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Sanghvi M, Ramamoorthy A, Strait J, Wainer IW, Moaddel R. Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of fenoterol in human plasma and urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 933:37-43. [PMID: 23872161 PMCID: PMC3767123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of sensitivity in current methods for the determination of fenoterol (Fen), a rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of (R,R')-Fen and (R,R';S,S')-Fen in plasma and urine. The method was fully validated and was linear from 50pg/ml to 2000pg/ml for plasma and from 2.500ng/ml to 160ng/ml for urine with a lower limit of quantitation of 52.8pg/ml in plasma. The coefficient of variation was <15% for the high QC standards and <10% for the low QC standards in plasma and was <15% for the high and low QC standards in urine. The relative concentrations of (R,R')-Fen and (S,S')-Fen were determined using a chirobiotic T chiral stationary phase. The method was used to determine the concentration of (R,R')-Fen in plasma and urine samples obtained in an oral cross-over study of (R,R')-Fen and (R,R';S,S')-Fen formulations. The results demonstrated a potential pre-systemic enantioselective interaction in which the (S,S')-Fen reduces the sulfation of the active (R,R')-Fen. The data suggest that a non-racemic mixture of the Fen enantiomers may provide better bioavailability of the active (R,R')-Fen for use in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sanghvi
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - A. Ramamoorthy
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - J. Strait
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD. 21224, USA
| | - I. W. Wainer
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - R. Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Electrochemical sensor based on a carbon nanotube-modified imprinted sol–gel for selective and sensitive determination of ß2-agonists. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Faiyazuddin M, Rauf A, Ahmad N, Ahmad S, Iqbal Z, Talegaonkar S, Bhatnagar A, Khar RK, Ahmad FJ. A validated HPTLC method for determination of terbutaline sulfate in biological samples: Application to pharmacokinetic study. Saudi Pharm J 2011; 19:185-91. [PMID: 23960758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terbutaline sulfate (TBS) was assayed in biological samples by validated HPTLC method. Densitometric analysis of TBS was carried out at 366 nm on precoated TLC aluminum plates with silica gel 60F254 as a stationary phase and chloroform-methanol (9.0:1.0, v/v) as a mobile phase. TBS was well resolved at RF 0.34 ± 0.02. In all matrices, the calibration curve appeared linear (r (2) ⩾ 0.9943) in the tested range of 100-1000 ng spot(-1) with a limit of quantification of 18.35 ng spot(-1). Drug recovery from biological fluids averaged ⩾95.92%. In both matrices, rapid degradation of drug favored and the T 0.5 of drug ranged from 9.92 to 12.41 h at 4 °C and from 6.31 to 9.13 h at 20 °C. Frozen at -20 °C, this drug was stable for at least 2 months (without losses >10%). The maximum plasma concentration (Cpmax) was found to be 5875.03 ± 114 ng mL(-1), which is significantly higher than the maximum saliva concentration (Csmax, 1501.69 ± 96 ng mL(-1)). Therefore, the validated method could be used to carry out pharmacokinetic studies of the TBS from novel drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Faiyazuddin
- Formulation Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110 062, India ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow 222 026, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Boucher A, Payen C, Garayt C, Ibanez H, Dieny A, Doche C, Chuniaud C, Descotes J. Salbutamol misuse or abuse with fatal outcome: a case-report. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:1869-71. [PMID: 21138987 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110388957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salbutamol is a short-acting agonist of the β(2) adrenergic receptors sometimes misused or abused, which can result in various cardiovascular adverse effects. We report one case of fatal salbutamol misuse or abuse in a 36-year-old poorly controlled female asthmatic patient with a past medical history of alcoholism and a recent smoking cessation. She died shortly after hospital admission following acute dyspnea and sudden collapse at home. Toxicological analyses evidenced salbutamol overdose, and necropsy showed acute lung edema and marked dysplasia of the right ventricle and revealed the patient was pregnant. The involvement of an initial disorder of the ventricular rhythm leading to cardiac failure is suggested by the presence of several combined pro-arrhythmogenic factors, such as arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia, hypoxemia related to bronchospasm and salbutamol overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Boucher
- Poison Center and Pharmacovigilance Department, Lyon University Hospitals, Lyon, France.
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Towards the development of a portable sensor based on a molecularly imprinted membrane for the rapid determination of salbutamol in pig urine. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 675:185-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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FAIYAZUDDIN M, AHMAD S, IQBAL Z, TALEGAONKAR S, AHMAD FJ, BHATNAGAR A, KHAR RK. Stability Indicating HPTLC Method for Determination of Terbutaline Sulfate in Bulk and from Submicronized Dry Powder Inhalers. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:467-72. [PMID: 20410570 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. FAIYAZUDDIN
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
| | - Sayeed AHMAD
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
| | - Zeenat IQBAL
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
| | - Sushma TALEGAONKAR
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
| | - Farhan Jalees AHMAD
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
| | - Aseem BHATNAGAR
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS)
| | - Roop Krishen KHAR
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
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Elliot JG, Abramson MJ, Drummer OH, Walters EH, James AL. Time to death and mast cell degranulation in fatal asthma. Respirology 2009; 14:808-13. [PMID: 19659839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Attacks of fatal asthma have been shown to be either of short duration or long duration and associated with differing degrees of smooth muscle contraction, luminal mucus deposition and ratios of eosinophils to neutrophils in the airway wall. We hypothesized that this bimodal distribution might be related to airway mast cell degranulation. METHODS Airway sections from cases of fatal asthma in the second Victorian asthma mortality study and from cases coming to coronial autopsy in Perth were examined. Tryptase-positive mast cells, numbers of intact and degranulated mast cells, post-mortem blood salbutamol levels and airway dimensions were measured. RESULTS Although the total number of mast cells were similar, the ratio of degranulated to intact mast cells (D/I) was significantly increased in the smooth muscle (P < 0.05) and outer airway wall (P < 0.001), in short-duration cases compared with long-duration cases. Proportional muscle shortening was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in short-duration cases (17 +/- 7%) compared with long-duration cases (11 +/- 7%). Blood salbutamol levels were related to the total airway wall mast cell D/I ratio for all cases combined (r = 0.57, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The duration of a fatal attack of asthma may be partly determined by the degranulation of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Elliot
- West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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Kim HS, Siluk D, Wainer IW. Quantitative determination of fenoterol and fenoterol derivatives in rat plasma using on-line immunoextraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3526-32. [PMID: 18778830 PMCID: PMC2663019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An on-line immunoextraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of R,R'-fenoterol, R,R'-methoxyfenoterol and R,S'-naphthylfenoterol in rat plasma. Sample preparation involved immunoextraction of analytes using an antibody raised against R,R'- and R,S'-aminofenoterol that was immobilized onto chromatographic support. LC was performed on a Waters hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) column (150 mm x 2.1mm), using an isocratic mobile phase of methanol:ammonium acetate (10mM, pH 6.8) (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The MS was operated in the single ion monitoring mode (m/z 304.2 for R,R'-fenoterol, m/z 318.1 for R,R'-methoxyfenoterol, and m/z 339.2 for R,S'-naphthylfenoterol). Optimization of analytes desorption process from the immunoextraction column was performed by factorial analysis and the sample calibration curves were made with spiked rat plasma samples containing 0.5-100 ng/ml of drugs. The cross-selectivity studies of the antibody were determined and the results suggested high selectivities toward R,R'-fenoterol, R,R'-methoxyfenoterol and R,S'-naphthylfenoterol. The accuracy of assay was more than 96% while intra- and inter-day precision of assay were less than 12.4%. Stability studies (2h benchtop, freeze/thaw, and autosampler stability) were conducted and the analytes were stable through out studies. The validated method was used to determine the plasma concentration-time profiles of drugs after oral administration to rats of R,R'-fenoterol, R,R'-methoxyfenoterol and R,S'-naphthylfenoterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seung Kim
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA.
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Siluk D, Kim HS, Cole T, Wainer IW. HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometric assay for the determination of (R,R)-fenoterol in rat plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:960-4. [PMID: 18617349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A fast and specific liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of (R,R)-fenoterol ((R,R)-Fen) in rat plasma has been developed and validated. (R,R)-Fen was extracted from 125 microl of plasma using solid phase extraction and analyzed on Atlantis HILIC Silica 3 microm column. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile:ammonium acetate (pH 4.1; 20mM) (85:15, v/v), at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) was 2 ng/ml . The procedure was validated and applied to the analysis of plasma samples from rats previously administered (R,R)-Fen in an intravenous bolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Siluk
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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El Nashar RM. Determination of Orciprenaline Using a Flow Injection Analysis System with Sequential Potentiometric and Spectrophotometric Detection. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710801974623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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AL-Malaq H, AL-Majed A, Belal F. A Stability-Indicating Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Fenoterol in Pharmaceutical Preparations. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710008543168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Josefsson M, Sabanovic A. Sample preparation on polymeric solid phase extraction sorbents for liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of human whole blood—A study on a number of beta-agonists and beta-antagonists. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1120:1-12. [PMID: 16600255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternative strategies for sample preparation of human blood samples were evaluated including protein precipitation (PP) and solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis polymeric columns. Gradient chromatography within 15 min was performed on a Hypersil Polar-RP column combined with a Sciex API 2000 triple quadrupol instrument equipped with an electro-spray interface. Beta-agonists and beta-antagonists available on the Swedish market were included in the study. A combination of zinc sulphate and ethanol was found effective for PP. A clear supernatant was achieved that either could be injected directly on the LC-MS-MS system for analysis or transferred to a SPE column for further extraction and analyte concentration. Retention on the hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced sorbent HLB as well as the mixed mode cationic MCX and anionic MAX sorbents were investigated. On HBL the relative lipophilicity of the target analytes was investigated. At a high pH when the amino alcohols are deprotonised the more non-polar analytes (e.g., carvediol, betaxolol, bisoprolol and propranolol) were well retained on the sorbent and for the majority methanol content higher than 50% in water (v/v) was needed for elution. Some analytes though, with additional weak acidic functionalities (fenoterol, salbutamol, sotalol, and terbutaline) were poorly retained. On MAX the retention of these weak acids was improved when loaded under basic conditions but under neutral conditions analyte recoveries was comparable with HLB. On MCX all the analytes were well retained allowing a wash step of 100% methanol at neutral and low pH. By applying the supernatant from PP in combination with an additional portion of aqueous formic acid (2%) the analytes could be loaded and retained. High extraction recoveries were found for most analytes but for a few, significant losses were seen during PP (e.g., formoterol) and/or evaporation (e.g., fenoterol, formoterol, labetalol and terbutaline). The effectiveness of the sample preparation was evaluated by ESI ion-suppression studies by post column infusion of the target analyte. An ethanol zinc sulphate aq mixture was found to be more effective than acetonitrile, methanol or ethanol for PP of human whole blood samples. Beside suppression by salts in the front peak, only limited suppression from other artefacts such as more lipophilic compounds was found late in the chromatograms. Some tendency though to concentrate more lipophilic artefacts on the Oasis sorbents was seen. These findings show that the Oasis MCX sorbent is well suited for sample preparation of beta-agonists and beta-antagonists from human whole blood if the objective is to cover a great number of the analytes in the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Josefsson
- Department of Forensic Chemistry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Artillerigatan 12, S-581 33 Linköping, Sweden.
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Oliva MDLA, Olsina RA, Masi AN. Sensitive detection of salbutamol using europium-enhanced fluorescence with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as coligand. Analyst 2005; 130:1312-7. [PMID: 16096679 DOI: 10.1039/b508790b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work a simple and sensitive fluorimetric method for determination of salbutamol (4-[2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl) phenol) using an Eu enhanced signal was developed. The employed methodology is based on the formation of a ternary complex formed with Eu, salbutamol and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). Intermolecular transfer of energy from the excited organic molecule to the lanthanide followed by lanthanide emission is responsible for excitation of the lanthanide ion in complex solutions and fluorescent enhancement. The luminescence properties of the ternary complex formed with TOPO and optimum formation conditions were investigated. The calibration curve is linear in the range between 6.92-180 microg l(-1) of salbutamol. The detection limit was 2.31 microg l(-1). Common excipients for these formulations were not found to interfere. A proposed method for the assay in commercial aerosols and nebulizer solutions containing salbutamol was applied with very good precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Los A Oliva
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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El-Shabrawy Y, Belal F, Sharaf El-Din M, Shalan S. Spectrophotometric determination of fenoterol hydrobromide in pure form and dosage forms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 58:1033-8. [PMID: 14505735 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(03)00186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric procedure has been investigated for the determination of fenoterol either per se or in pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed procedure is based on the reaction between the drug and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) at pH 7.2, using borate buffer, to produce a yellow adduct. The latter has maximum absorbance at 400 nm and obeys Beer's law within the concentration range 5-30 microg/ml. Regression analysis of the calibration data showed a good correlation coefficient (r=0.9996) with minimum detection limit of 0.24 microg/ml (6.2 x 10(-8) M). The proposed procedure has been successfully applied to the determination of this drug in its tablets and in syrup, the mean percent recoveries were 97.45+/-0.59 and 98.7+/-0.64%, respectively. The results obtained are in good agreement with those given using a reference method. The pharmaceutical additives other than active ingredient did not interfere. A proposal of the reaction pathway has been postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y El-Shabrawy
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
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Koh YM, Saleh MI, Tan SC. Selective extraction of salbutamol from human plasma with the use of phenylboronic acid. J Chromatogr A 2003; 987:257-67. [PMID: 12613820 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An investigation was conducted on the usage of a single-step extraction procedure involving the retention of a phenylboronate-salbutamol complex on an end-capped C18 solid-phase sorbent to determine the level of salbutamol in human plasma samples. Propranolol, a beta-blocker, was chosen as the internal standard for this assay. In this solid-phase clean-up method, 50 mM sodium carbonate buffer, pH 9.60, was used for conditioning the column as well as washing the endogenous interference. Under the optimal conditions, the recovery of salbutamol from spiked plasma samples was found to be high and reproducible with mean recoveries (n = 3) of more than 90% after elution by using 50% 1 M trifluoroacetic acid in methanol. This sample clean-up step was effectively analyzed under reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. The method was successfully applied to the routine measurement of salbutamol in human plasma from the bioequivalence study on the different administration route of salbutamol. Quantification of salbutamol was convincingly reported with the correlation of coefficient of 0.9980 for the concentration range from 0 to 1000 ng ml(-1). An adequate precision was achieved with both between- and within-day precisions of less than 10% (n = 6) for 100 and 1000 ng ml(-1) and less than 15% (n = 6) for 10 ng ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Koh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Damasceno L, Ventura R, Cardoso J, Segura J. Diagnostic evidence for the presence of beta-agonists using two consecutive derivatization procedures and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 780:61-71. [PMID: 12383481 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A GC-MS procedure for the detection of different beta-agonists in urine samples based on two consecutive derivatization steps is described. The derivatization procedure is based on the consecutive formation of cyclic methylboronate derivatives followed by a second derivatization step with MSTFA on the same extract, forming TMS derivatives. Injections in the GC-MS system may be carried out after each one of the derivatization steps, obtaining enough information for unambiguous identification. Limits of detection for the two derivatization steps ranged from 0.5 to 5 ng/ml. This procedure was tested with the beta-agonists bambuterol, clenbuterol, fenoterol, formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol, alpha-hydroxy-salmeterol and terbutaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia Damasceno
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
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Meineke I, Steinmetz H, Kramer S, Gleiter CH. Determination of fenoterol in human plasma by HPLC with fluorescence detection after derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 29:147-52. [PMID: 12062673 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the determination of fenoterol is described, which uses HPLC separation with fluorescence detection. Dobutamine is employed as an internal standard. The separation was achieved on a short reversed phase column with a mobile phase consisting of water, acetonitrile and methanol. Prior to chromatography both analytes are derivatized with 9-chloroformyl-carbazole. Isolation of the analytes from plasma is carried out by liquid-liquid extraction into 2-butanol after protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The method is capable of estimating fenoterol concentrations in the sub-nanogram per ml range with sufficient accuracy and precision. The determination of fenoterol can now be carried out in the average laboratory without radiolabelled material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingolf Meineke
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
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Rizk M, Abdel-Ghani N, El Nashar R. Construction and performance characteristics of terbutaline plastic membrane electrode in batch and FIA conditions. Microchem J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0026-265x(01)00095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Henze MK, Opfermann G, Spahn-Langguth H, Schänzer W. Screening of beta-2 agonists and confirmation of fenoterol, orciprenaline, reproterol and terbutaline with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 751:93-105. [PMID: 11232861 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new method for a comprehensive screening and confirmation of beta-2 agonists in human urine is presented based on gas chromatography-low-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using electron impact ionisation (EI). After hydrolysis of the conjugates with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase a derivatisation step with formaldehyde converts fenoterol, orciprenaline, reproterol and terbutaline to one derivative, a tetrahydroisoquinoline, while the other beta-2 agonists remain unchanged. Liquid-liquid extraction and trimethylsilylation follow. The tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives show good gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric behaviour. The detection limit of these four beta-2 agonists in the screening using low-resolution mass spectrometry is 10 ng/ml of urine. The other beta-2 agonists are detected as parent compounds with the same recovery after sample preparation with and without formaldehyde. The EI mass spectra of the tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Henze
- Institut für Biochemie, Deutsche Sporthochschule Koln, Cologne, Germany
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Abramson MJ, Bailey MJ, Couper FJ, Driver JS, Drummer OH, Forbes AB, McNeil JJ, Haydn Walters E. Are asthma medications and management related to deaths from asthma? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:12-8. [PMID: 11208619 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.9910042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is controversy about the role of beta-agonists in asthma mortality, and the impact of asthma management plans remains unclear. We compared blood beta-agonist levels in patients dying from asthma with those in controls, and estimated the risks associated with specific classes of medication and patterns of management. We identified 89 asthma deaths and recruited 322 patients presenting to hospitals with acute asthma. A questionnaire was administered to the next of kin in 51 cases, and to 202 controls. Blood drawn from 35 cases and 229 controls was assayed for salbutamol. Smoking, drinking, and family problems were significantly more likely among the cases of asthma death than among the controls. The two groups were reasonably well matched with regard to markers of chronic asthma severity. Cases of asthma death were significantly less likely than controls to use a peak flow meter. Written action plans were associated with a 70% reduction in the risk of death. Use of nebulized bronchodilators or oral steroids was significantly more likely in cases of asthma death. Mean blood salbutamol concentrations were 2.5 times higher in cases of asthma. The use of oral steroids for an attack of asthma reduced the risk of death by 90%. More widespread adoption of written asthma management plans, with less reliance on beta-agonists and closer medical supervision, should reduce asthma mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Abramson
- Department of Respiratory, and Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, and Monash Medical School, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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Damasceno L, Ventura R, Ortuño J, Segura J. Derivatization procedures for the detection of beta(2)-agonists by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1285-1294. [PMID: 11114086 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200011)35:11<1285::aid-jms61>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An evaluation of derivatization procedures for the detection of beta(2)-agonists is presented. The study was performed with the beta(2)-agonists bambuterol, clenbuterol, fenoterol, formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol and terbutaline. Different derivatizating agents were employed, aiming to obtain derivatives with high selectivity to be used in the gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of beta(2)-agonists in biological samples. Trimethylsilylation was compared with different agents and the role of some catalysts was evaluated. Acylation, combined trimethylsilylation and acylation, and the formation of cyclic methylboronates were also studied. Sterical hindrance caused by different substituents at the nitrogen atom of the beta-ethanolamine lateral chain of beta(2)-agonist molecules is mainly responsible for differences in the abundances of the derivatives obtained. The use of catalysts produces an increase in the derivatization yield, especially for compounds with low steric hindrance (substituents with primary and secondary carbon atoms). The formation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers is not influenced by structural molecular differences when only hydroxy groups are involved in derivatization. Combined trimethylsilylation and acylation showed that compounds with a secondary carbon atom linked to the nitrogen atom form mainly N-TFA-O-TMS derivatives, with a small amount of N-TMS-O-TMS derivatives. Compounds with tert-butyl substituents at the amino group (bambuterol, salbutamol and terbutaline) formed O-TMS derivatives as the main products, although a limited amount of trifluoroacylation at the nitrogen atom also occurred. Cyclic methylboronates were formed with bambuterol, clenbuterol, formoterol, salbutamol and salmeterol. Owing to hydroxy substituents in unsuitable positions for ring formation, this procedure was not effective for fenoterol and terbutaline. Mass spectra of different derivatives and tentative fragmentation profiles are also shown. For screening purpose (e.g. sports drug testing), derivatization with MSTFA or BSTFA alone is recommended as a comprehensive derivatization technique for beta(2)-agonists owing to minimal by-product formation; formation of cyclic methylboronates can be useful for confirmation purposes. Detection limits were obtained for the TMS and cyclic methylboronate derivatives using the derivatizing reagents MSTFA and trimethylboroxine, respectively. For most of the compounds, lower detection limits were found for the TMS derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Damasceno
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Institut Municipal d'Investigaci o M edica, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Belal F, Al-Malaq HA, Al-Majed AA. Voltammetric determination of isoxsuprine and fenoterol in dosage forms and biological fluids through nitrosation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:1005-15. [PMID: 11095302 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple and highly sensitive voltammetric method was developed for the determination of isoxsuprine HCl (I) and fenoterol HBr (II) in dosage forms and biological fluids. The method is based on treatment of the two compounds with nitrous acid followed by measuring the cathodic current produced by the resulting nitroso derivatives. The voltammetric behavior was studied adopting Direct Current (DCt), Differential Pulse (DPP) and Alternating Current (ACt) polarography. Both compounds produced well-defined, diffusion-controlled cathodic waves over the whole pH range in Britton-Robinson buffers (BRb). At pH 11 and pH 9, the values of diffusion-current constants (Id), were 9.4 +/- 0.3 and 7.7 +/- 0.4 for I and II, respectively. The current-concentration plots for I were rectilinear over the range of 0.6-12 microg/ml and 0.1-12 microg/ml in the DCt and DPP modes, respectively. As for II, the range was 1-20 microg/ml and 0.1-20 microg/ml in the DCt and DPP modes, respectively. The minimum detectability (S/N = 2) were 0.02 microg/ml (approximately 6 x 10(-8) M) and 0.01 microg/ml (approximately 2.6 x 10(-8) M) for I and II, respectively, adopting the DPP mode. The proposed method was applied to the determination of both compounds in dosage forms and the results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained using reference methods. The proposed method was further applied to the determination of isoxsuprine in spiked human urine and plasma. The percentage recoveries adopting the DPP mode were 98.84 +/- 1.18 and 99.26 +/- 0.97, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Belal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Analytical methodology for the detection of β2-agonists in urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for application in doping control. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chapter 15 Doping substances in human and animal sport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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