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Niyas K, Richard B, Ankitha M, Rasheed PA. Sea urchin nanostructured nickel cobaltite modified carbon cloth integrated wearable patches for the on-site detection of the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolate mofetil. Analyst 2024; 149:3615-3624. [PMID: 38775016 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Mycophenolate mofetil (MpM) is a medication used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs, particularly in kidney, heart, and liver transplant surgeries. It is extremely important to be conscious that MpM can raise the risk of severe infections and some cancers if it exceeds the recommended dose while lower doses will result in organ rejections. So, it is essential to monitor the dosage of MpM in real time in the micromolar range. In this work, we have synthesized 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) functionalized nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) and this amino functionalization was chosen to enhance the stability and electrochemical activity of NiCo2O4. The enhanced activity of NiCo2O4 was used for developing an electrochemical sensor for the detection of MpM. APTES functionalized NiCo2O4 was coated on carbon cloth and used as the working electrode. Surface functionalization with APTES on NiCo2O4 was aimed at augmenting the adsorption/interaction of MpM due to its binding properties. The developed sensor showed a very low detection limit of 1.23 nM with linear ranges of 10-100 nM and 1-100 μM and its practical applicability was examined using artificial samples of blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid, validating its potential application in real-life scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Niyas
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
| | - Bartholomew Richard
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
| | - Menon Ankitha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
| | - P Abdul Rasheed
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678557, India
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Muchakayala SK, Katari NK, Saripella KK, Schaaf H, Marisetti VM, Kowtharapu LP, Jonnalagadda SB. AQbD based green UPLC method to determine mycophenolate mofetil impurities and Identification of degradation products by QToF LCMS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19138. [PMID: 36352016 PMCID: PMC9646803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an ideal method for quantifying impurities in mycophenolate mofetil drug substances and their oral suspension preparations. We developed a systematic and eco-friendly analytical approach utilizing quality by design (QbD) and green chemistry principles. Initially, the critical method parameters (CMPs) were screened using a D-optimal design. The robust final method conditions were optimized using a systematic central composite design (CCD). Through graphical and numerical optimization, the protocol conditions were augmented. The pH of mobile phase buffer (25 mM KH2PO4) (MP-A), initial gradient composition (% MP-A), flow rate (mL min-1), and column oven temperatures (°C) are 4.05, 87, 0.4, and 30, respectively. The best possible separation between the critical pairs was achieved while using the Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (100 × 2.1) mm, 1.7 µm analytical column. A mixture of water and acetonitrile in the ratio of 30:70 (v/v) was used as mobile phase-B for the gradient elution. The analytical method was validated in agreement with ICH and USP guidelines. The specificity results revealed that no peaks interfered with the impurities and MPM. The mean recovery of the impurities ranged between 96.2 and 102.7%, and the linearity results r > 0.999 across the range of LOQ - 150%. The precision results (%RSD) ranged between 0.8 and 4.5%. The degradation products formed during the base-induced degradation were identified as isomers of mycophenolic acid and sorbitol esters using Q-ToF LC-MS and their molecular and fragment ion peaks. The developed method eco-friendliness and greenness were assessed using analytical greenness (AGREE), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and analytical eco score, and found it is green.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Krishna Muchakayala
- Douglas Pharma US Inc, 1035 Louis Drive, Warminster, PA 18974 USA ,Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329 India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329 India ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | | | - Henele Schaaf
- Douglas Pharma US Inc, 1035 Louis Drive, Warminster, PA 18974 USA
| | - Vishnu Murthy Marisetti
- Analytical Research and Development, ScieGen Pharmaceuticals Inc, 89 Arkay Drive, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA
| | - Leela Prasad Kowtharapu
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad, Telangana 502329 India
| | - Sreekantha Babu Jonnalagadda
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
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Santhy A, Beena S, Krishnan Rajasree G, Greeshma S. A commercially viable electrochemical sensor for the immunosuppressant drug mycophenolate mofetil utilizing pencil graphite electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/872/1/012127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Momeneh H, Gholivand MB. Mycophenolate mofetil sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer/multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon paste electrode. Anal Biochem 2018; 557:97-103. [PMID: 30028959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using square wave voltammetry, a carbon paste electrode modified by molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a recognition element of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes was used for MMF monitoring To investigate the electrode during modification, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were utilized. After optimization of the effective parameters, the anodic peak current of MMF was utilized for dynamic range study which was linear in 9.9 nM-87 μM range. The detection limit of the sensor was 7.0 nM. The capture ability of MIP to target was compared with that of non-imprinted polymer (NIP). The practical application of the sensor in biological fluid samples analysis demonstrates its selectivity, sensitivity, and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Momeneh
- Department of Chemistry, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Adsorptive anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetric determination of CellCept at Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal Biochem 2017; 520:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Simultaneous determination of mycophenolate mofetil and its active metabolite, mycophenolic acid, by differential pulse voltammetry using multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 42:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kathirvel S, Prasad KR, Babu KM. Development and validation of HPTLC method for the determination of mycophenolate mofetil in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Pharm Methods 2013; 3:90-3. [PMID: 23781485 PMCID: PMC3658090 DOI: 10.4103/2229-4708.103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Described in this manuscript is the first ever reported, new, simple, high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of mycophenolate mofetil in bulk and tablet dosage form. MATERIALS AND METHODS The drug was separated on aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 with toluene, acetone, and methanol in the ratio of 6:2:2 (v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Quantitative analysis was performed by densitometric scanning at 254 nm. RESULTS The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The calibration plot was linear in the range of 100-500 ng band(-1) for mycophenolate mofetil. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of the drug in a pharmaceutical dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kathirvel
- Department of Pharmaceutical analysis, Hindu College of Pharmacy, Amaravathi road, Guntur, A. P, India
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A high-throughput U-HPLC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of mycophenolic acid and its major metabolites mycophenolic acid glucuronide and mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide in human plasma and urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 883-884:113-9. [PMID: 21839692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is used as an immunosuppressant after organ transplantation and for the treatment of immune diseases. There is increasing evidence that therapeutic drug monitoring and plasma concentration-guided dose adjustments are beneficial for patients to maintain immunosuppressive efficacy and to avoid toxicity. The major MPA metabolite that can be found in high concentrations in plasma is MPA glucuronide (MPAG). A metabolite usually present at lower concentrations, MPA acyl-glucuronide (AcMPAG), has been implicated in some of the adverse effects of MPA. We developed and validated an automated high-throughput ultra-high performance chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-MS/MS) assay using liquid-handling robotic extraction for the quantification of MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG in human EDTA plasma and urine. The ranges of reliable response were 0.097 (lower limit of quantitation) to 200 μg/mL for MPA and MPAG and 0.156-10 μg/mL for AcMPAG in human urine and plasma. The inter-day accuracies were 94.3-104.4%, 93.8-105.0% and 94.4-104.7% for MPA, MPAG and AcMPAG, respectively. Inter-day precisions were 0.7-7.8%, 0.9-6.9% and 1.6-8.6% for MPA, MPAG and AcMPAG. No matrix interferences, ion suppression/enhancement and carry-over were detected. The total assay run time was 2.3 min. The assay met all predefined acceptance criteria and the quantification of MPA was successfully cross-validated with an LC-MS/MS assay routinely used for clinical therapeutic drug monitoring. The assay has proven to be robust and reliable during the measurement of samples from several pharmacokinetics trials.
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Prashanth SN, Ramesh KC, Seetharamappa J. Electrochemical Oxidation of an Immunosuppressant, Mycophenolate Mofetil, and Its Assay in Pharmaceutical Formulations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/193041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been studied at a glassy carbon electrode in aqueous solution over a wide pH range. MMF was oxidized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by an irreversible process that was controlled mainly by diffusion. The irreversibility of the electrode process was verified by different criteria. A probable mechanism for electrochemical oxidation of MMF was proposed. Differential-pulse voltammogram of the drug showed two oxidation peaks at 0.631 V and at 0.921 V (verses SCE) in phosphate buffer of pH 6.0. This process could be used to determine MMF in the concentration range of5.0×10−7to7.5×10−4 M with a limit of detection of1.48×10−7 M. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of MMF in pure and dosage forms and in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. N. Prashanth
- Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - K. C. Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, SJM College, Chitradurga 577 501, India
| | - J. Seetharamappa
- Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
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Goebel ASB, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH. Quantification of Tacrolimus in Human Skin Samples and Ointment by LC-MS. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kuhn J, Prante C, Kleesiek K, Götting C. Measurement of mycophenolic acid and its glucuronide using a novel rapid liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry assay. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Saint-Marcoux F, Sauvage FL, Marquet P. Current role of LC-MS in therapeutic drug monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1327-49. [PMID: 17520242 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) techniques in routine therapeutic drug monitoring activity is becoming increasingly important. This paper reviews LC-MS methods published in the last few years for certain classes of drugs subject to therapeutic drug monitoring: immunosuppressants, antifungal drugs, antiretroviral drugs, antidepressants and antipsychotics. For each class of compounds, we focussed on the most interesting methods and evaluated the current role of LC-MS in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Saint-Marcoux
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Limoges University Hospital, Unité INSERM U850, 87042 Limoges cedex, France
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Zöllner P, Mayer-Helm B. Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biological and food matrices by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1136:123-69. [PMID: 17087969 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are growing on agricultural commodities. Their frequent presence in food and their severe toxic, carcinogenic and estrogenic properties have been recognised as potential threat to human health. A reliable risk assessment of mycotoxin contamination for humans and animals relies basically on their unambiguous identification and accurate quantification in food and feedstuff. While most screening methods for mycotoxins are based on immunoassays, unambiguous analyte confirmation can be easily achieved with mass spectrometric methods, like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Due to the introduction of atmospheric pressure ionisation (API) techniques in the late 80s, LC/MS has become a routine technique also in food analysis, overcoming the traditional drawbacks of GC/MS regarding volatility and thermal stability. During the last few years, this technical and instrumental progress had also an increasing impact on the expanding field of mycotoxin analysis. The aim of the present review is to give an overview on the application of LC-(API)MS in the analysis of frequently occurring and highly toxic mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes, ochratoxins, zearalenone, fumonisins, aflatoxins, enniatins, moniliformin and several other mycotoxins. This includes also the investigation of some of their metabolites and degradation products. Suitable sample pre-treatment procedures, their applicability for high sample through-put and their influence on matrix effects will be discussed. The review covers literature published until July 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zöllner
- Bayercropscience GmbH, Product Technology, Industriepark Höchst, G836, D-65926 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Immunosuppressants: Pharmacokinetics, methods of monitoring and role of high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cair.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Deters M, Kaever V, Kirchner GI. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Smyth W. Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric behaviour of selected drugs and their metabolites. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jahn K, Fischer A, Neubert RH, Wohlrab J. Investigation of the penetration behaviour of mycophenolate mofetil from a semisolid formulation into human skin ex-vivo. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:1581-7. [PMID: 11804388 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011778188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolate mofetil, the morpholinoethylester of mycophenolic acid, is an immunosuppressant used in combination with ciclosporin (cyclosporin) and corticosteroids to prevent organ rejection after heart and kidney transplantations. The drug seems also to be effective in dermal diseases after systemic administration. However, up to date mycophenolate mofetil can be only systemically administered and this is associated with several side effects such as nausea, leucopenia, sepsis, and diarrhoea. The aim of this study was to develop a topical formulation containing mycophenolate mofetil and to investigate in-vitro release and penetration into human skin ex-vivo. HPLC was applied to quantify mycophenolate mofetil after release studies from semisolid formulations using a dodecanol-collodion membrane as a lipophilic acceptor. Penetration studies with an amphiphilic cream using excised human breast skin were carried out in Franz-type diffusion cells. Mycophenolate mofetil and its active metabolite mycophenolic acid were detected by HPLC-MS after microsectioning in different skin layers. In this study the penetration of mycophenolate mofetil from an amphiphilic cream into excised human skin was shown. Additionally, the enzymatic hydrolysis of penetrated mycophenolate mofetil into mycophenolic acid was proven even under ex-vivo conditions. In-vivo a higher extent of metabolism of mycophenolate mofetil to mycophenolic acid would be expected because of the complete enzyme activity. This topical formulation might be a promising alternative to the usual systemic administration of mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of skin diseases such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jahn
- Martin-Luther-University, Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:1076-1082. [PMID: 11599087 DOI: 10.1002/jms.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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