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Chinthakindi S, Kannan K. Primary aromatic amines in indoor dust from 10 countries and associated human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106840. [PMID: 34450547 PMCID: PMC8490295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although primary aromatic amines (AAs) are widely used in consumer products, little is known about their occurrence in indoor dust. A liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was applied for the determination of 29 AAs and two tobacco smoke markers (nicotine and cotinine) in 256 house dust samples collected from 10 countries. Of the 29 AAs analyzed, p-anisidine, o-anisidine, 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA), p-cresidine (p-CD), p-toluidine (p-TD), 4,4'-methylenedianiline (4,4'-MDA), ortho/meta-toluidine (o/m-TD), 4-chloroaniline (4-CA), 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT), aniline, and 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) as well as nicotine and cotinine, were found prevalent in house dust samples. Sum median concentrations of AAs and tobacco smoke markers varied from 29.6 to 576 ng/g (overall median: 200 ng/g) and 10.8 to 2920 ng/g (415 ng/g), respectively. Among AAs, aniline was the abundant contaminant, found at median concentrations ranging from 19.6 ng/g (Colombia) to 334 ng/g (South Korea). Nicotine was detected in all indoor samples at median concentrations ranging from 9.92 ng/g (Colombia) to 2790 ng/g (India) ng/g. Concentrations of AAs in indoor dust were significantly correlated with those of nicotine. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of select AAs through the ingestion of house dust was in the range of 0.019-3.03 ng/kg-bw/day, which was five orders of magnitude below the tolerance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Chinthakindi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Abstract
Arylamines and nitroarenes are intermediates in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, and plastics and are important environmental and occupational pollutants. N-Hydroxyarylamines are the toxic common intermediates of arylamines and nitroarenes. N-Hydroxyarylamines and their derivatives can form adducts with hemoglobin (Hb-adducts), albumin, DNA, and tissue proteins in a dose-dependent manner. Most of the arylamine Hb-adducts are labile and undergo hydrolysis in vitro, by mild acid or base, to form the arylamines. According to current knowledge of arylamine adduct-formation, the hydrolyzable fraction is derived from the reaction products of the arylnitroso derivatives that yield arylsulfinamide adducts with cysteine. Hb-adducts are markers for the bioavailability of N-hydroxyarylamines. Hb-adducts of arylamines and nitroarenes have been used for many biomonitoring studies for over 30 years. Hb-adducts reflect the exposure history of the last four months. Biomonitoring of urinary metabolites is a less invasive process than biomonitoring blood protein adducts, and urinary metabolites have served as short-lived biomarkers of exposure to these hazardous chemicals. However, in case of intermittent exposure, urinary metabolites may not be detected, and subjects may be misclassified as nonexposed. Arylamines and nitroarenes and/or their metabolites have been measured in urine, especially to monitor the exposure of workers. This review summarizes the results of human biomonitoring studies involving urinary metabolites and Hb-adducts of arylamines and nitroarenes. In addition, studies about the relationship between Hb-adducts and diseases are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology , Casella Postale 108, CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland.,Alpine Institute of Chemistry and Toxicology , CH-6718 Olivone, Switzerland.,Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , D-80336 München, Germany
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Carlsson H, von Stedingk H, Nilsson U, Törnqvist M. LC-MS/MS screening strategy for unknown adducts to N-terminal valine in hemoglobin applied to smokers and nonsmokers. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:2062-70. [PMID: 25350717 DOI: 10.1021/tx5002749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilically reactive compounds have the ability to form adducts with nucleophilic sites in DNA and proteins, constituting a risk for toxic effects. Mass spectrometric detection of adducts to N-terminal valine in hemoglobin (Hb) after detachment by modified Edman degradation procedures is one approach for in vivo monitoring of exposure to electrophilic compounds/metabolites. So far, applications have been limited to one or a few selected reactive species, such as acrylamide and its metabolite glycidamide. This article presents a novel screening strategy for unknown Hb adducts to be used as a basis for an adductomic approach. The method is based on a modified Edman procedure, FIRE, specifically developed for LC-MS/MS analysis of N-terminal valine adducts in Hb detached as fluorescein thiohydantoin (FTH) derivatives. The aim is to detect and identify a priori unknown Hb adducts in human blood samples. Screening of valine adducts was performed by stepwise scanning of precursor ions in small mass increments, monitoring four fragments common for the FTH derivative of valine with different N-substitutions in the multiple-reaction mode, covering a mass range of 135 Da (m/z 503-638). Samples from six smokers and six nonsmokers were analyzed. Control experiments were performed to compare these results with known adducts and to check for artifactual formation of adducts. In all samples of smokers and nonsmokers, seven adducts were identified, of which six have previously been studied. Nineteen unknown adducts were observed, and 14 of those exhibited fragmentation patterns similar to earlier studied FTH derivatives of adducts to valine. Identification of the unknown adducts will be the focus of future work. The presented methodology is a promising screening tool using Hb adducts to indicate exposure to potentially toxic electrophilic compounds and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Carlsson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Phillips DH, Venitt S. DNA and protein adducts in human tissues resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2733-53. [PMID: 22961407 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke contains a variety of genotoxic carcinogens that form adducts with DNA and protein in the tissues of smokers. Not only are these biochemical events relevant to the carcinogenic process, but the detection of adducts provides a means of monitoring exposure to tobacco smoke. Characterization of smoking-related adducts has shed light on the mechanisms of smoking-related diseases and many different types of smoking-derived DNA and protein adducts have been identified. Such approaches also reveal the potential harm of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to nonsmokers, infants and children. Because the majority of tobacco-smoke carcinogens are not exclusive to this source of exposure, studies comparing smokers and nonsmokers may be confounded by other environmental sources. Nevertheless, certain DNA and protein adducts have been validated as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke, with continuing applications in the study of ETS exposures, cancer prevention and tobacco product legislation. Our article is a review of the literature on smoking-related adducts in human tissues published since 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Carrillo I, Quintana C, Esteva AM, Hernández L, Hernández P. Self-Assembled Submonolayer of β-Cyclodextrins on Gold Electrode for the Selective Determination of 4-Aminobiphenyl. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Turesky RJ, Le Marchand L. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1169-214. [PMID: 21688801 PMCID: PMC3156293 DOI: 10.1021/tx200135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites reported a positive association between cancer risk and well-done meat consumption, although some studies have shown no associations between well-done meat and cancer risk. A major limiting factor in most epidemiological studies is the uncertainty in quantitative estimates of chronic exposure to HAAs, and thus, the association of HAAs formed in cooked meat and cancer risk has been difficult to establish. There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemioIogy studies. In this review, we highlight and contrast the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed. The biochemical properties and the impact of polymorphisms of the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on the biological effects of these chemicals are examined. Lastly, the analytical approaches that have been successfully employed to biomonitor aromatic amines and HAAs, and emerging biomarkers of HAAs that may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
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Shen Y, Qi L, Qin J, Zhang H, Qiao J, Chen Y, Mao L. Development of a new open-tubular capillary electrochromatography method for in vitro
monitoring of toxic aromatic amines distribution in rat blood. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3538-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Seyler TH, Bernert JT. Analysis of 4-aminobiphenyl in smoker’s and nonsmoker’s urine by tandem mass spectrometry. Biomarkers 2011; 16:212-21. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.544755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany H. Seyler
- Emergency Response and Air Toxicants Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John T. Bernert
- Emergency Response and Air Toxicants Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Böhm F, Schmid D, Denzinger S, Wieland WF, Richter E. DNA adducts of ortho-toluidine in human bladder. Biomarkers 2010; 16:120-8. [PMID: 21117897 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.534556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and o-toluidine are known human bladder carcinogens, but only 4-ABP-releasing DNA adducts are known. METHODS Determination of 4-ABP and o-toluidine-releasing DNA adducts in epithelial and submucosal bladder tissues of sudden death victims (SDV: n=46), and bladder tumours (n=12) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Above background, 4 and 11 of 12 tumour samples contained adducts of 4-ABP (0.057 ± 0.125 fmol/µg DNA) and o-toluidine (8.72 ± 4.49 fmol/µg DNA), respectively. Lower adduct levels were present in both epithelial and submucosal bladder tissues of SDV (4-ABP: 0.011 ± 0.022 and 0.019 ± 0.047 fmol/µg DNA; o-toluidine: 0.24 ± 0.63 and 0.27 ± 0.70 fmol/µg DNA). CONCLUSION Detection of o-toluidine-releasing DNA adducts support the carcinogenicity of o-toluidine in the human bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Böhm
- Walther Straub Institute, Department of Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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Schorp MK, Leyden DE. Biomonitoring of smoke constituents: exposure to 4-aminobiphenyl and 4-aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adduct levels in nonsmokers and smokers. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:725-37. [DOI: 10.3109/08958371003717043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Käfferlein HU, Marczynski B, Mensing T, Brüning T. Albumin and hemoglobin adducts of benzo[a]pyrene in humans—Analytical methods, exposure assessment, and recommendations for future directions. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:126-50. [DOI: 10.3109/10408440903283633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Skipper PL, Kim MY, Sun HLP, Wogan GN, Tannenbaum SR. Monocyclic aromatic amines as potential human carcinogens: old is new again. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:50-8. [PMID: 19887514 PMCID: PMC2802674 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkylanilines are a group of chemicals whose ubiquitous presence in the environment is a result of the multitude of sources from which they originate. Exposure assessments indicate that most individuals experience lifelong exposure to these compounds. Many alkylanilines have biological activity similar to that of the carcinogenic multi-ring aromatic amines. This review provides an overview of human exposure and biological effects. It also describes recent investigations into the biochemical mechanisms of action that lead to the assessment that they are most probably more complex than those of the more extensively investigated multi-ring aromatic amines. Not only is nitrenium ion chemistry implicated in DNA damage by alkylanilines but also reactions involving quinone imines and perhaps reactive oxygen species. Recent results described here indicate that alkylanilines can be potent genotoxins for cultured mammalian cells when activated by exogenous or endogenous phase I and phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. The nature of specific DNA damage products responsible for mutagenicity remains to be identified but evidence to date supports mechanisms of activation through obligatory N-hydroxylation as well as subsequent conjugation by sulfation and/or acetylation. A fuller understanding of the mechanisms of alkylaniline genotoxicity is expected to provide important insights into the environmental and genetic origins of one or more human cancers and may reveal a substantial role for this group of compounds as potential human chemical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Steven R. Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Rubino FM, Pitton M, Di Fabio D, Colombi A. Toward an "omic" physiopathology of reactive chemicals: thirty years of mass spectrometric study of the protein adducts with endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:725-84. [PMID: 19127566 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and degenerative diseases are major causes of morbidity and death, derived from the permanent modification of key biopolymers such as DNA and regulatory proteins by usually smaller, reactive molecules, present in the environment or generated from endogenous and xenobiotic components by the body's own biochemical mechanisms (molecular adducts). In particular, protein adducts with organic electrophiles have been studied for more than 30 [see, e.g., Calleman et al., 1978] years essentially for three purposes: (a) as passive monitors of the mean level of individual exposure to specific chemicals, either endogenously present in the human body or to which the subject is exposed through food or environmental contamination; (b) as quantitative indicators of the mean extent of the individual metabolic processing which converts a non-reactive chemical substance into its toxic products able to damage DNA (en route to cancer induction through genotoxic mechanisms) or key proteins (as in the case of several drugs, pesticides or otherwise biologically active substances); (c) to relate the extent of protein modification to that of biological function impairment (such as enzyme inhibition) finally causing the specific health damage. This review describes the role that contemporary mass spectrometry-based approaches employed in the qualitative and quantitative study of protein-electrophile adducts play in the discovery of the (bio)chemical mechanisms of toxic substances and highlights the future directions of research in this field. A particular emphasis is given to the measurement of often high levels of the protein adducts of several industrial and environmental pollutants in unexposed human populations, a phenomenon which highlights the possibility that a number of small organic molecules are generated in the human organism through minor metabolic processes, the imbalance of which may be the cause of "spontaneous" cases of cancer and of other degenerative diseases of still uncharacterized etiology. With all this in mind, it is foreseen that a holistic description of cellular functions will take advantage of new analytical methods based on time-integrated metabolomic measurements of a new biological compartment, the "adductome," aimed at better understanding integrated organism response to environmental and endogenous stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maria Rubino
- Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabonomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, Università degli Studi di Milano at Ospedale San Paolo, v. Antonio di Rudinì 8, Milano I-20142, Italy.
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Kütting B, Göen T, Schwegler U, Fromme H, Uter W, Angerer J, Drexler H. Monoarylamines in the general population – A cross-sectional population-based study including 1004 Bavarian subjects. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:298-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Myers SR, Yeakub Ali M. Haemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco-related nitrosamines. Biomarkers 2008; 13:145-59. [DOI: 10.1080/13547500701470561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gaber K, Harréus UA, Matthias C, Kleinsasser NH, Richter E. Hemoglobin adducts of the human bladder carcinogen o-toluidine after treatment with the local anesthetic prilocaine. Toxicology 2007; 229:157-64. [PMID: 17129655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prilocaine, a widely used local anesthetic, is metabolized to o-toluidine which is classified as human carcinogen. We aimed to assess the impact of prilocaine-treatment on hemoglobin adducts from o-toluidine. Blood samples were obtained before and 24h after receiving prilocaine local anesthesia (Xylonest, 100mg) from 20 head and neck surgery patients and 6 healthy volunteers. Hemoglobin adducts of o-toluidine and 4-aminobiphenyl were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Hemoglobin adducts of o-toluidine were significantly increased 24h after 100mg prilocaine-treatment by 21.6+/-12.8ng/g hemoglobin (mean+/-S.D., N=26; P<0.0001). This corresponds to a 6-360-fold increase of o-toluidine adduct levels in 25 patients from 0.54+/-0.95ng/g before treatment to 22.0+/-13.2ng/g 24h after surgery (mean+/-S.D.). Because of an extremely high background level the increase was only 1.6-fold in one patient (40.9ng/g before and 64.4ng/g 24h after prilocaine injection). Current smoking had no influence on background values and on the increase of o-toluidine adducts. No treatment-related differences were seen in mean hemoglobin adduct levels of 4-aminobiphenyl which were significantly higher in smokers, 0.149+/-0.096ng/g (mean+/-S.D., N=8) as compared to nonsmokers 0.036+/-0.035ng/g (mean+/-S.D., N=16; P<0.01). In conclusion, prilocaine anesthesia leads to a massive increase of hemoglobin adducts of the carcinogenic arylamine o-toluidine. This implies a carcinogenic risk which should be taken into account in preventive hazard minimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Gaber
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Goethestr 33, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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Straube E, Dekant W, Völkel W. Enhanced sensitivity for the determination of ambiphilic polyaromatic amines by LC–MS/MS after acetylation. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1067:181-90. [PMID: 15844523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the analysis of aminonitropyrenes and diaminopyrenes was developed for urine and hemoglobin samples using LC-MS/MS. A good separation by LC was only achieved after derivatization of the amino group, which also increased sensitivity to a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 pg (on column) for diaminopyrene and 5 pg for aminonitropyrene using electrospray ionization (ESI). Compared to a derivatization with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride yielding only one sensitive MS/MS transition, acetylation offers the advantages of a higher selectivity with two sensitive MS/MS transitions and the possibility of a direct detection of acetylated aminonitropyrenes and diaminopyrenes formed metabolically in vivo. Acetylated diaminopyrene was detected in urine and after hydrolysis of the corresponding hemoglobin adducts followed by acetylation in blood samples of rats after administration of dinitropyrene but not in controls. A method based on GC-MS with negative chemical ionization of the electrophore labelled metabolites was non-selective since only one major ion [M - HF]- was formed and some isobaric peaks were observed preventing unequivocal analyte identification at concentrations close to the LOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Straube
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Singh V, Gupta M, Jain A, Verma KK. Determination of aromatic primary amines at microg l(-1) level in environmental waters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry involving N-allyl-n'-arylthiourea formation and their on-line pyrolysis to aryl isothiocyanates. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1010:243-53. [PMID: 12974294 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Derivatization of aromatic primary amines to N-allyl-N'-arylthioureas by reaction with allyl isothiocyanate and GC-MS of the derivatives, when pyrolysis to aryl isothiocyanates occurs in the heated injector, has been used to determine aromatic amines in the range 0.5-50 microg l(-1) with a correlation coefficient, r, in the range 0.9902-0.9992. The limit of detection ranged 8 to 30 ng l(-1) when 60 ml of sample were preconcentrated, after derivatization, on a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer sorbent. The pyrolytic cleavage of sym- and unsym-diaryl or alkyl-/arylthioureas has been rationalized. The chromatography of isothiocyanates is much superior to that of aryl amines and the specific mass fragmentation permits positive identification of amines. The method has been applied to spiked drinking water, groundwater and river water samples, when the recovery ranged from 84 to 109% with RSD of 5-9%, and to detect aromatic amines formed by reductive cleavage of azo dyes in effluents when the recovery of amine was in the range 81-95% with RSD 8-15%. The method is not applicable to nitroanilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482001, India
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