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Yang H, Wang J, Cao W. Improved liquid-liquid extraction followed by HPLC-UV for accurate and eco-friendly determination of tetramethylpyrazine in vinegar products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1229:123869. [PMID: 37716345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an important bioactive compound in vinegars, contributing to their health-enhancing attributes. It serves as a crucial benchmark for the assessment of vinegar quality. Unfortunately, inaccuracies have arisen due to incomplete extraction techniques and the use of an inappropriate standard substance. These challenges have significantly curtailed comprehensive exploration into the underlying TMP formation mechanisms, impeding advancements within prevailing benchmarks and methodologies governing vinegar products. To address these challenges, several critical parameters, encompassing pH, solvent type, centrifugal force, extraction times and reference materials were investigated and optimized. The TMP content was determined by adjusting the pH to 9 using a sodium hydroxide solution, followed by extraction with ethyl acetate and subsequent re-extraction of the ethyl acetate layer with 0.2 mol/L HCl. A high-performance liquid chromatography method with an ultraviolet detector (UV) was developed and validated. This method demonstrated superior sensitivity compared to existing methods, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0237 μg/g, limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.0829 μg/g, method limit of detection (MLOD) of 0.10 μg/g and method limit of quantitation (MLOQ) of 0.25 μg/g. The modified method exhibited excellent linearity for TMP in the range of 0.1-118.4 μg/mL, with a good correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.999). The recovery rate of TMP in vinegar products ranged from 82.4 to 96.2%. Consequently, the proposed method exhibits substantial promise for systematic inquiry into TMP formation mechanisms and for ensuring consistent quality control during the production of premium-grade vinegars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Wenming Cao
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China.
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2
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Liu Y, Yang G, Cui W, Zhang Y, Liang X. Regulatory mechanisms of tetramethylpyrazine on central nervous system diseases: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:948600. [PMID: 36133805 PMCID: PMC9483103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.948600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases can lead to motor, sensory, speech, cognitive dysfunction, and sometimes even death. These diseases are recognized to cause a substantial socio-economic impact on a global scale. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the main active ingredients extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Ligusticum striatum DC. (Chuan Xiong). Many in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that TMP has a certain role in the treatment of CNS diseases through inhibiting calcium ion overload and glutamate excitotoxicity, anti-oxidative/nitrification stress, mitigating inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis, protecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and facilitating synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarize the roles and mechanisms of action of TMP on ischemic cerebrovascular disease, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive impairments, migraine, and depression. Our review will provide new insights into the clinical applications of TMP and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Xiao Liang,
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Xiao Liang,
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Abou-Omar MN, Annadi AM, El Zahar NM, Youssef AO, Amin MA, Attia MS, Mohamed EH. Simultaneous determination of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based on a protein precipitation technique. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29797-29806. [PMID: 35479534 PMCID: PMC9040755 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and selective LC-MS/MS method is described for the simultaneous assay of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma via a protein precipitation (PP) sample preparation technique. Tadalafil was chosen as the internal standard reaching good recovery and reproducibility while diminishing the effects of the matrix. An Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18 column (4.6 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm) was used for the chromatographic separation and analysis, while 0.1% formic acid : acetonitrile (60 : 40, v/v) was utilized at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. It was revealed that 6 min stop time accomplished the best separation. The assay was linear over the range of 10–6000 ng mL−1 for both drugs. The established bio-analytical method validation was demonstrated following US-FDA recommendations including sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. Furthermore, other validation parameters were assessed such as the dilution integrity, matrix effect, carryover, and analyte stability during both short- and long-term sample processing and storage. The adopted method was efficaciously applied to a clinical study for the concurrent determination of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma. A rapid and selective LC-MS/MS method is described for the simultaneous assay of Avanafil and Dapoxetine in human plasma via a protein precipitation (PP) sample preparation technique.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona N Abou-Omar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz M Annadi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Noha M El Zahar
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia Cairo 11566 Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University Ras-Sedr South Sinai Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Youssef
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University P.O. BOX 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Attia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Ekram H Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt 11837 El Sherouk City Cairo Egypt
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Yang Q, Zang HM, Xing T, Zhang SF, Li C, Zhang Y, Dong YH, Hu XW, Yu JT, Wen JG, Jin J, Li J, Zhao R, Ma TT, Meng XM. Gypenoside XLIX protects against acute kidney injury by suppressing IGFBP7/IGF1R-mediated programmed cell death and inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153541. [PMID: 33773190 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI), characterised by excessive inflammatory cell recruitment and programmed cell death, has a high morbidity and mortality; however, effective and specific therapies for AKI are still lacking. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the renoprotective effects of gypenoside XLIX (Gyp XLIX) in AKI. METHODS The protective effects of Gyp XLIX were tested in two AKI mouse models established using male C57BL/6 mice (aged 6-8 weeks) by a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (20 mg/kg) or renal ischemia-reperfusion for 40 min. Gyp XLIX was administered intraperitoneally before cisplatin administration or renal ischemia-reperfusion. Renal function, tubular injury, renal inflammation and programmed cell death were evaluated. In addition, the renoprotective effects of Gyp XLIX were also evaluated in cisplatin- or hypoxia-treated tubular epithelial cells. The mechanisms underlying these effects were then explored using RNA sequencing. RESULTS In vivo, Gyp XLIX substantially suppressed the increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Moreover, tubular damage was alleviated by Gyp XLIX as shown by periodic acid-Schiff staining, electron microscopy and molecular analysis of KIM-1. Consistently, we found that Gyp XLIX suppressed renal necroptosis though the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway. The anti-inflammatory and antinecroptotic effects were further confirmed in vitro. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing showed that Gyp XLIX markedly suppressed the levels of IGF binding protein 7 (IGFBP7). Co-immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis further showed that Gyp XLIX reduced the binding of IGFBP7 to IGF1 receptor (IGF1R). Additionally, picropodophyllin, an inhibitor of IGF1R, abrogated the therapeutic effects of Gyp XLIX on cisplatin-induced renal cell injury; this finding indicated that Gyp XLIX may function by activating IGF1R-mediated downstream signalling Additionally, we also detected the metabolic distribution of Gyp XLIX after injection; Gyp XLIX had a high concentration in the kidney and exhibited a long retention time. These findings may shed light on the application of Gyp XLIX for AKI treatment clinically. CONCLUSION Gyp XLIX may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for AKI treatment via IGFBP7/ IGF1R-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tian Xing
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shao-Fei Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Road, Huaibei 235000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chao Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yu-Hang Dong
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ju-Tao Yu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jia-Gen Wen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
| | - Tao-Tao Ma
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, the Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
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5
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El Zahar NM, Sutton JM, Bartlett MG. Assessment of brain-to-blood drug distribution using liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5123. [PMID: 33783841 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of already existing and new drugs under development to the brain necessitates passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with its tight intercellular junctions, molecular components and transporter systems. Consequently, it is critical to identify the extent of brain permeation and the partitioning across the BBB. The interpretation of brain-to-blood ratios is considered to be a significant and fundamental approach for estimating drug penetration through BBB, the brain-targeting ability and central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics. Among the different bioanalytical techniques, liquid chromatography with various detectors has been widely used for determination of these ratios. This review defines the different approaches for sample preparation, extraction techniques and liquid chromatography procedures concerned with the determination of drugs in blood and brain tissues and the assessment of brain-to-blood levels. These approaches are expanded to cover the analysis of several drug classes such as CNS-acting drugs, chemotherapeutics, antidiabetics, herbal medicinal products, radiopharmaceuticals, antibiotics and antivirals. Accordingly, stability in biological matrices and matrix effects are investigated. The different administration/formulation effects and the possible deviations in these ratios are also disscussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M El Zahar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras-Sedr, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt
| | - J Michael Sutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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6
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Effect of polysorbate 80 on the intranasal absorption and brain distribution of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate in rats. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 9:311-318. [PMID: 30168052 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the brain is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Intranasal delivery is a non-invasive route of drug administration which can bypass the BBB and contributed to a direct and rapid transport of drugs to the brain. However, intrinsic drug distribution to the brain after intranasal administration may not be sufficient to achieve required clinical efficacy. In this study, taking 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMPP) as a model drug, the feasibility of using polysorbate 80 as an absorption enhancer and message guider to increase drug distribution in the brain was employed. After intravenous/intranasal administration of TMPP formulations with/without polysorbate 80, drug concentration in both plasma and brain was measured at specific time points, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared. It was demonstrated that compared with intravenous administration, brain targeting efficiency of TMPP was improved remarkably by intranasal route. Upon intranasal administration, the addition of polysorbate 80 significantly increased TMPP concentration in both plasma and brain linearly up to polysorbate 80 concentration 2%. Based on drug targeting efficiency, drug targeting index, and nose-to-brain direct transport percentage, polysorbate 80 decreased the nose-to-brain direct transport ratio of TMPP in a polysorbate 80 concentration-dependent manner although the total brain targeting efficiency was unchanged, with significantly enhanced absolute drug concentration in the brain achieved. In summary, polysorbate 80 is a promising excipient to increase drug concentration in both plasma and brain via intranasal route.
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7
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Zhang C, Shen M, Teng F, Li P, Gao F, Tu J, Luo L, Yeh CK, Zhang D. Ultrasound-Enhanced Protective Effect of Tetramethylpyrazine via the ROS/HIF-1A Signaling Pathway in an in Vitro Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:1786-1798. [PMID: 29793852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological process during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. It has been reported that the protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) against cerebral I/R injury can be significantly improved by its combination with ultrasound exposure. However, the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying the synergistic protective effect remain unclear. In the present work, the damage induced by I/R injury was modeled by glutamate-induced toxicity to pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The ultrasound-enhanced protective effect of TMP was systemically investigated by measuring variations in cell viability, cell migration and levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, the oxidative stress-related protein glutathione, apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-8, -9 and -3), as well as expression of related genes (hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, p53, murine double minute2). The results suggest that the ultrasound-enhanced protective effect of TMP against cerebral I/R injury might act via the reactive oxygen species/hypoxia-inducible factor-1a signaling pathway, and an appropriate ultrasound intensity should be selected to achieve an optimal synergistic neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meihong Shen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengmeng Teng
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linjiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Zhang X, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Huang G. Intra-articular delivery of tetramethylpyrazine microspheres with enhanced articular cavity retention for treating osteoarthritis. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 13:229-238. [PMID: 32104396 PMCID: PMC7032152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with strong anti-inflammatory and cartilage protection activities, and thus a promising candidate for treating osteoarthritis. However, TMP is rapidly cleared from the joint cavity after intra-articular injection and requires multiple injections to maintain efficacy. The aim of this study was to encapsulate TMP into poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres to enhance the TMP retention in the joint, reducing injection frequencies and decreasing dosage. TMP microspheres were prepared by emulsion/solvent evaporation method. The intra-articular retention of the drug was assessed by detecting the drug concentration distributed in the joint tissue at different time points. The therapeutic effect of TMP microspheres was evaluated by the swelling of knee joints and histologic analysis in papain-induced OA rat model. The prepared freeze-dried microspheres with a particle size of about 10 µm can effectively prolong the retention time of the drug in the articular cavity to 30 d, which is 4.7 times that of the TMP solution. Intra-articular injection of TMP microspheres efficiently relieved inflammatory symptoms, improved joint lesions and decreased the depletion of proteoglycan. In conclusion, intra-articular injection of TMP loaded microspheres was a promising therapeutic method in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guihua Huang
- Corresponding author. The School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Ji'nan 250012, Shandong Province, China. Tel.: +86 531 88382015..
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Bhattacherjee A, Dhara K, Chakraborti AS. Argpyrimidine-tagged rutin-encapsulated biocompatible (ethylene glycol dimers) nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation for targeted drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:507-517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Yan JF, Han F, Ma L, Cheng YJ, Gao J, Deng JL, Feng X. Pharmacokinetics of Tetramethylpyrazine Hydrochloride in Rabbits Blood after Intranasal Administration. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(15)60058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Zhang C, Teng F, Tu J, Zhang D. Ultrasound-enhanced protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113673. [PMID: 25409029 PMCID: PMC4237497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, Ligusticum wallichii (Chuan Xiong) and its bioactive ingredient, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), have been used to treat cardiovascular diseases and to relieve various neurological symptoms, such as those associated with ischemic injury. In the present study, we investigated whether ultrasound (US) exposure could enhance the protective effect of TMP against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Glutamate-induced toxicity to pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells was used to model I/R injury. TMP was paired with US to examine whether this combination could alleviate glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. The administration of TMP effectively protected cells against glutamate-induced apoptosis, which could be further enhanced by US-mediated sonoporation. The anti-apoptotic effect of TMP was associated with the inhibition of oxidative stress and a change in the levels of apoptosis-related proteins, Bcl-2 and Bax. Furthermore, TMP reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-8, which likely also contributes to its cytoprotective effects. Taken together, our findings suggest that ultrasound-enhanced TMP treatment might be a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Further study is required to optimize ultrasound treatment parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Fengmeng Teng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (JT)
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (JT)
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Meng D, Lu H, Huang S, Wei M, Ding P, Xiao X, Xu Y, Wu C. Comparative pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate in rat plasma and extracellular fluid of brain after intranasal, intragastric and intravenous administration. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:74-8. [PMID: 26579367 PMCID: PMC4590719 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate (TMPP) in plasma and extracellular fluid of the cerebral cortex of rats via three delivery routes: intranasal (i.n.), intragastric (i.g.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration. After i.n., i.g. and i.v. administration of a single-dose at 10 mg/kg, cerebral cortex dialysates and plasma samples drawn from the carotid artery were collected at timed intervals. The concentration of TMPP in the samples was analyzed by HPLC. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and the ratio of the AUCbrain to the AUCplasma (drug targeting efficiency, DTE) was calculated to evaluate the brain targeting efficiency of the drug via these different routes of administration. After i.n. administration, TMPP was rapidly absorbed to reach its peak plasma concentration within 5 min and showed a delayed uptake into cerebral cortex (t max=15 min). The ratio of the AUCbrain dialysates value between i.n. route and i.v. injection was 0.68, which was greater than that obtained after i.g. administration (0.43). The systemic bioavailability obtained with i.n. administration was greater than that obtained by the i.g. route (86.33% vs. 50.39%), whereas the DTE of the nasal route was 78.89%, close to that of oral administration (85.69%). These results indicate that TMPP is rapidly absorbed from the nasal mucosa into the systemic circulation, and then crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the cerebral cortex. Intranasal administration of TMPP could be a promising alternative to intravenous and oral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Haoyang Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Minyan Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xianglin Xiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuehong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 20 39943119.
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 20 39943119.
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Wang Q, Tang Z, Zhang W. Brain microdialysate, CSF and plasma pharmacokinetics of ligustrazine hydrochloride in rats after intranasal and intravenous administration. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 34:417-22. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences; Hangzhou; Zhejiang; 310013; PR China
| | - Zhan Tang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences; Hangzhou; Zhejiang; 310013; PR China
| | - Wanggang Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences; Hangzhou; Zhejiang; 310013; PR China
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NBM-T-L-BMX-OS01, Semisynthesized from Osthole, Is a Novel Inhibitor of Histone Deacetylase and Enhances Learning and Memory in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:514908. [PMID: 23606881 PMCID: PMC3625590 DOI: 10.1155/2013/514908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NBM-T-L-BMX-OS01 (BMX) was derived from the semisynthesis of osthole, isolated from Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss., and was identified to be a potent inhibitor of HDAC8. This study shows that HDAC8 is highly expressed in the pancreas and the brain. The function of HDAC8 in the brain has not been adequately studied. Because BMX enhances neurite outgrowth and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation, the effect of BMX on neural plasticity such as learning and memory is examined. To examine declarative and nondeclarative memory, a water maze, a passive one-way avoidance task, and a novel object recognition task were performed. Results from the water maze revealed that BMX and suberoylanilide-hydroxamic-acid-(SAHA-) treated rats showed shorter escape latency in finding the hidden platform. The BMX-treated animals spent more time in the target quadrant in the probe trial performance. An analysis of the passive one-way avoidance results showed that the BMX-treated animals stayed longer in the illuminated chamber by 1 day and 7 days after footshock. The novel object recognition task revealed that the BMX-treated animals showed a marked increase in the time spent exploring novel objects. Furthermore, BMX ameliorates scopolamine-(Sco-) induced learning and memory impairment in animals, indicating a novel role of BMX in learning and memory.
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Shen T, Xu H, Weng W, Zhang J. Development of a reservoir-type transdermal delivery system containing eucalyptus oil for tetramethylpyrazine. Drug Deliv 2013; 20:19-24. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2012.742938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 17, Revision 3 (FGE.17Rev3): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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17
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Zhao JH, Ji L, Wang H, Chen ZQ, Zhang YT, Liu Y, Feng NP. Microemulsion-based novel transdermal delivery system of tetramethylpyrazine: preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1611-9. [PMID: 21904451 PMCID: PMC3160947 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To deliver 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in a relatively large dose through a transdermal route and facilitate the practical application of microemulison in transdermal drug delivery. Methods The pseudo-ternary phase diagram for microemulsion regions was constructed using isopropyl myristate as oil phase, Labrasol® as surfactant, and Plurol® Oleique CC 497 as cosurfactant. A uniform experimental design was applied for formulation optimization. In vitro skin permeation experiments of six formulations were undertaken with TMP transdermal patch (EUDRAGIT® E100 as matrix) and TMP saturated solution as controls. We prepared TMP-oil dispersed in water-ethylene vinyl acetate-transdermal therapeutic system (TMP-O/W-EVA-TTS) with microemulsion as reservoir and EVA membrane as release liner; pharmacokinetic and brain distribution studies in rats were conducted with TMP transdermal patches as control. Results The skin fluxes of TMP from microemulsions were 8.2- to 26.7-fold and 0.9- to 4.7-fold higher than those of TMP transdermal patch and TMP saturated solution, respectively, and were strongly affected by the microemulsion composition. The improvement in TMP solubility as well as the skin permeation enhancement effect of microemulsion components contributed mainly to transdermal delivery facilitation. In the pharmacokinetic study, the relative bioavailability of TMP-O/W-EVA-TTS was 350.89% compared with the TMP transdermal patch. Higher and more stable TMP contents in rat plasma were obtained after administration of TMP-O/WEVA- TTS than after application of TMP transdermal patch. In the brain distribution study, higher rate and extent of TMP distribution to brain, and lower rate of TMP clearance from brain were observed after transdermal administration of TMP-O/W-EVA-TTS than after application of TMP transdermal patch. Conclusion The novel transdermal delivery system prepared in this study showed a remarkable skin permeation improvement of microemulsion and facilitated its practical application in transdermal drug delivery. With this system as a vehicle, a relatively large dose of TMP could enable successful drug delivery via the transdermal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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18
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 17, Revision 2 (FGE.17Rev2): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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19
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Pharmacokinetic study of a novel stroke therapeutic, 2-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, by a simple HPLC-UV method in rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 36:95-101. [PMID: 21424683 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-011-0032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
2-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine (TBN), a novel nitrone derivative of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), was found to be a potent candidate compound for ischemic stroke treatment. It is currently in preclinical development as a stroke therapeutic. To study its pharmacokinetic characteristics, a simple and rapid HPLC-UV method was developed and validated to quantitatively determine TBN concentration in rat plasma. A Purospher C(18) column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used for analysis with a mobile phase containing methanol-potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer solution (50 mM, pH 3.0) (45:55, v/v) and UV detection at 295 nm. The pharmacokinetic study was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats by intravenous (i.v. 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg) and intragastric (i.g. 80 mg/kg) administration. The concentration-time profiles of TBN in plasma fitted a two-compartment model for both administration routes. The elimination half-life (T (1/2) (β)) of i.v. administration ranged from 134 to 225 min for low, middle and high dosage, and the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity (AUC((0-∞))) ranged from 7,954 to 49,804 μg min/mL. Compared with the parent compound TMP, TBN showed a longer T (1/2) (β) (TBN 134.52 min, TMP 91.85 min) and a higher AUC((0-∞)) (TBN 22,687.84 μg min/mL, TMP 7,287.98 μg min/mL) after the same dosage of intravenous administration (80 mg/kg). The intragastric administration of TBN had a peak time of 21.65 min, C (max) of 41.71 μg/mL, and k (a) of 0.19 min(-1). And the absolute bioavailability was 36.02%.
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Li Z, Sun D, Yang H, Liu X, Luan L, Bai J, Cui H. Effect of Borneol on the Distribution of Danshensu to the Eye in Rabbit via Oral Administration. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:565-72. [DOI: 10.3109/02713681003718091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Liu HT, Du YG, He JL, Chen WJ, Li WM, Yang Z, Wang YX, Yu C. Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits production of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-induced N9 microglial cells through blockade of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 129:335-343. [PMID: 20371283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the inhibitory effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced over-production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in N9 microglial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS N9 cells were pretreated with vehicle or TMP and then exposed to LPS for the time indicated. Cell viability was determined by methylthiazoyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. Nitrite assay was performed by Griess reaction. Expression of iNOS mRNA was examined by RT-PCR. Protein levels of iNOS, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ERK1/2, JNK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt were determined by western blot analysis. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by fluorescence image system. RESULTS TMP inhibited LPS-induced over-production of NO and iNOS in N9 cells. TMP also inhibited the NF-kappaB translocation from cytoplasm into nucleus of N9 cells. In addition, TMP showed blocking effect on the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK and Akt, but not PI3K. Further, TMP suppressed the formation of intracellular ROS in LPS-induced N9 cells. CONCLUSIONS TMP inhibited production of NO and iNOS in LPS-induced N9 cells through blocking MAPK and PI3K/Akt activation and suppressing ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Feng J, Li F, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Abe Y. Brain pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine after intranasal and intravenous administration in awake rats. Int J Pharm 2009; 375:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Flavouring Group Evaluation 17, Revision 1 (FGE.17Rev1): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24 - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC). EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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24
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Mei D, Mao S, Sun W, Wang Y, Kissel T. Effect of chitosan structure properties and molecular weight on the intranasal absorption of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate in rats. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:874-81. [PMID: 18656537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to assess and compare the absorption promoting effect of different molecular-weight chitosans, trimethyl chitosans and thiolated chitosans for intranasal absorption of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine phosphate (TMPP). An in situ nasal perfusion technique in rats was utilized to test the rate and extent of TMPP absorption in situ. In vivo studies were carried out in rats and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared with that of intravenous injection. All the chitosan derivatives investigated could enhance the intranasal absorption of TMPP significantly. However, thiolation could not improve the absorption-enhancing capacity of chitosan remarkably even when the thiolation ratio was as high as 152 micromol/g. In contrast, trimethylated chitosan exhibited stronger absorption-enhancing ability than the homopolymer chitosan. The permeation enhancing effect of chitosan increased with increasing molecular weight up to M(w) 100 kDa. In vivo studies indicated that chitosan 100 kDa and TMC 50 kDa had comparable absorption-enhancing effect but chitosan 100 kDa functioned for more than 120 min versus 90 min for TMC. A good correlation was found between the in situ absorption data and plasma concentration in vivo for the polymers investigated. This study demonstrated that both chitosan structural features and chitosan molecular weight play a key role on promoting the intranasal absorption of TMPP. Taking safety reason into account, chitosan 100 kDa is the most promising as an intranasal absorption enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Lv YF, Hu X, Cheng WM, Nie YL, Bi KS. Determination of Gastrodin and Ligustrazine Hydrochloride in Plasma and Brain Dialysate by LC–Tandem MS. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Yan-Yu X, Qi-Neng P, Zhi-Peng C. The enhancing effect of synthetical borneol on the absorption of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate in mouse. Int J Pharm 2007; 337:74-9. [PMID: 17275227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to illustrate the effect of synthetical borneol (SB) on the plasma and brain concentration profile of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate (TMPP) in mice after oral administration of TMPP without or with different amounts of SB. The concentrations of TMPP on the plasma and brain in mice were determined by GC-FID. The pharmacokinetic parameters were computed by software program 3p97. Our data showed that after oral administration of 15, 30, 90 mg kg(-1) of SB, oral bioavailability of TMPP in plasma was 1.52, 2.21, 2.95 times increase, respectively, than that without SB, and 1.12, 1.62, 1.93 times increase, respectively, in brain tissue. The pharmacokinetic data were simulated by non-linear least squares. The results showed that both open two-compartment model and one-order absorption were fitted to TMPP plasma and brain concentration-time course in vivo in mice. The MRT of TMPP showed same results under the conditions without or with SB. SB did enhance the oral absorption of TMPP and the concentration of TMPP in brain tissue, especially in the early period. But the use of SB did not change the behavior in vivo of TMPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan-Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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27
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Li HX, Ding MY, Lv K, Yu JY. DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN CHUANXIONG BY HPLC, HPLC-MS, AND EI-MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Li
- a Analysis Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yu Ding
- b Analysis Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Kun Lv
- a Analysis Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Jian-Yuan Yu
- a Analysis Center , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , P. R. China
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Yan R, Lin G, Ko NL, Tam YK. Low Oral Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Senkyunolide A, a Major Bioactive Component in Rhizoma Chuanxiong, in the Rat. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:49-56. [PMID: 17304150 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31802c5862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of senkyunolide A, one of the major bioactive ingredients in the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Rhizoma Chuanxiong, which is commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, was studied in rats. After intravenous (IV) administration, senkyunolide A was extensively distributed (Vd/F: 6.74 +/- 0.73 L/kg) and rapidly eliminated from the plasma (CL/F: 7.20 +/- 0.48 L/h per kilogram and t1/2: 0.65 +/- 0.06 hr). Hepatic metabolism was suggested as the major route of senkyunolide A elimination as indicated by the results of in vitro S9 fraction study. After intraperitoneal (IP) administration, senkyunolide A exhibited dose-independent pharmacokinetics. The absorption after IP administration was rapid (Tmax: 0.04 +/- 0.01 hours), and the bioavailability was 75%. After oral administration, senkyunolide A was also absorbed rapidly (Tmax: 0.21 +/- 0.08 hours); however, its oral bioavailability was low (approximately 8%). The contributing factors were determined to be instability in the gastrointestinal tract (accounting for 67% of the loss) and hepatic first-pass metabolism (accounting for another 25%). Pharmacokinetics of senkyunolide A were unaltered when Chuanxiong extract was administered, which suggests that components in the extract have insignificant effects on senkyunolide A pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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29
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 17 (FGE.17): Pyrazine derivatives from chemical group 24 (Comm. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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30
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Rongying W, Wanyun M, Dieyan C. Analysis of gastrodin and tetramethylpyrazine in traditional Chinese preparations by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200390074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Qi X, Ackermann C, Sun D, Sheng M, Hou H. Physicochemical characterization and percutaneous delivery of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine. Int J Pharm 2003; 253:177-83. [PMID: 12593948 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(03)00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to investigate the percutaneous permeability of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), an active ingredient originally isolated from Ligusticum wallichii Franch. Certain physicochemical properties of TMP, including its partition coefficient and pH-solubility profile, were studied. The influence of pH on the percutaneous permeation of TMP was studied in vitro using hairless mouse skin. Comparative in vitro permeability of TMP through hairless mouse, rat, rabbit, and human cadaver skin was also investigated. The results indicate that hairless mouse skin and rat skin were about three to four times more permeable to TMP than human cadaver skin. The permeability of TMP through rabbit skin was not significantly different from that of human cadaver skin. The observed lag times for all skin membranes were about 1-2h. Although pharmacokinetic data are not currently available to permit precise calculation of a clinically effective patch size, the data from this study indicate that the transdermal delivery of TMP should nevertheless be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Qi
- Global Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Worldwide Consumer Medicines, 1350 Liberty Avenue, Hillside, NJ 07111, USA.
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Qi X, Ackermann C, Sun D, Liu R, Sheng M, Hou H. The prediction of plasma and brain levels of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine following transdermal application. AAPS PHARMSCI 2002; 4:E46. [PMID: 12646016 PMCID: PMC2751335 DOI: 10.1208/ps040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to construct a pharmacokinetic (PK) model and to determine PK parameters of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) after application of TMP transdermal delivery system. Data were obtained in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats following a single dose of TMP transdermal delivery system. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 16, and 24 hours after the transdermal application. In the brain level study, 18 SD rats were divided into 6 groups. Three SD rats before and after transdermal application were culled and sacrificed at each of the following time intervals: 2, 4, 6, 16, and 24 hours after the TMP-TTS application. TMP concentrations in plasma and brain tissues were determined using high performance liquid chromatography and data were fitted using a zero-order absorption and a first-order-elimination 3-compartment PK model. Fitted parameters included 2 volumes of distribution (V1, V2) and 2 elimination rate constants (k10, k20). The elimination half-life for TMP in plasma and brain was 26.5 and 31.2 minutes, respectively. The proposed PK model fit observed concentrations of TMP very well. This model is useful for predicting drug concentrations in plasma and brain and for assisting in the development of transdermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Qi
- Global Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Worldwide Consumer Medicines, 1350 Liberty Avenue, Hillside, NJ 07111, USA.
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Wang RY, Ma WY, Chen DY. DETERMINATION OF EPHEDRINE, GASTRODIN, AND LIGUSTRAZIN IN SPIKED RAT PLASMA BY CAPILLARY MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY. ANAL LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100106119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lv K, Li H, Ding M. Analysis of tetramethylpyrazine in Ephedrae herba by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 878:147-52. [PMID: 10843553 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple and reliable HPLC method was developed for the determination of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) in Ephedrae herba. Further identification of TMP was achieved using GC-MS. The mobile phase used was methanol-water-35% acetic acid (35:65:0.5, v/v/v) at a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min. The detection wavelength was set at 290 nm. The linear range of the peak area calibration curve of TMP was 2.64-264 mg/l (r=0.9987) and the recovery for TMP in Ephedrae herba extracts was 101.1-106.9%. The relative standard deviations of retention time and peak area were 0.18 and 1.5% (n=6), respectively. The detection limit of TMP was 0.03 mg/l. The contents of TMP in Ephedrae herba could easily be determined within 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lv
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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