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Guerra-Doce E, Rihuete-Herrada C, Micó R, Risch R, Lull V, Niemeyer HM. Direct evidence of the use of multiple drugs in Bronze Age Menorca (Western Mediterranean) from human hair analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4782. [PMID: 37024524 PMCID: PMC10079862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hair dated to Late Prehistory is exceedingly rare in the Western Mediterranean. Archaeological excavations in the Bronze Age burial and cult cave of Es Càrritx, in Menorca (Balearic Islands) provided some human hair strands involved in a singular funerary rite. This finding offered the opportunity to explore the possible use of drug plants by Late Bronze Age people. Here we show the results of the chemical analyses of a sample of such hair using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The alkaloids ephedrine, atropine and scopolamine were detected, and their concentrations estimated. These results confirm the use of different alkaloid-bearing plants by local communities of this Western Mediterranean island by the beginning of the first millennium cal BCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guerra-Doce
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Antropología Social y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas, Universidad de Valladolid, Plaza del Campus sn, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - C Rihuete-Herrada
- Departament de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Carrer de la Fortuna, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Micó
- Departament de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Carrer de la Fortuna, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Risch
- Departament de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Carrer de la Fortuna, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Lull
- Departament de Prehistòria, Facultat de Lletres, Carrer de la Fortuna, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - H M Niemeyer
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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Abdel-Ghani NT, Rizk MS, Mostafa M. Extractive determination of ephedrine hydrochloride and bromhexine hydrochloride in pure solutions, pharmaceutical dosage form and urine samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 111:131-141. [PMID: 23624039 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Simple, rapid, sensitive, precise and accurate spectrophotometeric methods for the determination of ephedrine hydrochloride (E-HCl) and bromhexine hydrochloride (Br-HCl) in bulk samples, dosage form and in spiked urine samples were investigated. The methods are based on the formation of a yellow colored ion-associates due to the interaction between the examined drugs with picric acid (PA), chlorophyllin coppered trisodium salt (CLPH), alizarin red (AR) and ammonium reineckate (Rk) reagents. A buffer solution had been used and the extraction was carried out using organic solvent, the ion associates exhibit absorption maxima at 410, 410, 430 and 530 nm of (Br-HCl)with PA, CLPH, AR and Rk respectively; 410, 410, 435 and 530 of (E-HCl) with PA, CLPH, AR and Rk respectively. (E-HCl) and (Br-HCl) could be determined up to 13, 121, 120 and 160; 25, 200, 92 and 206 μg mL(-1), using PA, CLPH, AR and Rk respectively. The optimum reaction conditions for quantitative analysis were investigated. In addition, the molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity were determined for the investigated drug. The correlation coefficient was ≥0.995 (n=6) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤1.15 for five selected concentrations of the reagents. Therefore the concentration of Br-HCl and E-HCl drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations and spiked urine samples had been determined successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Abdel-Ghani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.
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Małkowska A, Szutowski M, Dyr W. Deposition of ethyl glucuronide in WHP rat hair after chronic ethanol intake. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:586-93. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Masrournia M, haghi ZE, Amini M. Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Scopolamine in Hair with Suspended Drop Liquid Phase Microextraction Technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2011.22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Musshoff F, Madea B. Analytical pitfalls in hair testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1475-94. [PMID: 17486322 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on possible pitfalls in hair testing procedures. Knowledge of such pitfalls is useful when developing and validating methods, since it can be used to avoid wrong results as well as wrong interpretations of correct results. In recent years, remarkable advances in sensitive and specific analytical techniques have enabled the analysis of drugs in alternative biological specimens such as hair. Modern analytical procedures for the determination of drugs in hair specimens - mainly by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) - are reviewed and critically discussed. Many tables containing information related to this topic are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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Liu Y. Use of an Improved Version of C8+SCX Mixed Mode Solid Phase Extraction Material for Clean Extraction and Recovery of Basic and Zwitterionic Compounds from Biological Fluids. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600674794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, P. R. China
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Kim JY, Jung KS, Kim MK, Lee JI, In MK. Simultaneous determination of psychotropic phenylalkylamine derivatives in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1705-20. [PMID: 17474080 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of thirteen psychotropic phenylalkylamine derivatives (amphetamine; AP, phentermine; PT, methamphamine; MA, cathinone; Khat, methcathinone; MCAT, fenfluramine; FFA, desmethylselegiline; DSEL, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; MDA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine; MDEA, norketamine; NKT, mescaline; MES, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine; 2CB) in human hair. Hair samples (20 mg) were washed with distilled water and acetone, cut into small fragments (<1 mm), and incubated in 0.25 M methanolic HCl under ultrasonication at 50 degrees C for 1 h. The resulting solutions were evaporated to dryness, derivatized using trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) at 70 degrees C for 30 min, and analyzed by GC/MS. The linear ranges were 0.02-25.0 ng/mg for AP, PT, Khat, FFA, DSEL, MDMA, and 2CB; 0.05-25.0 ng/mg for MA, MCAT, and MES; 0.05-12.5 ng/mg for MDA; and 0.1-25.0 ng/mg for MDEA and NKT, with good correlation coefficients (r(2) > 0.9985). The intra-day, inter-day, and inter-person precisions were within 12.7%, 14.8%, and 16.8%, respectively. The intra-day, inter-day, and inter-person accuracies were between -10.7 and 13.4%, -12.7 and 11.6%, and -15.3 and 11.9%, respectively. The limits of quantifications (LOQs) for each compound were lower than 0.08 ng/mg. The recoveries were in the range of 76.7-95.6%. The method proved to be suitable for the simultaneous qualification and quantification of phenylalkylamine derivatives in hair specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Drug Analysis Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office, Seocho-ggu, Seoul, Korea.
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Bogdanov AV, Glazkov IN, Polenova TV, Marutsenko IV, Revel’skii IA. Determination of organic compounds in human hair. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Srogi K. Hair Analysis as Method for Determination of Level of Drugs and Pharmaceutical in Human Body: Review of Chromatographic Procedures. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710500476821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Issa YM, Youssef AFA, Mutair AA. Conductimetric determination of phenylpropanolamine HCl, ranitidine HCl, hyoscyamine HBr and betaine HCl in their pure state and pharmaceutical preparations. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2005; 60:541-6. [PMID: 15890349 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sodium tetraphenylborate and phosphotungstic acid were used as titrants for the conductimetric determination of phenylpropanolamine HCl (PPA.Cl), ranitidine HCl (Ra.Cl), hyoscyamine HBr (Hy.Br) and betaine HCl (Be.Cl) through ion-associate complex formation. The molar combining ratio and the solubility products of the formed ion-associates were studied and calculated. The suggested method has been applied to the determination of the mentioned drugs in their pure state and pharmaceutical preparations with mean recovery values of 97.71-102.97% and relative standard deviations 0.25-0.85%. The accuracy of the method is indicated by excellent recovery and low standard deviation. The results are compared with the pharmacopoeial or the official methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousry M Issa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Shama SA, Amin AS. Spectrophotometric microdetermination of nefopam, mebevrine and phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations using alizarins. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2004; 60:1769-1774. [PMID: 15248949 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2003.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2003] [Accepted: 07/31/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Simple and rapid spectrophotometric procedures have been established for quantitation of nefopam hydrochloride (NF) mebevrine hydrochloride (MB) and phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PP). The procedures are based on the reaction between the examined drugs (NF, MB and PP) and alizarin (I), alizarin red S (II), alizarin yellow G (III) and quinalizarin (IV) producing ion-pair complexes which can be measured at the optimum wavelength. The optimization of the reaction conditions is investigated. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 0.5-30.0 microg ml(-1). The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, detection and quantification limits are also calculated. The correlation coefficient was > or =0.9988 (n=6) with a relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of < or =1.3, for six determinations of 20 microg ml(-1). The methods are successfully applied to the determination of NF, MB and PP in their pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Shama
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
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Badawy SS, Youssef AF, Mutair AA. Construction and performance characterization of ion-selective electrodes for potentiometric determination of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride applying batch and flow injection analysis techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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James CA, Breda M, Baratt� S, Casati M, Grassi S, Pellegatta B, Sarati S, Frigerio E. Analysis of Drugs and Metabolites in Tissues and Other Solid Matrices. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Saito T, Kusakabe T, Takeichi S. Hippuric acid and methyl hippuric acid in rat hair: possible monitoring of xylene and toluene exposure. Forensic Sci Int 2003; 133:146-51. [PMID: 12742703 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thinner is mainly composed of toluene and xylenes, and we studied the incorporation of the main metabolites of toluene and xylenes, hippuric acid (HA) and o-, m-, and p-methyl hippuric acids (o-, m-, p-MHA), in dark agouti rats' hair. Rat black hair was shaved before any exposure with an electric shaver designed for animals. Studies were performed in vivo with exposures of 30 min per day at three different concentrations (100, 300, and 1000 ppm) of toluene and o-, m-, and p-xylene for a total of 10 times over 2 weeks. Newly grown hair was tweezed out from the root with tweezers at seventh of the last exposure. Hair samples were then washed, extracted, derivatized, and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). HA and o-, m-, and p-MHA were not detected (ND) in the unexposed rat hair. After exposure, the metabolite concentration in the hair changed depending on the exposure concentration. Mean concentrations ranged from ND to 7.6 ng/mg, from ND to 13.8 ng/mg, from ND to 10.1 ng/mg, and from ND to 9.2 ng/ml hair for HA, o-, m-, and p-MHA, respectively. These results indicate that the metabolites concentrations in hair are effective indices of thinner exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saito
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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Determination of the food carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in human hair by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02535726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bévalot F, Gaillard Y, Lhermitte MA, Pépin G. Analysis of corticosteroids in hair by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 740:227-36. [PMID: 10821409 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes a confirmatory method for the quantitative determination in hair of the most common corticosteroids illegaly used as doping agents by athletes. Corticosteroids are extracted from 50 mg of powdered hairs by methanolic extraction follows by a solid-phase extraction on C18 cartridge. After extraction, the dried residue is reconstituted with 50 microl acetonitrile and injected in a liquid chromatograph. Liquid chromatography separation is performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with a binary gradient of formiate buffer pH 3-acetonitrile as mobile phase. Detection is performed with an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer in negative ion and selected-ion monitoring mode. The limits of sensitivity achieved is 0.1 ng/mg in hair. Application to hair sample collected during an antidoping control and comparison to results obtain on urines, collected on the same athletes at the same time, shows the interest and the complementarity of both matrices. Hair analysis could allow the detection of corticosteroids on a large period preceding the control, and the detection of natural corticosteroids administered as pro-drug, like hydrocortisone acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bévalot
- Laboratoire d'Expertises TOXLAB, Paris, France.
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Nakahara Y. Hair analysis for abused and therapeutic drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 733:161-80. [PMID: 10572981 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on basic aspects and recent studies of hair analysis for abused and therapeutic drugs and is discussed with 164 references. Firstly, biology of hair and sampling of hair specimens have been commented for the sake of correct interpretation of the results from hair analysis. Then the usual washing methods of hair samples and the extraction methods for drugs in hair have been shown and commented on. Analytical methods for each drug have been discussed by the grouping of three analytical methods, namely immunoassay, HPLC-CE and GC-MS. The outcomes of hair analysis studies have been reviewed by dividing into six groups; morphine and related, cocaine and related, amphetamines, cannabinoids, the other abused drugs and therapeutic drugs. In addition, reports on stability of drugs in the living hair and studies on drug incorporation into hair and dose-hair concentration relationships have been reviewed. Applications of hair analysis to the estimation of drug history, discrimination between OTC drug use and illegal drug use, drug testing for acute poisoning, gestational drug exposure and drug compliance have also been reviewed. Finally, the promising prospects of hair analysis have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakahara
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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