several diseases strongly rely on the sensitive, selective, and accurate determination of specific biomarkers in relevant biological samples. Free biliverdin and free bilirubin represent important new biomarkers of oxidative stress, however, the lack of suitable analytical methods for their determination has hindered progress in biomedical and clinical research. RESULTS Here, we introduce a first comprehensive approach for robust and simultaneous determination of these bilins in serum using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The developed analytical method exhibits linearity for both analytes within the concentration range of 0.5-100 nM, with limits of detection and quantitation determined at 0.1 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Moreover, several analytical pitfalls related to the intrinsic molecular structures of free bilirubin and free biliverdin and their trace concentration levels in biological samples are discussed here in detail for the first time. We have shown that the solubility, chemical stability, and affinity of these bilins to various materials strongly depend on the solvent, pH, and addition of stabilizing and chelating agents. Finally, the validated LC-MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of both bilins in fetus bovine serums, yielding higher free bilirubin/biliverdin ratios compared with previously reported values for human serum. SIGNIFICANCE Failure to recognize and address the challenges presented here often leads to substantial analytical errors and consequently biased interpretation of the obtained results. This pertains not only to LC-MS, but also to many other analytical platforms due to the compound-derived sources of error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Albreht
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Mitja Martelanc
- University of Nova Gorica, Wine Research Centre, Glavni trg 8, Vipava, SI-5271, Slovenia; University of Nova Gorica, School for Viticulture and Enology, Glavni trg 8, Vipava, SI-5271, Slovenia
| | - Lovro Žiberna
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Aškerčeva 7, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
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Diagnostic methods for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: benefits, limitations, requirements, and novel developments. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:277-283. [PMID: 33948000 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Invasive bilirubin measurements remain the gold standard for the diagnosis and treatment of infants with severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The present paper describes different methods currently available to assess hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants. Novel point-of-care bilirubin measurement methods, such as the BiliSpec and the Bilistick, would benefit many newborn infants, especially in low-income and middle-income countries where the access to costly multi-analyzer in vitro diagnostic instruments is limited. Total serum bilirubin test results should be accurate within permissible limits of measurement uncertainty to be fit for clinical purposes. This implies correct implementation of internationally endorsed reference measurement systems as well as participation in external quality assessment programs. Novel analytic methods may, apart from bilirubin, include the determination of bilirubin photoisomers and bilirubin oxidation products in blood and even in other biological matrices. IMPACT: Key message: Bilirubin measurements in blood remain the gold standard for diagnosis and treatment of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (SNH). External quality assessment (EQA) plays an important role in revealing inaccuracies in diagnostic bilirubin measurements. What does this article add to the existing literature? We provide analytic performance data on total serum bilirubin (TSB) as measured during recent EQA surveys. We review novel diagnostic point-of-care (POC) bilirubin measurement methods and analytic methods for determining bilirubin levels in biological matrices other than blood. Impact: Manufacturers should make TSB test results traceable to the internationally endorsed total bilirubin reference measurement system and should ensure permissible limits of measurement uncertainty.
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Kondamudi N, McDougal OM. Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Stearic Acid Sucrose Ester: A Bio‐Based Surfactant. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narasimharao Kondamudi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Boise State University 1910 University Drive, Boise ID 83725 USA
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Boise State University 1910 University Drive, Boise ID 83725 USA
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Rahman MM, Ahmed J, Asiri AM. Selective bilirubin sensor fabrication based on doped IAO nanorods for environmental remediation. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05477d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this approach, low-dimensional facile IAO nanorods were prepared by using the hydrothermal technique, which is efficiently applied to develop a non-enzymatic sensor coated with GCE probe by electrochemical reduction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Jahir Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Physical Sciences
- Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
- Sylhet-3100
- Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
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Identification of a biliverdin geometric isomer by means of HPLC/ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Differentiation of the isomers by using fragmentation "in-source". MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018; 149:995-1002. [PMID: 29887645 PMCID: PMC5972171 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract A commercially available biliverdin sample was analyzed by means of HPLC/ESI–MS and NMR spectroscopy. It was been found that beside the main IXα 5Z,10Z,15Z isomer, the sample contains also the geometric isomer IXα 5Z,10Z,15E. It was also found the isomers behave differentially upon “in-source” fragmentation in negative ion mode (in contrast to the their behavior upon “in-source” fragmentation in positive ion mode and to their behavior upon MS/MS fragmentation in both modes): the relative abundances of deprotonated molecules and fragment ions are significantly different for both isomers, which can be used as an analytical tool to differentiate between the isomers. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00706-018-2161-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wabaidur SM, Eldesoky GE, Alothman ZA. The fluorescence quenching of Ru(bipy) 32+ : an application for the determination of bilirubin in biological samples. LUMINESCENCE 2018; 33:625-629. [PMID: 29399944 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and efficient fluorescence method has been established for the quantitative analysis of bilirubin. The fluorometric determination method was based on the kinetic quenching of ruthenium(II) fluorescence. The quenching effect may be due to the complexation reaction of bilirubin with ruthenium(II). Therefore, the effects of ruthenium concentrations and different surfactants have been studied. Under the optimized experimental parameters, the fluorescence intensity decreased proportionally with the bilirubin concentration and linearity was established in the range of 3.3 × 10-7 to 3.0 × 10-4 M bilirubin. The detection limit calculated from the calibration graph was found to be 5.2 × 10-8 M. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of 10 consecutive measurements of 8.0 × 10-6 M bilirubin was 3.0%, while the recoveries of bilirubin in both human serum and urine samples were obtained in the range 94.0-99.5%. The interference study shows that the developed fluorescence based technique is fast, easy to carry out and shows negligible interference. The developed technique was successfully applied for the analysis of bilirubin in human urine and serum samples. All the experimental results and quality parameters confirmed the sensitivity and reproducibility of the proposed technique for bilirubin determination in human urine and serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikh M Wabaidur
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber E Eldesoky
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid A Alothman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wagner KH, Shiels RG, Lang CA, Seyed Khoei N, Bulmer AC. Diagnostic criteria and contributors to Gilbert's syndrome. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 55:129-139. [PMID: 29390925 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1428526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbilirubinemia is a well-known condition in the clinical setting; however, the causes of elevated serum bilirubin are diverse, as are the clinical ramifications of this condition. For example, diagnoses of individuals vary depending on whether they exhibit an unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Diagnoses can include conditions of disordered bilirubin metabolism (Gilbert's, Crigler-Najjar, Rotor, or Dubin-Johnson syndromes) or an acquired disease, including alcoholic/non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatotropic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepato-biliary malignancy. Assessment of bilirubin concentrations is typically conducted as part of routine liver function testing. Mildly elevated total bilirubin with normal serum activities of liver transaminases, biliary damage markers, and red blood cell counts, however, may indicate the presence of Gilbert's syndrome (GS), a benign condition that is present in ∼5-10% of the population. In this case, mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin in GS is strongly associated with "reduced" prevalence of chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (and associated risk factors), as well as CVD-related and all-cause mortality. These reports challenge the dogma that bilirubin is simply a potentially neurotoxic by-product of heme catabolism and emphasize the importance of understanding its potential beneficial physiologic and detrimental pathophysiologic effects, in order to appropriately consider bilirubin test results within the clinical laboratory setting. With this information, we hope to improve the understanding of disorders of bilirubin metabolism, emphasize the diagnostic importance of these conditions, and outline the potential impact GS may have on resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Wagner
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences and Research Platform Active Ageing , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Ryan G Shiels
- b School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Claudia Anna Lang
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences and Research Platform Active Ageing , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Nazlisadat Seyed Khoei
- a Department of Nutritional Sciences and Research Platform Active Ageing , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Andrew C Bulmer
- b School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
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Martelanc M, Žiberna L, Passamonti S, Franko M. Application of high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ultra-sensitive thermal lens spectrometric detection for simultaneous biliverdin and bilirubin assessment at trace levels in human serum. Talanta 2016; 154:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Direct determination of free bilirubin in serum at sub-nanomolar levels. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 809:174-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Biliverdin: the blue-green pigment in the bones of the garfish (Belone belone) and eelpout (Zoarces viviparus). Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-1932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Bilirubin is an endogenous compound that can be toxic under certain conditions but, on the other hand, mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia might protect against cardiovascular diseases and tumour development. Serum bilirubin levels are often enhanced under a variety of clinical conditions. These are discussed and the mechanisms are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Fevery
- Laboratory of Hepatology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Kogan MJ, Mora ME, Bari SE, Iturraspe J, Awruch J, Delfino JM. Exploring the conformation of bilirubins with natural and unnatural analogues: use of positional and bridged isomers of bilirubin IXalpha. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:1309-19. [PMID: 10465406 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike bilirubin IXalpha (1), the isomers bilirubin IXdelta (2) and neobilirubin IXbeta (3) do not require conjugation with glucuronic acid in order to be excreted. A conformational analysis employing an optimized Monte Carlo method and a mixed Monte Carlo stochastic dynamics reveals that isomer 2 exhibits a structure more closed than the well known 'ridge-tile' conformation of 1. The change in the position of both propionic acid chains causes the loss of at least four hydrogen bonds. On the other hand, the change in the configuration of the distal dipyrrinone and the blockage of the lactamic nitrogen by the presence of a bridge in isomer 3 results in an open and more elongated structure, where the chance of hydrogen bond formation in this region is obliterated. The resulting molecular models for these compounds are consistent with 1H NM R, UV-vis, and TLC data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kogan
- Departamento de Quïmica Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Thomsen S, Tatman D. Physiological and pathological factors of human breast disease that can influence optical diagnosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 838:171-93. [PMID: 9511805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 'normal' human female breast is a very complex organ that changes considerably during development, pregnancy and menopause. In addition, it is an excretory organ that, during lactation, discharges various metabolites and certain drugs that can be optically active. Optical diagnosis of breast cancers requires detection of differential concentrations of 1) various absorbers and scatterers or 2) native or exogenous fluorophores to distinguish cancers from surrounding 'normal' and benign breast tissues. The differential concentrations are due to the biology of the cancer cells and the host responses to the cancer growth. For most patients, the cancer will be intermixed with a complex 3-dimensional array of 'normal' breast tissue and benign breast lesions. This complexity will challenge the optical biopsy investigator but, with the recent advances in our understanding of light transport, optical diagnostic techniques and devices can be developed to complement and supplement current breast cancer screening techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomsen
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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14
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Petzinger E. Transport of organic anions in the liver. An update on bile acid, fatty acid, monocarboxylate, anionic amino acid, cholephilic organic anion, and anionic drug transport. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 123:47-211. [PMID: 8209137 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0030903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Petzinger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Giessen, Germany
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15
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Zeng B, Zhou X. Investigation of the polarographic behavior of biliverdin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. ELECTROANAL 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140050812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Nyyssönen K, Seppänen K, Salonen JT. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of platelet-produced thromboxane B2. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 612:27-32. [PMID: 8454699 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A method for the routine determination of platelet-produced thromboxane B2 (TXB2) from human serum is presented. To induce the secretion of thromboxane A2 from the platelets, blood is kept at 37 degrees C for 30 min before serum is separated. Serum is prepurified through small reversed-phase columns and TXB2 is analysed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A column-switching technique is used to remove the interfering compounds present in serum. The detection limit with standard solution is 30 ng per injection. The method was applied to the measurement of platelet-produced TXB2 serum from 1040 men. The mean TXB2 was 247 +/- 134 ng/ml in the serum of men who had not used prostaglandin inhibitors, and 208 +/- 123 ng/ml in the serum of men who had used a prostaglandin inhibitor during a two-week period before blood sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nyyssönen
- Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, Finland
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17
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Zhang J. Analysis of unconjugated bilirubin in serum by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1992; 52:565-9. [PMID: 1411267 DOI: 10.3109/00365519209090134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of unconjugated bilirubin in neonatal serum is presented. Bilirubin was dissociated from protein with caffeine reagent and extracted with chloroform. An isocratic, reversed-phase HPLC system based on a C18 column was used. Bilirubin was detected at 450 nm. Bilirubin SRM 916a from National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA was the primary calibrator. An average recovery factor of 0.996 (SD = 0.018; N = 16) was obtained for bilirubin added to neonatal cord sera. The measurement range extended from 25 to 500 mumol l-1 L-1. The method is proposed as a reference method for unconjugated bilirubin in neonatal sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Heirwegh KP, Blanckaert N, Van Hees G. Synthesis, chromatographic purification, and analysis of isomers of biliverdin IX and bilirubin IX. Anal Biochem 1991; 195:273-8. [PMID: 1750679 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90329-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutral solvent systems were developed to isolate the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta isomers of biliverdin IX dimethyl ester by TLC. The individual free acids of biliverdin IX were obtained by saponification of the corresponding dimethyl esters. The bilirubin IX isomers were prepared by reducing the corresponding biliverdin IX isomers with NaBH3CN. Starting from a pure biliverdin IX dimethyl ester, the corresponding free acid of biliverdin IX or bilirubin IX was available within 3-4 h. Preparation of spectrally pure bile pigment required final TLC on acid-cleaned neutral TLC plates. The absorption spectra of the free acids and dimethyl esters of biliverdin IX in methanol showed a broad band at about 650 nm and a sharp band at about 375 nm. The long-wave-length band was extremely sensitive to the presence of strong acid. A 10-fold molar excess of HCl caused a 35- to 50-nm shift of the absorption maximum to longer wavelengths and near doubling of the maximum absorption. The molar absorption coefficients of biliverdins were identical for each free acid and dimethyl ester pair. In each case, Beer's law was followed in both methanol and acidified methanol. Methanol also proved to be a suitable solvent for spectroscopic determination of the non-alpha isomers of bilirubin IX. The wavelength of maximum absorption and molar absorption coefficient of each dipyrrolic ethyl anthranilate azo pigment derived from the various bilirubin IX isomers are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Heirwegh
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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