Determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of pipemidic acid in human serum and urine

Quinolones as a Potential Drug in Genitourinary Cancer Treatment-A Literature Review

Quinolones, broad-spectrum antibiotics, are frequently prescribed by urologists for many urological disorders. The mechanism of their bactericidal activity is based on the inhibition of topoisomerase II or IV complex with DNA, which consequently leads to cell death. It has been observed that these antibiotics also act against the analogous enzymes present in eukaryotic cells. Due to their higher accumulation in urine and prostate tissue than in serum, these drugs seem to be ideal candidates for application in genitourinary cancer treatment. In this study, an extensive literature review has been performed to collect information about concentrations achievable in urine and prostate tissue together with information about anticancer properties of 15 quinolones. Special attention was paid to the application of cytotoxic properties of quinolones for bladder and prostate cancer cell lines. Data available in the literature showed promising properties of quinolones, especially in the case of urinary bladder cancer treatment. In the case of prostate cancer, due to low concentrations of quinolones achievable in prostate tissue, combination therapy with other chemotherapeutics or another method of drug administration is necessary.

A new method of quantification of pipemidic-acid by capillary zone electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection

Capillary zone electrophoresis was employed for the determination of pipemidic acid using an end-column amperometric detection with a carbon fiber microdisk array electrode, at a constant potential of -1.10 V vs. saturated calomel electrode. The optimum conditions of separation and detection were 1.2 x 10(-4) mol/LNaOAc - 8.8 x 10(-4) mol/ LHOAc for the buffer solution, 20 kV for the separation voltage, 5 kV and 10 s for the injection voltage and the injection time. The limit of detection was 1.05 x 10(-7) mol/L or 189 amol (S/N=3). The relative standard deviation was 0.31% for the migration time and 2.0% for the electrophoretic peak current. The method was applied to determining pipemidic acid in human serum.

Determination of the chemotherapeutic quinolonic and cinolonic derivatives in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection in series

An HPLC method with ultraviolet and fluorimetric detection has been established for the separation and determination of six quinolonic and cinolonic antibiotics. A Nova-Pak C18 column (150 x 3.9 mm) and a Waters 486 UV and a Waters 470 fluorescence detector have been used. The influence of variables such as mobile-phase composition and flow-rate, has been studied. An acetonitrile-aqueous solution of oxalic acid 4x10(-4) M (28:72, v/v) has been selected as optimum. The wavelength for the photometric detection of the six antibiotics was 265 nm. For the fluorimetric detection two pairs of excitation/emission wavelengths, 260/360 or 270/440 nm, were selected for the determination of nalidixic acid, 7-hydroxymethylnalidixic acid and oxolinic acid, and for the determination of pipemidic acid and cinoxacin, respectively. The analytical parameters and detection and quantification limits of the method have been determined. The proposed method has been applied for the determination of the six compounds in urine, applying different procedures depending on their concentration, the results being very acceptable.

Pharmacokinetics: metabolism and renal excretion of quinolones in man

The quinolones are relatively poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The elimination proceeds mainly by renal excretion. The half-life of elimination depends on the molecular structure and varies between 2 and 10 h. Impaired kidney function is expected to increase the half-life of elimination, though this effect is not always observed. Since the 4-oxo-metabolites show a higher renal clearance than the parent drug, renal impairment will result in a cumulation of the metabolites in the body.

Drug level monitoring: chromatography of some minor groups of drugs

Some important facts about the chromatographic separation of a number of selected categories of drugs are summarized. The data refer to the chromatographic method of choice, stationary phase, mobile phase (carrier gas), detection procedure and (where available) method sensitivity. Also, fundamental instrumental parameters, namely injector, column and detector temperature, carrier gas and mobile phase flow-rate and gradient set-up are reported here. In all cases also the source material used for analysis is specified. The data are presented in table form, each table dealing with a particular category of drugs. The following categories of drugs are being dealt with: anthelmintics, antiarteriosclerotics, antibacterials, anticholinergics and cholinergics, anticoagulants, antidiabetics, antiemetics, antimycotics, antihistamines, antimalarials, antiparasitics, antiparkinsonics, antitussives, antiulcer drugs, antiviral compounds, appetite depressants and immunosuppressives.