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Arshad U, Mujahid A, Lieberzeit P, Afzal A, Bajwa SZ, Iqbal N, Roshan S. Molecularly imprinted polymeric coatings for sensitive and selective gravimetric detection of artemether. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34355-34363. [PMID: 35514404 PMCID: PMC9056809 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04785f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring antimalarial drugs is necessary for clinical assays, human health, and routine quality control practices in pharmaceutical industries. Herein, we present the development of sensor coatings based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) combined with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for sensitive and selective gravimetric detection of an antimalarial drug: artemether. The MIP coatings are synthesized by using artemether as the template in a poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) matrix. Artemether-MIP and the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) control or reference layers are deposited on 10 MHz dual-electrode QCM by spin coating (187 ± 9 nm layer thickness after optimization). The coatings are characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy that reveal marked differences among the MIP and NIP. The MIP-QCM sensor exhibits high sensitivity (0.51 Hz ppm-1) with sub-10 ppm detection and quantification limits. The MIP-QCM sensor also exhibits a 6-fold higher sensitivity compared to the NIP-QCM, and a dynamic working range of 30-100 ppm. The response time of MIP-QCM devices for a single cycle of analyte adsorption, signal saturation, and MIP regeneration is less than 2.5 min. The sensor also demonstrates selectivity factors of artemether-MIP of 2.2 and 4.1 compared to artemisinin and lumefantrine, respectively. Reversibility tests reveal less than 5% variation in sensor responses over three cycles of measurements at each tested concentration. The MIP-QCM showed lower detection limits than conventional HPLC-UV, and faster response time compared to HPLC-UV and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Arshad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab Lahore-54590 Pakistan
| | - Adnan Mujahid
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab Lahore-54590 Pakistan
| | - Peter Lieberzeit
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna Waehringer Strasse 42 Vienna A-1090 Austria
| | - Adeel Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin PO Box 1803 Hafr Al Batin 39524 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Zafar Bajwa
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Jhang Road Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Naseer Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin PO Box 1803 Hafr Al Batin 39524 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumaira Roshan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab Lahore-54590 Pakistan
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Qian J, He Q, Liu L, Wang M, Wang B, Cui L. Rapid quantification of artemisinin derivatives in antimalarial drugs with dipstick immunoassays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113605. [PMID: 32961520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Substandard antimalarial drugs will result in unsatisfied therapeutic efficacy and increase the risk of resistance development. The point-of-care, qualitative, or semi-quantitative dipstick immunoassays cannot differentiate the substandard drugs with confidence. A rapid and quantitative analytical method that can be used under field conditions is needed. Here, three lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) based on colloidal gold nanobeads (CGN) as labels were developed for quantification of artemether, dihydroartemisinin and artesunate contents in antimalarial drugs with the aid of a portable optical scanner. Also, time-resolved fluorescent nanobeads (TRFN)-LFIA, coupled with a portable fluorescent lateral flow reader, was developed for quantification of artesunate. Commercial antimalarial drugs were used to validate these LFIAs with comparison to the gold standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The drug contents estimated with these CGN-LFIAs were in the range of 85.5-109.3% of the contents determined by HPLC with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.5-13.0%. The TRFN-LFIA results were in the range of 93.7-108.4% of contents determined by HPLC with a CV of 5.2-8.9%. There were no significant differences between the results of CGN-LFIA and TRFN-LIFA (P = 0.5277, t-test). Both types of LFIAs with portable readers may be used for quantitation of active ingredients in antimalarial drugs and for screening substandard antimalarial drugs in resource-limiting settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Qian
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingqing He
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mian Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa FL 33612, USA.
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Li B, Zhang J, Zhou XZ, Li JY, Yang YJ, Wei XJ, Niu JR, Liu XW, Li JS, Zhang JY. Determination and pharmacokinetic studies of artesunate and its metabolite in sheep plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 997:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dubey S, Bose D, Shukla SK, Durgbanshi A, Esteve-Romero J, Carda-Broch S. DETERMINATION OF ALPHA-BETA ARTEETHER IN PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS USING DIRECT INJECTION MICELLAR LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.825852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dubey
- a Department of Criminology and Forensic Science , Dr. Harisingh Gour University , Sagar (M.P.) , India
| | - D. Bose
- a Department of Criminology and Forensic Science , Dr. Harisingh Gour University , Sagar (M.P.) , India
| | - S. K. Shukla
- b Central Forensic Science Laboratory (C.F.S.L.) , Chandigarh , India
| | - A. Durgbanshi
- c Department of Applied Chemistry , Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - J. Esteve-Romero
- d Departament de Química Física i Analítica , Universitat Jaume I , Castelló , Spain
| | - S. Carda-Broch
- d Departament de Química Física i Analítica , Universitat Jaume I , Castelló , Spain
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Hilhorst M, Hendriks G, de Vries R, Hillewaert V, Verhaege T, van de Merbel N. A high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of artemether and dihydroartemisinin in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 965:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Meena S, Sandhya SM. ANALYSIS OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS, LUMEFANTRINE AND ARTEMETHER IN COMBINED ANTIMALARIAL TABLET BY HPTLC WITH DENSITOMETRIC MEASUREMENT BEFORE AND AFTER DERIVATIZATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.794736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Meena
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , K.M. College of Pharmacy , Uthangudi , Tamilnadu , India
| | - S. M. Sandhya
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis , Devaki Amma Memorial College of Pharmacy , Chelembra , Kerala , India
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Guo S, Cui Y, He L, Zhang L, Cao Z, Zhang W, Zhang R, Tan G, Wang B, Cui L. Development of a specific monoclonal antibody-based ELISA to measure the artemether content of antimalarial drugs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79154. [PMID: 24236102 PMCID: PMC3827310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemether is one of the artemisinin derivatives that are active ingredients in antimalarial drugs. Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs have become a serious problem, which demands reliable analytical tools and implementation of strict regulation of drug quality. Structural similarity among artemisinin analogs is a challenge to develop immunoassays that are specific to artemisinin derivatives. To produce specific antibodies to artemether, we used microbial fermentation of artemether to obtain 9-hydroxyartemether, which was subsequently used to prepare a 9-O-succinylartemether hapten for conjugation with ovalbumin as the immunogen. A monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated as 2G12E1, was produced with high specificity to artemether. 2G12E1 showed low cross reactivities to dihydroartemisinin, artemisinin, artesunate and other major antimalarial drugs. An indirect competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) developed showed a concentration causing 50% of inhibition for artemether as 3.7 ng mL⁻¹ and a working range of 0.7-19 ng mL⁻¹. The icELISA was applied for determination of artemether content in different commercial drugs and the results were comparable to those determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. In comparison with reported broad cross activity of anti-artemisinin mAbs, the most notable advantage of the 2G12E1-based ELISA is its high specificity to artemether only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Pabbisetty D, Illendula A, Muraleedharan K, Chittiboyina AG, Williamson JS, Avery MA, Avery BA. Determination of antimalarial compound, ARB-89 (7β-hydroxy-artemisinin carbamate) in rat serum by UPLC/MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 889-890:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gaudin K, Kauss T, Gaubert A, Viaud V, Dubost JP, Olliaro P, White NJ, Millet P. Simultaneous Determination of Artemether and Azithromycin in Suppositories by Reversed Phase HPLC. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.553014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:37-46. [PMID: 21083186 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemether-lumefantrine is the most widely recommended artemisinin-based combination treatment for falciparum malaria. Quantification of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in biological matrices has traditionally been difficult, with sensitivity being an issue. RESULTS A high-throughput bioanalytical method for the analysis of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma using solid-phase extraction in the 96-well plate format and liquid chromatography coupled to positive ion mode tandem mass spectroscopy has been developed and validated according to US FDA guidelines. The method uses 50 µl plasma and covers the calibration range 1.43-500 ng/ml with a limit of detection at 0.36 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS The developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay is more sensitive than all previous methods despite using a lower plasma volume (50 µl) and is highly suitable for clinical studies where plasma volumes are limited, such as pediatric trials.
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Shrivastava A, Issarani R, Nagori B. Stability indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method for the estimation of artemether in capsule dosage forms. J Young Pharm 2011; 2:79-84. [PMID: 21331197 PMCID: PMC3035892 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1483.62220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new simple, sensitive, precise, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method of analysis for artemether both as a bulk drug and in capsule formulations was developed and validated. The method employed mobile phase acetonitrile (ACN) and buffer in the ratio 65:35 of pH 6.5 adjusted with tryethylamine. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed good linear relationship with r2 = 0.9996 in the concentration range 250-750 μg/ml. The mean value slope and intercept were 9355.5 and −93.5, respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, and recovery studies. Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantitation (LOQ) for artemether were found to be 21.83-750 μg/ml, respectively. The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of marketed capsule formulations. The presented method was found to be reliable to separate all the degradents from all the stress conditions with resolution of more than 1.5 showing that it is a stability indicating method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shrivastava
- Department of Pharm. Sciences, B.R. Nahata College of Pharmacy, Mhow-Neemuch Road, Mandsaur (M.P) - 458 001, India
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Determination of β-artemether and its main metabolite dihydroartemisinin in plasma employing liquid-phase microextraction prior to liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Talanta 2010; 81:941-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Martino R, Malet-Martino M, Gilard V, Balayssac S. Counterfeit drugs: analytical techniques for their identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:77-92. [PMID: 20437031 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of counterfeit drugs has increased dramatically, including not only "lifestyle" products but also vital medicines. Besides the threat to public health, the financial and reputational damage to pharmaceutical companies is substantial. The lack of robust information on the prevalence of fake drugs is an obstacle in the fight against drug counterfeiting. It is generally accepted that approximately 10% of drugs worldwide could be counterfeit, but it is also well known that this number covers very different situations depending on the country, the places where the drugs are purchased, and the definition of what constitutes a counterfeit drug. The chemical analysis of drugs suspected to be fake is a crucial step as counterfeiters are becoming increasingly sophisticated, rendering visual inspection insufficient to distinguish the genuine products from the counterfeit ones. This article critically reviews the recent analytical methods employed to control the quality of drug formulations, using as an example artemisinin derivatives, medicines particularly targeted by counterfeiters. Indeed, a broad panel of techniques have been reported for their analysis, ranging from simple and cheap in-field ones (colorimetry and thin-layer chromatography) to more advanced laboratory methods (mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and vibrational spectroscopies) through chromatographic methods, which remain the most widely used. The conclusion section of the article highlights the questions to be posed before selecting the most appropriate analytical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique (SPCMIB), Université de Toulouse, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Lee KR, Maeng HJ, Kim MH, Kim DD, Shim CK, Chung SJ. Simultaneous Determination of Artesunate and Dihydroartemisinin Concentrations in Human Plasma by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Electro-Spray Ionization. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710903325807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Phadke MU, Jadhav VK, Jadhav RK, Dave SS, Patil DS. Simultaneous RP-LC Determination of Artesunate and Amodiaquine in Pharmaceutical Preparations. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0800-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Gu Y, Li Q, Melendez V, Weina P. Comparison of HPLC with electrochemical detection and LC–MS/MS for the separation and validation of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in animal and human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 867:213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ma C, Wang H, Lu X, Xu G, Liu B. Metabolic fingerprinting investigation of Artemisia annua L. in different stages of development by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:412-9. [PMID: 17915234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L. is an annual herb native of Asia and this plant has been famous for the discovery of the anti-malarial drug artemisinin since 1971. In this work, to investigate variety of whole metabolites, metabolic fingerprinting analysis of A. annua L. was carried out by GC and GC-MS coupled with trimethylsilyl derivatisation. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were employed to classify GC data of A. annua L. samples at five developmental stages. The results indicated that there was no distinct difference of metabolites between control (001) and transgenic strain (F4) from the tender seedling stage to adult seedling stage, but clear differences were detected at pre-flower budding stage, flower budding stage and full flowering stage. Three precursors of artemisinin biosynthesis were studied at five developmental stages and found that a possible bottleneck exists in the conversion from artemisinic acid or dihydroartemisinic acid to artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei Ma
- National Chromatographic R & A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Liu S, Tian N, Liu Z, Huang J, Li J, Ferreira JFS. Affordable and sensitive determination of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1190:302-6. [PMID: 18353342 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin demand has increased sharply since the World Health Organization recommended its use as part of the artemisinin combination therapies in 2001. The area for the crop cultivation has expanded in Africa and Asia and simpler and affordable methods for artemisinin analysis are needed for crop quality control. This work presented a novel chromatographic method of artemisinin analysis using gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. The sample extraction and preparation involved a single-solvent one-step extraction, with samples being analyzed in the extraction solvent directly after extraction. This method was accurate and reproducible with over 97% recoveries. The limit of detection was less than 3 microg/mL and the limit of quantification was less than 9 microg/mL, allowing samples as low as 100mg dry weight to be analyzed for artemisinin. The method can be applied to quality control of commercial plant extracts and to artemisinin-derived pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoqian Liu
- Natural Products Research Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Widmer V, Handloser D, Reich E. Quantitative HPTLC Analysis of Artemisinin in DriedArtemisia annuaL.: A Practical Approach. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701451555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Widmer
- a CAMAG Laboratory , Muttenz, Switzerland
| | | | - E. Reich
- a CAMAG Laboratory , Muttenz, Switzerland
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Shi B, Yu Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Zhong Y, Su S, Liang S. Quantitative Analysis of Artemether and its Metabolite Dihydroartemisinin in Human Plasma by LC with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Van Nieuwerburgh FCW, Vande Casteele SRF, Maes L, Goossens A, Inzé D, Van Bocxlaer J, Deforce DLD. Quantitation of artemisinin and its biosynthetic precursors in Artemisia annua L. by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1118:180-7. [PMID: 16650427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the development and validation of a rapid, sensitive and selective assay for the quantitation of artemisinin, arteannuin B, artemisitene and artemisinic acid in Artemisia annua L. by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) electrospray (ESI) quadrupole time of flight (Q-TOF) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). A recovery of >97% for all analytes was achieved by immersing one gram of fresh plant material in chloroform for 1 min. This result supports the hypothesis that artemisinin and some of its structural analogs present in the leaves A. annua L. are localized entirely in the subcuticular space of the glands on the surface of the leaves. We validated the use of this chloroform extract, without additional sample preparation steps, for quantitative Q-TOF MS/MS. No ion suppression (matrix effect) resulting from interference with other compounds was detected. For every concentration within the range of the standard curve (0.1 to 3.00 microg/ml), accuracy was between 85% and 115%. Within- and between-day variations for the analysis of A. annua L. samples were <20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip C W Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Xing J, Yan H, Zhang S, Ren G, Gao Y. A high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of artemisinin in rat plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1463-8. [PMID: 16586460 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is a widely used antimalarial drug. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of artemisinin in rats, a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of artemisinin in rat plasma. For detection, a Sciex API 4000 LC/MS/MS instrument with an electrospray ionization (ESI) TurboIonSpray inlet in the positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to monitor precursor ([M+NH4]+) --> product ions of m/z 300.4 --> 209.4 for artemisinin and m/z 316.4 --> 163.4 for artemether, the internal standard (IS). The plasma samples were pretreated by a simple liquid-liquid extraction with ether. The standard curve was linear (r > 0.99) over the artemisinin concentration range of 1.0-200.0 ng/mL in plasma. The method had a lower limit of quantification of 1.0 ng/mL for artemisinin in 100 microL of plasma, which offered a satisfactory sensitivity for the determination of artemisinin. The intra- and inter-day precisions were measured to be within +/-5.3% and accuracy between -2.6% and 1.2% for all quality control samples, lower limit of quantification and upper limit of quantification samples. The extraction recoveries of artemisinin and the IS were 95.4 +/- 4.5% and 92.8 +/- 3.9%, respectively. This present method was successfully applied to the characterization of the pharmacokinetic profile of artemisinin in rats after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Peys E, Vandenkerckhove J, Hemel JV, Sas B. Simultaneous Determination of β-Artemether and its Metabolite Dihydroartemisinin in Human Plasma and Urine by a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Assay Using Electrospray Ionisation. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hien TT, Davis TME, Chuong LV, Ilett KF, Sinh DXT, Phu NH, Agus C, Chiswell GM, White NJ, Farrar J. Comparative pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artesunate and artemether in patients with severe falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:4234-9. [PMID: 15504846 PMCID: PMC525450 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.11.4234-4239.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first-dose pharmacokinetic properties of intramuscular (i.m.) artesunate (ARTS; 2.4 mg/kg immediately [stat], followed by 1.2 mg/kg i.m. daily) and artemether (ARM; 3.2 mg/kg i.m. stat, followed by 1.6 mg/kg i.m. daily) were compared in Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria. A total of 19 patients were studied; 9 received ARTS, and 10 received ARM. ARTS was absorbed very rapidly; concentrations in plasma peaked between 1,362 and 8,388 nmol/liter (median, 5,710 nmol/liter) within 20 min of injection and then declined with a median (range) half-life (t(1/2)) of 30 (3 to 67) min. ARTS was hydrolyzed rapidly and completely to the biologically active metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA). Peak DHA concentrations in plasma ranged between 1,718 and 7,080 nmol/liter (median, 3,060 nmol/liter) and declined with a t(1/2) of 52 (26 to 69) min. In contrast, ARM was slowly and erratically absorbed. The absorption profile appeared biphasic. Maximum ARM concentrations in plasma ranged between 67 nmol/liter (a value close to the 50% inhibitory concentration for some Plasmodium falciparum isolates) and 1,631 nmol/liter (median, 574 nmol/liter) and occurred at a median (range) of 10 (1.5 to 24) h. There was relatively little conversion to DHA. After i.m. injection in cases of severe malaria, absorption of the water-soluble ARTS is rapid and extensive, whereas the oil-based ARM is slowly and erratically absorbed, with relatively little conversion to the more active DHA. On the basis of this pharmacological study, parenteral ARTS is preferable to ARM as an initial antimalarial therapy, particularly in the most seriously ill patients. These findings should be formally assessed by a randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Hien
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, Quan 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Mithwani S, Aarons L, Kokwaro GO, Majid O, Muchohi S, Edwards G, Mohamed S, Marsh K, Watkins W. Population pharmacokinetics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin following single intramuscular dosing of artemether in African children with severe falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 57:146-52. [PMID: 14748813 PMCID: PMC1884434 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the population pharmacokinetics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin in African children with severe malaria and acidosis associated with respiratory distress following an intramuscular injection of artemether. METHODS Following a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of 3.2 mg kg-1 artemether, blood samples were withdrawn at various times over 24 h after the dose. Plasma was assayed for artemether and dihydroartemisinin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The software program NONMEM was used to fit the concentration-time data and investigate the influence of a range of clinical characteristics (respiratory distress and metabolic acidosis, demographic features and disease) on the pharmacokinetics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin. RESULTS A total of 100 children with a median age of 36.4 (range 5-108) months were recruited into the study and data from 90 of these children (30 with respiratory distress and 60 with no respiratory distress) were used in the population pharmacokinetic analysis. The best model to describe the disposition of artemether was a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The population estimate of clearance (clearance/bioavailability, CL/F) was 14.3 l h-1 with 53% intersubject variability and that of the terminal half-life was 18.5 h. If it was assumed that artemisin displays "flip-flop" kinetics, the elimination half-life was estimated to be 21 min and the corresponding volume of distribution was 8.44 l, with an intersubject variability of 104%. None of the covariates could be identified as having any influence on the disposition of artemether. The disposition of dihydroartemisinin was fitted separately using a one-compartment linear model in which the volume of distribution was fixed to the same value as that of artemether. Assuming that artemether is completely converted to dihydroartemisinin, the estimated value of CL/F for dihydroartemisinin was 93.5 l h-1, with an intersubject variability of 90.2%. The clearance of dihydroartemisinin was formation rate limited. CONCLUSIONS Administration of a single 3.2 mg kg-1 i.m. dose of artemether to African children with severe malaria and acidosis is characterized by variable absorption kinetics, probably related to drug formulation characteristics rather than to pathophysiological factors. Use of i.m. artemether in such children needs to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadik Mithwani
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Programme, PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
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Davis TME, Binh TQ, Ilett KF, Batty KT, Phuöng HL, Chiswell GM, Phuong VDB, Agus C. Penetration of dihydroartemisinin into cerebrospinal fluid after administration of intravenous artesunate in severe falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:368-70. [PMID: 12499215 PMCID: PMC148951 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.1.368-370.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Penetration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by artesunate and DHA was assessed in six adults with cerebral or severe malaria. Lumbar punctures were performed on admission and during convalescence, at 15 min (patient 1), 30 min (patient 2), 45 min (patient 3), 60 min (patient 4), 90 min (patient 5), and 120 min (patient 6) after intravenous administration of 120 mg of artesunate. No artesunate was detectable in CSF. In both studies, DHA levels in CSF increased with time while dihydroartemisinin levels in plasma fell. Dihydroartemisinin might accumulate in CSF during frequent artesunate dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M E Davis
- Tropical Diseases Research Center, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Souppart C, Gauducheau N, Sandrenan N, Richard F. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for the determination of artemether and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 774:195-203. [PMID: 12076689 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method is described for the determination of artemether and its active dihydroartemisinin metabolite in human plasma using artemisinin as internal standard. The method consists of a liquid-liquid extraction with subsequent evaporation of the supernatant to dryness followed by the analysis of the reconstituted sample by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in single ion monitoring mode using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) as an interface. Chromatography was performed on a C(18) reversed-phase column using acetonitrile-glacial acetic acid 0.1% (66:34) as a mobile phase. The method was fully validated over a concentration range of 5-200 ng/ml using 0.5 ml of human plasma per assay. Stability assessment was also included. The method was applied to the quantification of artemether and its metabolite in human plasma of healthy volunteers participating in pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Souppart
- Bioanalytics and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Pharma SA, 2-4 rue Lionel Terray, 92506, Rueil-Malmaison, France.
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Analysis of dihydroartemisinin in plasma by liquid chromatography—Mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02535717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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