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Milić N, Milanović M, Drljača J, Sudji J, Milošević N. Challenges in the Analytical Preparation of a Biological Matrix in Analyses of Endocrine-Disrupting Bisphenols. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are xenobiotics presented in a variety of everyday products that may disrupt the normal activity of hormones. Exposure to bisphenol A as EDC at trace and ultra-trace levels is associated with adverse health effects, and children are recognized as the most vulnerable group to EDCs exposure. In this review, a summary is presented of up-to-date sample preparation methods and instrumental techniques applied for the detection and quantification of bisphenol A and its structural analogues in various biological matrices. Biological matrices such as blood, cell-free blood products, urine, saliva, breast milk, cordial blood, amniotic and semen fluids, as well as sweat and hair, are very complex; therefore, the detection and later quantification of bisphenols at low levels present a real analytical challenge. The most popular analytical approaches include gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and their enhanced reliability and sensitivity finally allow the separation and detection of bisphenols in biological samples, even as ultra-traces. Liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are still the most common methods for their extraction from biological matrices. However, many modern and environmentally safe microextraction techniques are currently under development. The complexity of biological matrices and low concentrations of analytes are the main issues for the limited identification, as well as understanding the adverse health effects caused by chronical and ubiquitous exposure to bisphenols and its analogues.
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El-Maghrabey M, El-Shaheny R, Belal F, Kishikawa N, Kuroda N. Green Sensors for Environmental Contaminants. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45116-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gugoasa LA, Stefan-van Staden RI, van Staden JF, Coroș M, Pruneanu S. Electrochemical Determination of Bisphenol A in Saliva by a Novel Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Gold-Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Composite Paste Electrode. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1620262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Alexandra Gugoasa
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest-6, Romania
| | - Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest-6, Romania
| | - Jacobus Frederick van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest-6, Romania
| | - Maria Coroș
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stela Pruneanu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Liu Z, Li Y, Sun L, Yang H, Zheng X, Wang L. Investigation of diazo‐derivatization of bisphenol A and its applicability for quantitation in food safety inspections using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4419. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of PharmacyHarbin Medical University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of PharmacyHarbin Medical University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Liwen Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of PharmacyHarbin Medical University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of PharmacyHarbin Medical University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of PharmacyHarbin Medical University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of PharmacyHarbin Medical University Harbin P. R. China
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Varmira K, Saed-Mocheshi M, Jalalvand AR. Electrochemical sensing and bio-sensing of bisphenol A and detection of its damage to DNA: A comprehensive review. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Sohrabi R, Bahramifar N, Javadian H, Agarwal S, Gupta VK. Pre-concentration of trace amount of bisphenol A in water samples by palm leaf ash and determination with high-performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1256-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Sohrabi
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University; PO Box 19395-3697 Tehran Iran
| | - Nader Bahramifar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; PO Box 46414-356 Noor Mazandaran Iran
| | - Hamedreza Javadian
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Shilpi Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee 247667 India
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Vinod Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee 247667 India
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg South Africa
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7
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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8
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Nakazawa H. [Pharmaceutical analysis of chemicals related with daily life products for safe and secure]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:413-26. [PMID: 24584023 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An association between exposure to trace hazardous chemicals such as endocrine disrupting chemicals and an increased incidence of human endocrine disease might be continued to study. The accurate and sensitive analytical methods for determination of various chemicals in human biospecimen such as urine, blood and breast milk have been studied by techniques including chromatography. In order to obtain the safe and secure life, the pharmaceutical analytical approaches might be applicable with the hopes of realizing scientific risk assessment of the chemicals derived from daily life products as regulatory sciences.
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NAKAZAWA H, IWASAKI Y, ITO R. Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Bisphenol A, Alkylphenols, Phthalate Esters, and Perfluoronated Chemicals in Biological Samples. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:25-34. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki NAKAZAWA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University
| | - Yusuke IWASAKI
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University
| | - Rie ITO
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University
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Cao XL. A REVIEW RECENT DEVELOPMENT ON ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF BISPHENOL A IN FOOD AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.720325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Cao
- a Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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Nakashima K. Development and Application of High-sensitive Determination Methods for Bio-related Compounds. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2012; 132:1119-30. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.12-00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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INOUE K, MIURA Y, SUZUKI M, KISHIKAWA N, HINO T, KURODA N, OKA H. Simultaneous Determination of Five Polyether Ionophores Using Liquid Chromatography with One-step Fluorescent Derivatization. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:175-8. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi INOUE
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
| | - Yukiko MIURA
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
| | - Misato SUZUKI
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
| | - Naoya KISHIKAWA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Tomoaki HINO
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
| | - Naotaka KURODA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Hisao OKA
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
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De Coensel N, David F, Sandra P. Study on the migration of bisphenol-A from baby bottles by stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-capillary GC-MS. J Sep Sci 2010; 32:3829-36. [PMID: 19813229 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Migration of bisphenol-A (BPA), the principal monomer of polycarbonate (PC) baby bottles, was investigated using an aqueous migration simulant. BPA was determined in 200 mL water samples using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) after in situ derivatization with acetic acid anhydride followed by thermal desorption (TD)-capillary GC-MS. The concentration of BPA was calculated using the deuterated internal standard d6-BPA. Calibration for BPA was shown to be linear in a concentration range from 1 ng/L to 10 microg/L with a correlation coefficient >0.99. The LOD for BPA (as acetate) was 0.12 ng/L and LOQ 0.40 ng/L (ppt). PC bottles were heated in a water bath and in a microwave oven at four different temperatures (37, 53, 65, and 85 degrees C). The higher the temperature, the more the BPA was released, and after a few heating cycles, the released concentrations became constant. At normal use, i.e. at 37 degrees C, concentrations are ca. 10 ng/L. No significant difference was noted between water bath and microwave heating illustrating that migration of BPA is mainly temperature dependent.
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NAKASHIMA K, IKEDA R, WADA M. Analytical Studies on the Development of High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods with Fluorescence or Chemiluminescence Detections and Their Practical Applications. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:21-31. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro NAKASHIMA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Rie IKEDA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Mitsuhiro WADA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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Liu M, Hashi Y, Pan F, Yao J, Song G, Lin JM. Automated on-line liquid chromatography–photodiode array–mass spectrometry method with dilution line for the determination of bisphenol A and 4-octylphenol in serum. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:142-8. [PMID: 16934275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel on-line liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS) system was established with restricted-access media (RAM) pre-column and dilution line combined with a column-switching valve. The serum samples were injected directly onto pre-column under diluted condition by dilution line. After elution of proteins in the serum, the analytes were backflushed onto an ODS analytical column using a six-port column-switching device. The influence of the composition of the mobile phase, for instance, organic modifer, ionic strength, pH, dilution times and the rotation time of the switching valve have been investigated using bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-octyphenol (4-OP) as analytes. The evaluations for peak responses and sensitivity were conducted by MS, and proteins were removed by RAM-column with DAD monitoring at 280 nm. The peak shape was improved by adding a dilution line, especially in the case of large volume injection (LVI), which increased the sensitivity of the analysis. The selective and sensitive quantification of BPA and 4-OP in serum sample could be finished within 25 min. The method had linearity in the range 0.1-500 ng/mL with a limit of quantification for BPA and 4-OP of 0.1 and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 80-101% with less than 9.0% RSDs. This on-line LC-MS method demonstrates potential application to evaluating the exposure and risk of BPA and 4-OP in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Liu Z, Wolff MS, Moline J. Analysis of environmental biomarkers in urine using an electrochemical detector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 819:155-9. [PMID: 15797533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Phenols are present in the environment and are prevalent in human populations, as environmental contaminants, dietary components, or their metabolites. Many are potential endocrine-altering agents. Currently available methods analyze single components or single families of chemicals as biomarkers of exposure. In order to assess multiple biologically relevant exposures to such substances, we evaluated the feasibility of determining several phenols simultaneously in urine, using an electrochemical detector (ECD) in combination with high performance liquid chromatography (LC). Based on reported analyses in the literature and the ECD response, we selected four xenobiotic residues, including three phytoestrogens (enterolactone, daidzein, and genistein) and bisphenolA [BPA]. These compounds had detection limits below 1 microg/L in urine using the cleanup procedure (glucuronidase hydrolysis and C18 column) and the urine volume (2 mL) we employed. As a pilot study to demonstrate the method's utility, we determined urinary enterolactone, daidzein, genistein and BPA in samples from nine children and 24 adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisong Liu
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Determination of environmental estrogens in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography after fluorescent derivatization with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Navarro-Villoslada F, Vicente BS, Moreno-Bondi MC. Application of multivariate analysis to the screening of molecularly imprinted polymers for bisphenol A. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Inoue K, Kawaguchi M, Funakoshi Y, Nakazawa H. Size-exclusion flow extraction of bisphenol A in human urine for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 798:17-23. [PMID: 14630354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report an approach for assessing human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), which involves measuring the glucuronide in urine sample that were subjected to a novel size-exclusion flow extraction method. The present approach includes the addition of 13C(12)-BPA, enzymatic deconjugation, and the proposed sample preparation method. The sample solution is separated and detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The following are used for the LC-MS: a reversed-phase separation column, electrospray ionization (ESI), negative mode, and single ion monitoring (SIM) with m/z 227 for BPA and m/z 239 for 13C(12)-BPA. The detection limit was 0.1 ng ml(-1) and the calibration curves (0.45-90 ng ml(-1)) had correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999. To urine samples requiring deglucuronidation, beta-glucuronidase was added followed by incubation at 37 degrees C for 3 h. After the enzymatic treatment, the samples were subjected to the extraction in the reversed-phase (ODS) and size-exclusion (GPC) modes. It was possible to extract, clean up and concentrate BPA in a single run of 20 min by means of the novel extraction method. The method enables the determination of standards and may be applied to the detection of trace amounts of BPA in human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Inoue
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Sanbe H, Hosoya K, Haginaka J. Preparation of uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers for phenolic compounds and their application to the assay of bisphenol A in river water. ANAL SCI 2003; 19:715-9. [PMID: 12769371 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers, which can recognize bisphenol A (BPA), have been prepared by a multi-step swelling and polymerization method using BPA or a structurally related analogue of BPA [p-t-octylphenol (OP) or p-t-butylphenol (BP)] as the template molecule, 4-vinylpyridine as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker. The BP-imprinted polymer showed higher molecular recognition ability for BPA than the OP-imprinted polymer. The BPA- and BP-imprinted polymers were applied for the assay of a trace amount of BPA in river water using column-switching HPLC with fluorescence detection: A BPA-imprinted polymer was used for removal of BPA from the pretreatment eluent as the trap column, and a BP-imprinted polymer was used for selective pretreatment and enrichment of BPA in river water as the pretreatment column. The calibration graph, constructed from peak area data plotted versus BPA concentration, was linear with a correlation coefficient of >0.999 in the concentration ranges of 25-1000 ppt. The limit of quantitation was 25 ppt with a 5-ml injection. The column-switching HPLC system was successfully applied for the assay of BPA in river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruyo Sanbe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
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Abstract
Lophine (2,4,5-triphenylimidazole) derivatives as versatile analytical tools in biomedical sciences are described. Chemiluminescence (CL) and fluorescence (FL) properties of the lophine derivatives are first demonstrated including the CL reaction mechanism, effects of substituents on CL yields, FL spectral behaviors, etc. Next, analytical applications to the determination of metal ions such as cobalt (II) and chromium (VI) are discussed. Finally, the application studies of lophine derivatives as CL and FL reagents for the determination of organic substances in biological materials are presented. Among the derivatives, 2-(4-hydrazinocarbonylphenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole (HCPI) and 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride (DIB-Cl) are studied, with their excellent properties as labeling reagents for fatty acids and amines and/or phenols, respectively, in high-performance liquid chromatography. The utility of boronic acid derivatives as CL enhancers is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nakashima
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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Ouchi K, Watanabe S. Measurement of bisphenol A in human urine using liquid chromatography with multi-channel coulometric electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 780:365-70. [PMID: 12401363 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposure levels of bisphenol A (BPA) in human were investigated by measuring BPA glucuronide (BPA-G) in urine. After enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronide substances in urine, BPA was extracted with diethyl ether. The extract was analyzed using a column-switching HPLC system employing a C(8) and a C(18) column with multi-channel coulometric electrochemical detection (ECD). The sensitivity and selectivity provided with redox mode of ECD allowed measurement of low level BPA in hydrolyzed urine. The quantification limit of BPA-G in urine was 0.2 ng/ml. RSDs of the intraassay precision were less than 3% and recoveries of the method were over 96% when analyzing BPA spiked urine samples (1.0 and 10 ng/ml). In a group of 48 women students, the level of BPA-G in urine ranged from 0.2 to 19.1 ng/ml with a median concentration of 1.2 ng/ml. Normalized against urinary creatinine, BPA-G ranged from 0.1 to 11.9 ng/mg creatinine with a median of 0.77 ng/mg creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ouchi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0054, Japan.
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Völkel W, Colnot T, Csanády GA, Filser JG, Dekant W. Metabolism and kinetics of bisphenol a in humans at low doses following oral administration. Chem Res Toxicol 2002; 15:1281-7. [PMID: 12387626 DOI: 10.1021/tx025548t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A is a widely used industrial chemical with many potential sources of human exposure. Bisphenol A is a weak estrogen and has been implicated as an "endocrine disruptor". This term is used for a variety of chemicals encountered in the environment which have estrogenic activity. It has been postulated that human exposure to these chemicals may elicit unwanted estrogenic effects in humans such as reduced fertility, altered development and cancer. Up to now the body burden of bisphenol A in humans is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the metabolism and toxicokinetics of bisphenol A in humans exposed to low doses since systemic bioavailability has a major influence on possible estrogenic effects in vivo. Human subjects (three males and three females, and four males for detailed description of blood kinetics) were administered d(16)-bisphenol A (5 mg). Blood and urine samples were taken in intervals (up to 96 h), metabolites formed were identified by GC/MS and LC-MS/MS and quantified by GC/MS-NCI and LC-MS/MS. d(16)-Bisphenol A glucuronide was the only metabolite of d(16)-bisphenol A detected in urine and blood samples, and concentrations of free d(16)-bisphenol A were below the limit of detection both in urine (6 nM) and blood samples (10 nM). d(16)-Bisphenol A glucuronide was cleared from human blood and excreted with urine with terminal half-lives of less than 6 h; the applied doses were completely recovered in urine as d(16)-bisphenol A glucuronide. Maximum blood levels of d(16)-bisphenol A glucuronide (approximately 800 nM) were measured 80 min after oral administration of d(16)-bisphenol A (5 mg). The obtained data indicate major species differences in the disposition of bisphenol A. Enterohepatic circulation of bisphenol A glucuronide in rats results in a slow rate of excretion, whereas bisphenol A is rapidly conjugated and excreted by humans due to the absence of enterohepatic circulation. The efficient glucuronidation of bisphenol A and the rapid excretion of the formed glucuronide result in a low body burden of the estrogenic bisphenol A in humans following oral absorption of low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Völkel
- Institut für Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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