1
|
Heydari P, Martins MLF, Rosing H, Hillebrand MJX, Gebretensae A, Schinkel AH, Beijnen JH. Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method with a broad linear dynamic range for the quantification of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1166:122403. [PMID: 33246879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and to validate a UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates to support preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. The sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation with cold (2-8 °C) methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v), evaporation of the supernatant to dryness, and reconstitution of the dry-extracts in 4 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5. Separation was achieved on a Waters UPLC HSS T3 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) maintained at 50 °C and using gradient elution with a total runtime of 6.7 min. Mobile phase A consisted of 4 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5 and mobile phase B of 0.1% formic acid in methanol:acetonitrile (1:1, v/v). Detection was carried out by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. The method was validated within a linear range of 1-2,000 ng/mL, 10-20,000 ng/mL, and 0.5-200 ng/mL for morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide, respectively. In human plasma, the intra- and inter-run precision of all analytes, including the lower limit of quantification levels, were ≤ 15.8%, and the accuracies were between 88.1 and 111.9%. It has been shown that calibration standards prepared in control human plasma can be used for the quantification of the analytes in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates. The applicability of the method was successfully demonstrated in a preclinical pharmacokinetic study in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Heydari
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M L F Martins
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M J X Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Gebretensae
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Schinkel
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Patel SR. Bioanalytical challenges and strategies for accurately measuring acyl glucuronide metabolites in biological fluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4640. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali R. Patel
- Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development Springhouse PA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Discovery, identification and mitigation of isobaric sulfate metabolite interference to a phosphate prodrug in LC–MS/MS bioanalysis: Critical role of method development in ensuring assay quality. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 155:141-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
4
|
Xu W, Zhuang Q, Chen X, Jiang J, Hu P, Wang H. Simultaneous determination of morphine-6-d-glucuronide, morphine-3-d-glucuronide and morphine in human plasma and urine by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to M6G injection pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 28833311 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A robust ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of morphine-6-d-glucuronide (M6G), morphine-3-d-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine (MOR) in human plasma and urine has been developed and validated. The analytes of interest were extracted from plasma by protein precipitation. The urine sample was prepared by dilution. Both plasma and urine samples were chromatographed on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column using gradient elution. Detection was performed on a Xevo TQ-S tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode using positive electrospray ionization. Matrix interferences were not observed at the retention time of the analytes and internal standard, naloxone-D5. The lower limits of quantitation of plasma and urine were 2/0.5/0.5 and 20/4/2 ng/mL for M6G/M3G/MOR, respectively. Calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges of 2-2000/0.5-500/0.5-500 and 20-20,000/4-4000/2-2000 ng/mL for M6G/M3G/MOR in plasma and urine samples, respectively. The precision was <7.14% and the accuracy was within 85-115%. Furthermore, stability of the analytes at various conditions, dilution integrity, extraction recovery and matrix effect were assessed. Finally, this quantitative method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of M6G injection in Chinese noncancer pain patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quankun Zhuang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Jiang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Veigure R, Aro R, Metsvaht T, Standing JF, Lutsar I, Herodes K, Kipper K. A highly sensitive method for the simultaneous UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of clonidine, morphine, midazolam and their metabolites in blood plasma using HFIP as the eluent additive. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1052:150-157. [PMID: 28388512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In intensive care units, the precise administration of sedatives and analgesics is crucial in order to avoid under- or over sedation and for appropriate pain control. Both can be harmful to the patient, causing side effects or pain and suffering. This is especially important in the case of pediatric patients, and dose-response relationships require studies using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a rapid ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the analysis of three common sedative and analgesic agents: morphine, clonidine and midazolam, and their metabolites (morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide and 1'-hydroxymidazolam) in blood plasma at trace level concentrations. Low concentrations and low sampling volumes may be expected in pediatric patients; we report the lowest limit of quantification for all analytes as 0.05ng/mL using only 100μL of blood plasma. The analytes were separated chromatographically using the C18 column with the weak ion-pairing additive 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol and methanol. The method was fully validated and a matrix matched calibration range of 0.05-250ng/mL was attained for all analytes In addition, between-day accuracy for all analytes remained within 93-108%, and precision remained within 1.5-9.6% for all analytes at all concentration levels over the calibration range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rūta Veigure
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rudolf Aro
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Metsvaht
- Tartu University Hospital, Lunini 6, 51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Joseph F Standing
- Inflammation, Infection and Rheumatology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Irja Lutsar
- University of Tartu, Institute of Microbiology, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Koit Herodes
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Kipper
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, 14a Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu L, Wang X, Wang S, Liu S, Jia Y, Qin Y, Cui H, Pan L, Liu H. Simultaneous quantification of ten Amadori compounds in tobacco using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:849-857. [PMID: 27987265 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amadori compounds are aroma precursors formed in the initial phase of the Maillard reaction. Based on their similar structures, simultaneous quantification of more than six Amadori compounds in tobacco has not been reported yet. In this study, a simple and rapid method was developed to simultaneously quantify ten Amadori compounds including the isomers of Fructose-isoleucine and Fructose-leucine in tobacco. The separation was performed on an Atlantis T3 column (2.1 × 250 mm, 5 μm) by gradient elution using acetonitrile and water as the mobile phases. The quantification method was systematically evaluated and proven to be sensitive and accurate. The linearity was good, with correlation coefficients of 0.9977-0.9999. The limits of detection and quantitation were 1.354-2.532 and 4.516-8.444 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries were 84.0-119.6%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.33-5.40%. The method was used to analyze the changes in the amounts of ten Amadori compounds in tobacco before and after tobacco primary processing. The analysis shows that the Maillard reaction occurs during the short processing period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leiyu Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunzhen Jia
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaqiong Qin
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huapeng Cui
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lining Pan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Romand S, Rudaz S, Guillarme D. Separation of substrates and closely related glucuronide metabolites using various chromatographic modes. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1435:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Mikhalyuk AN, Shapovalova EN, D’yachkov IA, Apanasenko NV, Prokhorova AF, Aksenov AS, Bogolitsin KG, Shpigun OA. Chromatographic properties of silica modified with 6,10-ionene and sodium lignosulfonate. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813050134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Silica hydride-based chromatography of LC–MS response-altering compounds native to human plasma. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:2877-86. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An investigation was carried out into the chromatographic behavior, on a silica hydride-based phase and a comparator silica-based phase, of an important group of lipids endogenous to human plasma, which are associated with matrix effect and in the context of quantitative peptide analysis. Results: The propensity for aqueous normal phase (ANP) retention on the silica hydride-based phase was strong and extensive in comparison with the silica-based comparator, and the lipophilic interferences in question were readily eluted using the ANP mode, a contrast to over-retention issues with accompanying implications for method ruggedness typically found with silica-based phases. Conclusion: The silica hydride-based phase, with ANP operation, offered selectivity conducive to rapid lipophilic interferent elimination and the bimodal retention involved in suitable gradient elution was appropriate for general peptide analytical application.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao R, Zhong D, Liu K, Xia Y, Shi R, Li H, Chen X. Simultaneous determination of morinidazole, its N-oxide, sulfate, and diastereoisomeric N(+)-glucuronides in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 908:52-8. [PMID: 23122401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Morinidazole is a new third-generation 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobial drug. To investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of morinidazole and its major metabolites in humans, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of morinidazole, its N-oxide metabolite (M4-1), a sulfate conjugate (M7), and two diastereoisomeric N(+)-glucuronides (M8-1 and M8-2) in human plasma. A simple acetonitrile-induced protein precipitation was employed to extract five analytes and internal standard metronidazole from 50μL human plasma. To avoid the interference from the in-source dissociation of the sulfate and achieve the baseline-separation of diastereoisomeric N(+)-glucuronides, all the analytes were separated from each other with the mobile phase consisting of 10mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile using gradient elution on a Hydro-RP C(18) column (50mm×2mm, 4μm) with a total run time of 5min. The API 4000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated under the multiple reaction-monitoring mode using the electrospray ionization technique. The developed method was linear in the concentration ranges of 10.0-12,000ng/mL for morinidazole, 1.00-200ng/mL for M4-1, 2.50-500ng/mL for M7, 3.00-600ng/mL for M8-1, and 10.0-3000ng/mL for M8-2. The intra- and inter-day precisions for each analyte met the accepted value. Results of the stability of morinidazole and its metabolites in human plasma were also presented. The method was successfully applied to the clinical pharmacokinetic studies of morinidazole injection in healthy subjects, patients with moderate hepatic insufficiency, and patients with severe renal insufficiency, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruina Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zha W, Shum L. Simultaneous determination of oxymorphone and its active metabolite 6-OH-oxymorphone in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 902:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
13
|
Ghassabian S, Moosavi SM, Valero YG, Shekar K, Fraser JF, Smith MT. High-throughput assay for simultaneous quantification of the plasma concentrations of morphine, fentanyl, midazolam and their major metabolites using automated SPE coupled to LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 903:126-33. [PMID: 22841553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A rapid LC-MS/MS assay method for simultaneous quantification of morphine, fentanyl, midazolam and their major metabolites: morphine-3-β-D-glucuronide (M3G), morphine-6-β-D-glucuronide (M6G), norfentanyl, 1'-hydroxymidazolam (1-OH-MDZ) and 4-hydroxymidazolam (4-OH-MDZ) in samples of human plasma has been developed and validated. Robotic on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) instrumentation was used to elute the eight analytes of interest from polymeric SPE cartridges to which had been added aliquots (150 μL) of human plasma and aliquots (150 μL) of a mixture of two internal standards, viz. morphine-d3 (200 ng/mL) and 1'-hydroxymidazolam-d5 (50 ng/mL) in 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 9.25). Cartridges were washed using 10% methanol in ammonium acetate buffer, pH 9.25 (1 mL, 2 mL/min) before elution with mobile phase comprising 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B) with a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min using an 11.5 min run time. The analytes were separated on a C18 X-Terra® analytical column. The linear concentration ranges were 0.5-100 ng/mL for fentanyl, norfentanyl and midazolam; 1-200 ng/mL for 4-hydroxymidazolam, 2.5-500 ng/mL for 1'-hydroxymidazolam and 3.5-700 ng/mL for morphine, M3G, and M6G. The method showed acceptable within-run and between-run precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) and accuracy <20%) for quality control (QC) samples spiked at concentrations of 80% and 50% of the ULOQ, 3 times higher than the LLOQ, and also at the LLOQ. Furthermore, analytes were stable in samples (after mixing with internal standard) for at least 48 h in the autosampler (except for 4-hydroxymidazolam which decreased by 22% after 24 h), 5 h at room temperature and after three cycles of freeze and thaw. No autosampler carry-over was observed and the absolute recovery (the area ratio of analyte in plasma relative to that in ammonium acetate buffer 50 mM, pH 9.25) was in the range 40% (midazolam) to 110% (morphine). The assay was applied successfully to the measurement of the analytes of interest in plasma samples from patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sussan Ghassabian
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland, Herston Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wallace M, Yaksh TL. Characteristics of distribution of morphine and metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma with chronic intrathecal morphine infusion in humans. Anesth Analg 2012; 115:797-804. [PMID: 22822192 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3182645dfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite widespread use of chronic intrathecal (IT) infusions of morphine, there is little systematic human work evaluating the steady state morphine concentrations or cerebrospinal (CSF) chemistry after long-term IT morphine delivery. We sought to address these issues in patients receiving chronic IT morphine infusion. METHODS Pain patients with implanted catheters and pumps (range: 127 to 2165 days), receiving a stable dosing (>1 week) of IT morphine by infusion, were entered into the study. The following sequence was performed: (1) estimation of pain score; (2) radiograph localization of catheter tip; (3) percutaneous sampling of lumbar CSF at the L4 to 5 or L5-S1 space. CSF/plasma samples were assayed for chemistry, and morphine and its 3/6 glucuronide metabolites (M3G, M6G) by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nineteen patients were enrolled. CSF samples were obtained from 16 subjects. Three patients were not included in the primary analysis because 1 catheter was epidural, 1 catheter was fractured, and 1 had a granuloma at the catheter tip. Of the 13 sampled patients, the range of daily doses, rates, and concentrations were 1.6 to 25 mg/d and 0.1 to 1 mL/d, 5 to 50 mg/mL, respectively. The principal observations were as follows: (i) morphine, M3G, and M6G were present in the CSF and plasma and showed a significant regression slope when plotted versus daily dose; (ii) in contrast, the regression slope of the group ratio morphine:M3G:M6G plotted versus daily dose in CSF or plasma was not different from zero; (iii) plotting "normalized" CSF analyte concentration (e.g., concentration at site/daily IT morphine dose) against the segmental distance of the sampling site from the catheter tip revealed a significant decline in concentration of morphine, but not of conjugates as a function of distance from the catheter tip; (iv) plotting CSF protein, glucose, and red and white cell counts versus daily morphine dose or morphine concentration at the sampling site revealed no significant regression; and (v) patients with a catheter failure or a granuloma showed reduced concentrations of morphine in their CSF. CONCLUSION Chronic infusion of morphine shows high concentrations, which correlate with the infusion dose and the proximity of the sampling site to the infusion site with no effects on CSF chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wallace
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Heaton J, Jones MD, Legido-Quigley C, Plumb RS, Smith NW. Systematic evaluation of acetone and acetonitrile for use in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of basic small molecules. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3666-3674. [PMID: 22468333 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sub-2-µm particle size hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography [HILIC] combined with mass spectrometry has been increasing in popularity as a complementary technique to reversed-phase LC for the analysis of polar analytes. The organic-rich mobile phase associated with HILIC techniques provides increases in compound ionization, due to increased desolvation efficiency during electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) analysis. Although recent publications illustrated selectivity and response comparisons between reversed-phase LC/MS and HILIC LC/MS, there are limited discussions evaluating the optimisation of the mass spectrometry parameters regarding analytes and alternative mobile phases. The use of acetone as an alternative organic modifier in HILIC has been investigated with respect to signal-to-noise in ESI-MS for a variety of polar analytes. Analyte reponses were measured based on a variety of cone and capillary voltages at low and high pH in both acetone and acetonitrile. In order to visualise compound behaviour in the ESI source, surface plots were constructed to assist in interpreting the observed results. The use of acetone in ESI is complicated at low m/z due to the formation of condensation products. Favourable responses were observed for certain analytes and we envisage offering an insight into the use of acetone as an alternative to acetonitrile under certain analytical conditions for particular compound classifications for small molecule analysis. We also highlight the importance of optimising source voltages in order to obtain the maximum signal stability and sensitivity, which are invariably, highly solvent composition dependent parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Heaton
- Pharmaceutical Science Division, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang W, Han F, Zhao H, Lin ZJ, Huang QM, Weng N. Determination of metformin in rat plasma by HILIC-MS/MS combined with Tecan automation and direct injection. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:1163-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Frontage Laboratories, Inc.; 105 Great Valley Parkway; Malvern; PA; 19355; USA
| | - Futian Han
- Frontage Laboratories, Inc.; 105 Great Valley Parkway; Malvern; PA; 19355; USA
| | - Harry Zhao
- Frontage Laboratories, Inc.; 105 Great Valley Parkway; Malvern; PA; 19355; USA
| | - Zhongping John Lin
- Frontage Laboratories, Inc.; 105 Great Valley Parkway; Malvern; PA; 19355; USA
| | - Qingtao Mike Huang
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC; 1000 Route 202 South; Raritan; NJ; 08869; USA
| | - Naidong Weng
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC; 1000 Route 202 South; Raritan; NJ; 08869; USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
HILIC Retention Behavior and Method Development for Highly Polar Basic Compounds Used in Pharmaceutical Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10609-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
18
|
Abstract
This protocol describes conditioned place preference (CPP) in zebrafish following a single exposure to a substance. In the CPP paradigm, animals show a preference for an environment that has previously been associated with a substance (drug), thus indicating the positive-reinforcing qualities of that substance. The test tank consists of two visually distinct compartments separated by a central alley. The protocol involves three steps: the determination of initial preference, one conditioning session and the determination of final preference. This procedure is carried out in ∼2 d; other reported CPP protocols take up to 2 weeks. An increase in preference for the drug-associated compartment is observed after a single exposure. Establishment of this high-throughput protocol in zebrafish makes it possible to investigate the molecular and cellular basis of choice behavior, reward and associative learning. The protocol is also a tool for testing psychoactive compounds in the context of a vertebrate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mathur
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Furlong MT, Wujcik CE, Ji C, Su Y. Identifying and overcoming bioanalytical challenges associated with chlorine-containing dehydrogenation metabolites. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3092-3102. [PMID: 20941755 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is a widely utilized analytical tool for quantifying small molecules in complex biological matrices. In certain situations the mass-selection capabilities of the tandem mass spectrometer may be insufficient to discriminate between the analyte of interest and its metabolites, particularly those metabolites that are isobaric with the analyte. One scenario by which isobaric interference may occur is the metabolism of a chlorine- or bromine-containing small molecule to a metabolite with the concomitant loss of 2 Da. This report describes the detection and characterization of two distinct dehydrogenation [M-2] metabolites during LC/MS/MS quantification of a chlorinated small molecule in rat plasma samples derived from a toxicokinetic study. The potential isotope-related impact of these metabolites on quantification of the parent compound was assessed. Several alternate precursor ion and product ion combinations were evaluated and shown to minimize the quantitative impact of the interfering metabolites without having to rely on their stringent chromatographic resolution from the parent compound. These results indicate that when quantifying chlorine- or bromine-containing small molecules from in vivo samples or in vitro metabolic incubations: (1) efforts to detect potential dehydrogenation metabolites should be undertaken and (2) if such metabolites are detected, the judicious choice of alternate multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions can limit their impact on quantification of the parent molecule without the need for robust chromatographic resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Furlong
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kolmonen M, Leinonen A, Kuuranne T, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and accurate mass measurement for quantification and confirmation of morphine, codeine and their glucuronide conjugates in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2959-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
An Investigation Into the Bias Between Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and an Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique for the Measurement of Mycophenolic Acid. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 32:420-6. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181e6b348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
22
|
Furlong M, Bessire A, Song W, Huntington C, Groeber E. Use of high-resolution mass spectrometry to investigate a metabolite interference during liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric quantification of a small molecule in toxicokinetic study samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1902-1910. [PMID: 20533320 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During routine liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) bioanalysis of a small molecule analyte in rat serum samples from a toxicokinetic study, an unexpected interfering peak was observed in the extracted ion chromatogram of the internal standard. No interfering peaks were observed in the extracted ion chromatogram of the analyte. The dose-dependent peak area response and peak area response versus time profiles of the interfering peak suggested that it might have been related to a metabolite of the dosed compound. Further investigation using high-resolution mass spectrometry led to unequivocal identification of the interfering peak as an N-desmethyl metabolite of the parent analyte. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was also used to demonstrate that the interfering response of the metabolite in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) channel of the internal standard was due to an isobaric relationship between the (13)C-isotope of the metabolite and the internal standard (i.e., common precursor ion mass), coupled with a metabolite product ion with identical mass to the product ion used in the MRM transition of the internal standard. These results emphasize (1) the need to carefully evaluate internal standard candidates with regard to potential interferences from metabolites during LC/MS/MS method development, validation and bioanalysis of small molecule analytes in biological matrices; (2) the value of HRMS as a tool to investigate unexpected interferences encountered during LC/MS/MS analysis of small molecules in biological matrices; and (3) the potential for interference regardless of choice of IS and therefore the importance of conducting assay robustness on incurred in vitro or in vivo study samples.
Collapse
|
23
|
Determination of opiates and cocaine in urine by high pH mobile phase reversed phase UPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:421-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
Hsieh Y. Potential of HILIC-MS in quantitative bioanalysis of drugs and drug metabolites. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1481-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
25
|
Hao Z, Xiao B, Weng N. Impact of column temperature and mobile phase components on selectivity of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1449-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
26
|
Retention of opioids and their glucuronides on a combined zwitterion and hydrophilic interaction stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1187:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
NEWBY NC, ROBINSON JW, VACHON P, BEAUDRY F, STEVENS ED. Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its metabolites in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2008; 31:117-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Ikegami T, Tomomatsu K, Takubo H, Horie K, Tanaka N. Separation efficiencies in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:474-503. [PMID: 18294645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is important for the separation of highly polar substances including biologically active compounds, such as pharmaceutical drugs, neurotransmitters, nucleosides, nucleotides, amino acids, peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides, carbohydrates, etc. In the HILIC mode separation, aqueous organic solvents are used as mobile phases on more polar stationary phases that consist of bare silica, and silica phases modified with amino, amide, zwitterionic functional group, polyols including saccharides and other polar groups. This review discusses the column efficiency of HILIC materials in relation to solute and stationary phase structures, as well as comparisons between particle-packed and monolithic columns. In addition, a literature review consisting of 2006-2007 data is included, as a follow up to the excellent review by Hemström and Irgum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ohno S, Kawana K, Nakajin S. Contribution of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and 1A8 to morphine-6-glucuronidation and its kinetic properties. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:688-94. [PMID: 18187562 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.019281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic conversion of morphine to morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) seems to play a significant role in mediation of the clinical effect of morphine because of the superior analgesic effect of M6G. Therefore, it would be of great interest to clarify the specificity of morphine-6-glucuronidation by UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isozymes. We investigated the specificity of morphine-6-glucuronidation catalyzed by recombinant human UGT isozymes in microsomes from baculovirus-infected insect cells. The morphine glucuronidation activity of recombinant human UGT isozymes incubated with morphine and UDP-glucuronic acid was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. Not only UGT2B7, which is well known to catalyze morphine-6-glucuronidation, but also UGT1A1 and 1A8 effectively catalyzed morphine-6-glucuronidation at relatively low morphine concentrations (<100 muM). The kinetics of both isozymes at the low substrate concentrations showed hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten kinetics. However, as the morphine concentration approached 100 muM, morphine-6-glucuronidation activity gradually decreased, and the kinetics closely resembled substrate inhibition Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior. The K(m) values were 67.9 and 68.1 muM and the K(si) values were 218.9 and 88.0 muM for UGT1A1 and 1A8, respectively. These kinetics are basically different from that of morphine-6-glucuronidation by UGT2B7, which suggested biphasic Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior. Furthermore, to estimate the contribution of these UGT isozymes in M6G formation in vivo, the expression levels of UGT1A1 and 1A8 mRNA in human liver and intestine were determined by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results strongly suggest that UGT1A1 and UGT1A8 are isozymes involved in morphine-6-glucuronidation in vivo, as is UGT2B7 in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ohno
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rodrigues J, Antonio C, Robinson S, Thomas-Oates J. Mass Spectrometry in Glycobiology. METABOLOMICS, METABONOMICS AND METABOLITE PROFILING 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847558107-00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Carla Antonio
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Jane Thomas-Oates
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bretaud S, Li Q, Lockwood BL, Kobayashi K, Lin E, Guo S. A choice behavior for morphine reveals experience-dependent drug preference and underlying neural substrates in developing larval zebrafish. Neuroscience 2007; 146:1109-16. [PMID: 17428610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transparent larval zebrafish offer the opportunity to unravel genetic and neuronal networks underlying behavior in a developing system. In this study, we developed a choice chamber paradigm to measure reward-associated behavior in larval zebrafish. In the chamber where larval zebrafish have a choice of spending their time in either a water- or morphine-containing compartment, larvae that have previously experienced morphine spend significantly more time in the compartment containing morphine. This behavior can be attentuated by pre-treatment with antagonists of the opioid receptor or the dopamine receptor, and furthermore, is impaired in the too few mutant, which has a genetic deficiency in the production of specific groups of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the ventral forebrain. These results uncover a choice behavior for an addictive substance in larval zebrafish that is mediated through central opioid and monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Biogenic Amines/physiology
- Choice Behavior/drug effects
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Dopamine/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Larva/physiology
- Mass Spectrometry
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Nerve Net/physiology
- Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology
- Receptors, Odorant/genetics
- Receptors, Odorant/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/physiology
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reward
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Zebrafish/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bretaud
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-2811, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Separation of amino acids, peptides and corresponding Amadori compounds on a silica column at elevated temperature. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1147:165-71. [PMID: 17350634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Maillard reaction of glucose with amino acids and peptides has become a very important experimental model in the food flavor and pharmaceutical industries for better understanding the mechanism of food flavor generation and drug stability. Because of the amino acid and sugar functional groups present in their structures, most of the reaction components formed during the initial stages of Maillard reaction as well as the substrates are relatively polar. These compounds are poorly retained on a conventional reversed phase column. While polar stationary phases like HILIC column do provide better retention for these polar components, method selectivity could still be a challenge due to the structural similarity between these analytes. In this report, parameters such as pH, mobile phase composition and temperature were investigated using different brands of bare silica columns in order to separate glycine (G), diglycine (DG), triglycine (TG), and the corresponding Amadori compounds of glucose-glycine (GG), glucose-diglycine (GDG) and glucose-triglycine (GTG). An excellent separation for glycine, glycine peptides and their Amadori compounds was obtained on a bare silica column at an elevated temperature.
Collapse
|
33
|
Brandšteterová E, Blahová E, Netriová J. SIMPLE GENERIC SPE ASSAY FOR HPLC ANALYSIS OF MORPHINE AND ITS GLUCURONIDES IN SERUM SAMPLES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120014272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Brandšteterová
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava , 812 37 , Slovakia
| | - Eva Blahová
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava , 812 37 , Slovakia
| | - Jana Netriová
- b National Institute of Oncology , Klenova 1, Bratislava , 833 10 , Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bosch ME, Sánchez AR, Rojas FS, Ojeda CB. Morphine and its metabolites: Analytical methodologies for its determination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:799-815. [PMID: 17207954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the methods of determination published for morphine and its metabolites covering the period from 1980 until at the first part of 2006. The overview includes the most relevant analytical determinations classified in the following two types: (1) non-chromatographic methods and (2) chromatographic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Espinosa Bosch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shen JX, Xu Y, Tama CI, Merka EA, Clement RP, Hayes RN. Simultaneous determination of desloratadine and pseudoephedrine in human plasma using micro solid-phase extraction tips and aqueous normal-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3145-55. [PMID: 17708526 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cation-exchange micro solid-phase extraction (SPE) tips and aqueous normal-phase (ANP) chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry were explored for the rapid, selective and sensitive quantitation of desloratadine and pseudoephedrine in human plasma. A novel micro-SPE device was evaluated for analyte capacity, extraction efficiency and its ability to maximize recovery of an analyte of interest from bioanalytical matrices by successive replicates of linked extraction steps. Ion suppression using two different methods with micro-SPE tips was negligible when compared to protein precipitation. The use of ANP chromatography eliminated the need for sample reconstitution following extraction and was found to be highly selective. A reliable chromatography system was developed with a short duty cycle of 2 min/sample. The proposed bioanalytical method required 50 microL of plasma for the determination of desloratadine and pseudoephedrine at limits of quantitation of 0.1 and 1.25 ng/mL, respectively. The analytical method was validated in accordance with the FDA guidance on bioanalytical method validation; selectivity, linearity, reproducibility and accuracy were all acceptable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim X Shen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 181 Passaic Ave, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lau B, Bretaud S, Huang Y, Lin E, Guo S. Dissociation of food and opiate preference by a genetic mutation in zebrafish. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2006; 5:497-505. [PMID: 17010096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2005.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both natural rewards and addictive substances have the ability to reinforce behaviors. It has been unclear whether identical neural pathways mediate the actions of both. In addition, little is known about these behaviors and the underlying neural mechanisms in a genetically tractable vertebrate, the zebrafish Danio rerio. Using a conditioned place preference paradigm, we demonstrate that wildtype zebrafish exhibit a robust preference for food as well as the opiate drug morphine that can be blocked by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Moreover, we show that the too few mutant, which disrupts a conserved zinc finger-containing gene and exhibits a reduction of selective groups of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the basal diencephalon, displays normal food preference but shows no preference for morphine. Pretreatment with dopamine receptor antagonists abolishes morphine preference in the wildtype. These studies demonstrate that zebrafish display measurable preference behavior for reward and show that the preference for natural reward and addictive drug is dissociable by a single-gene mutation that alters subregions of brain monoamine neurotransmitter systems. Future genetic analysis in zebrafish shall uncover further molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the formation and function of neural circuitry that regulate opiate and food preference behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Lau
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Programs in Human Genetics and Biological Sciences, Neuroscience, Wheeler Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0446, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sproll C, Perz RC, Lachenmeier DW. Optimized LC/MS/MS analysis of morphine and codeine in poppy seed and evaluation of their fate during food processing as a basis for risk analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:5292-8. [PMID: 16848508 DOI: 10.1021/jf0608975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The opiate alkaloids present in poppy seed intended for use in food recently have raised major concerns. An efficient method for routine analysis of morphine and codeine using liquid chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometry on a triple quadrupole instrument (LC/MS/MS) was therefore developed. The optimal sample preparation was found to be cold extraction of 10 g of unground poppy seed with 30 mL of methanol containing 0.1% acetic acid for 60 min shaken at 250 rpm. The fate of morphine during food processing was also studied. All experiments led to a significant reduction of morphine and codeine. For poppy cake only 16-50% of the morphine was recovered, and in poppy buns at the highest temperature (220 degrees C) only 3% of the original morphine content was found. Ground poppy seed showed significantly lower recoveries than untreated seed. Morphine elimination during food processing has to be taken into account in the current discussion about its maximum limits in poppy seed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Sproll
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Str. 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Musshoff F, Trafkowski J, Kuepper U, Madea B. An automated and fully validated LC-MS/MS procedure for the simultaneous determination of 11 opioids used in palliative care, with 5 of their metabolites. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:633-40. [PMID: 16541404 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A fully validated liquid chromatographic procedure coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) is presented for quantitative determination of the opioids buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, piritramide, tilidine, and tramadol together with their metabolites bisnortilidine, morphine-glucuronides, norfentanyl, and nortilidine in blood plasma after an automatically performed solid-phase extraction (SPE). Separation was achieved in 35 min on a Phenomenex C12 MAX-RP column (4 microm, 150 x 2 mm) using a gradient of ammonium formiate buffer (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile. The validation data were within the required limits. The assay was successfully applied to authentic plasma samples, allowing confirmation of the diagnosis of overdose situations as well as monitoring of patients' compliance, especially in patients under palliative care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Musshoff
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Domínguez-Ramírez AM, Cortés-Arroyo AR, Peña MHYDL, Aoki-Maki K, López JRM, Ríos-Castañeda C, López-Muñoz FJ. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for morphine in small plasma samples: Application to pharmacokinetic studies in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:1172-8. [PMID: 16242894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 08/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to perform a reliable pharmacokinetic study of morphine during subchronic treatment in rats, an easy, rapid, sensitive and selective analytical method was proposed and validated. The analyte and internal standard (naloxone) were extracted from plasma samples (100 microL) by a single solid-phase extraction method prior to reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with electrochemical detection (ED). Standard calibration graphs were linear within a range of 3.5-1,000 ng/mL (r=0.999). The intra-day coefficients of variation (CV) were in the range of 5.8-8.5% at eight concentration levels (7-1,000 ng/mL) and the inter-day coefficient of variation ranged from 7.4 to 8.8%. The intra-day assay accuracy was in the range of -5-10% and the inter-day assay accuracy ranged from 3.0 to 9.3% of relative error (RE). The limit of quantification was 3.5 ng/mL using a plasma sample of 100 microL (15.8% of CV and 12.8% of RE). Plasma samples were stable for 2 months at -20 degrees C. This method was found to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies in rats, after subcutaneous administration of morphine (5.6 mg/kg per day) in subchronic treatment for 6 and 12 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Miriam Domínguez-Ramírez
- Departamento Sistemas Biológicos, UAM-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, 04960 Delegación Coyoacán, México D.F., México.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Concheiro M, de Castro A, Quintela O, López-Rivadulla M, Cruz A. Determination of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 832:81-9. [PMID: 16436334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A method, using 0.2 ml of plasma, was designed for the simultaneous determination of morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, MDEA, MBDB, benzoylecgonine and cocaine. The drugs were analysed by LC-MS, after solid phase extraction in the presence of the deuterated analogues. Reversed phase separation on an Atlantis dC18 column was achieved in 10 min, under gradient conditions. The method was full validated, including linearity (2-250 ng/ml, r2>0.99), recovery (>50%), within-day and between-day precision and accuracy (CV and bias <15%), limit of detection (0.5 and 1 ng/ml) and quantitation (2 ng/ml), relative ion intensities and no matrix effect was observed. The procedure showed to be sensitive and specific, and was applied to 156 real cases from road fatalities (7.1% cases positive to cocaine and 0.6% to designer drugs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Concheiro
- Forensic Toxicology Service, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, C/San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Srinivas NR. Applicability of bioanalysis of multiple analytes in drug discovery and development: review of select case studies including assay development considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2006; 20:383-414. [PMID: 16307470 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development of sound bioanalytical method(s) is of paramount importance during the process of drug discovery and development culminating in a marketing approval. Although the bioanalytical procedure(s) originally developed during the discovery stage may not necessarily be fit to support the drug development scenario, they may be suitably modified and validated, as deemed necessary. Several reviews have appeared over the years describing analytical approaches including various techniques, detection systems, automation tools that are available for an effective separation, enhanced selectivity and sensitivity for quantitation of many analytes. The intention of this review is to cover various key areas where analytical method development becomes necessary during different stages of drug discovery research and development process. The key areas covered in this article with relevant case studies include: (a) simultaneous assay for parent compound and metabolites that are purported to display pharmacological activity; (b) bioanalytical procedures for determination of multiple drugs in combating a disease; (c) analytical measurement of chirality aspects in the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and biotransformation investigations; (d) drug monitoring for therapeutic benefits and/or occupational hazard; (e) analysis of drugs from complex and/or less frequently used matrices; (f) analytical determination during in vitro experiments (metabolism and permeability related) and in situ intestinal perfusion experiments; (g) determination of a major metabolite as a surrogate for the parent molecule; (h) analytical approaches for universal determination of CYP450 probe substrates and metabolites; (i) analytical applicability to prodrug evaluations-simultaneous determination of prodrug, parent and metabolites; (j) quantitative determination of parent compound and/or phase II metabolite(s) via direct or indirect approaches; (k) applicability in analysis of multiple compounds in select disease areas and/or in clinically important drug-drug interaction studies. A tabular representation of select examples of analysis is provided covering areas of separation conditions, validation aspects and applicable conclusion. A limited discussion is provided on relevant aspects of the need for developing bioanalytical procedures for speedy drug discovery and development. Additionally, some key elements such as internal standard selection, likely issues of mass detection, matrix effect, chiral aspects etc. are provided for consideration during method development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Drug Development, Discovery Research, Dr Reddy's Laboratories Limited, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kaushik R, Levine B, LaCourse WR. A brief review: HPLC methods to directly detect drug glucuronides in biological matrices (Part I). Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
43
|
Chapter 4 Pitfalls in quantitative LC-MS/MS: Metabolite contribution to measured drug concentration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(05)80006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
44
|
Song Q, Junga H, Tang Y, Li AC, Addison T, McCort-Tipton M, Beato B, Naidong W. Automated 96-well solid phase extraction and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method for the analysis of cetirizine (ZYRTEC®) in human plasma—with emphasis on method ruggedness. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 814:105-14. [PMID: 15607714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput bioanalytical method based on automated sample transfer, automated solid phase extraction, and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) analysis, has been developed for the determination of cetirizine, a selective H(1)-receptor antagonist. Deuterated cetirizine (cetirizine-d(8)) was synthesized as described and was used as the internal standard. Samples were transferred into 96-well plates using an automated sample handling system. Automated solid phase extraction was carried out using a 96-channel programmable liquid-handling workstation. Solid phase extraction 96-well plate on polymer sorbent (Strata X) was used to extract the analyte. The extracted samples were injected onto a Betasil silica column (50 x 3, 5 microm) using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-acetic acid-trifluroacetic acid (93:7:1:0.025, v/v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The chromatographic run time is 2.0 min per injection, with retention time of cetirizine and cetirizine-d(8) both at 1.1 min. The system consisted of a Shimadzu HPLC system and a PE Sciex API 3000 or API 4000 tandem mass spectrometer with (+) ESI. The method has been validated over the concentration range of 1.00-1000 ng/ml cetirizine in human plasma, based on a 0.10-ml sample size. The inter-day precision and accuracy of the quality control (QC) samples demonstrated <3.0% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) and <6.0% relative error (RE). Stability of cetirizine in stock solution, in plasma, and in reconstitution solution was established. The absolute extraction recovery was 85.8%, 84.5%, and 88.0% at 3, 40, and 800 ng/ml, respectively. The recovery for the internal standard was 84.1%. No adverse matrix effects were noticed for this assay. The automation of the sample preparation steps not only increased the analysis throughput, but also increased method ruggedness. The use of a stable isotope-labeled internal standard further improved the method ruggedness. Practical issues of analyzing incurred samples were discussed. This HILIC-MS/MS method for analysis of citirizine in human plasma was successfully used to support clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Song
- Covance Bioanalytical Services, LLC, 8211 SciCor Drive, Suite B, Indianapolis, IN 46214, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Joly N, El Aneed A, Martin P, Cecchelli R, Banoub J. Structural determination of the novel fragmentation routes of morphine opiate receptor antagonists using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:3119-30. [PMID: 16200660 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight (ESI-QqToF) mass spectra of naltrindole hydrochloride 1, naltriben mesylate 2, and naltrexone hydrochloride 3, a common series of morphine opiate receptor antagonists, were recorded using different declustering potentials. Low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS/MS experiments established the fragmentation routes of these compounds. In addition, re-confirmation of the various established fragmentation routes was effected by conducting a series of ESI-CID-QqTof-MS/MS experiments using non-conventional quasi MS(n) (up to MS8) product ion scans, which were initiated by CID in the atmospheric pressure/vacuum interface using a higher declustering potential. Precursor ion scan analyses were also performed with a conventional quadrupole-hexapole-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer and allowed the confirmation of the genesis of some diagnostic ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Joly
- Laboratoire de le Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique, E.A. 2465, Département de Chimie, Université d'Artois, Béthune, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bengtsson J, Jansson B, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. On-line desalting and determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in microdialysis and plasma samples using column switching and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2116-22. [PMID: 15988726 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible method for the determination of morphine and the metabolites morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) was developed. The method was validated for perfusion fluid used in microdialysis as well as for sheep and human plasma. A C18 guard column was used to desalt the samples before analytical separation on a ZIC HILIC (hydrophilic interaction chromatography) column and detection with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The mobile phases were 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) for desalting and acetonitrile/5 mM ammonium acetate (70:30) for separation. Microdialysis samples (5 microL) were directly injected onto the system. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for morphine, M3G and M6G were 0.50, 0.22 and 0.55 ng/mL, respectively, and the method was linear from LLOQ to 200 ng/mL. For plasma, a volume of 100 microL was precipitated with acetonitrile containing internal standards (deuterated morphine and metabolites). The supernatant was evaporated and reconstituted in 0.05% TFA before the desalting process. The LLOQs for sheep plasma were 2.0 and 3.1 ng/mL and the ranges were 2.0-2000 and 3.1-3100 ng/mL for morphine and M3G, respectively. For human plasma, the LLOQs were 0.78, 1.49 and 0.53 ng/mL and the ranges were 0.78-500, 1.49-1000 and 0.53-500 ng/mL for morphine, M3G and M6G, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörgen Bengtsson
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Naidong W. Bioanalytical liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods on underivatized silica columns with aqueous/organic mobile phases. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 796:209-24. [PMID: 14581062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes the recent progress on bioanalytical LC-MS/MS methods using underivatized silica columns and aqueous/organic mobile phases. Various types of polar analytes were extracted by using protein precipitation (PP), liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) and were then analyzed using LC-MS/MS on the silica columns. Use of silica columns and aqueous/organic mobile phases could significantly enhance LC-MS/MS method sensitivity, due to the high organic content in the mobile phase. Thanks to the very low backpressure generated from the silica column with low aqueous/high organic mobile phases, LC-MS/MS methods at high flow rates are feasible, resulting in significant timesaving. Because organic solvents have weaker eluting strength than water, direct injection of the organic solvent extracts from the reversed-phase solid-phase extraction onto the silica column was possible. Gradient elution on the silica columns using aqueous/organic mobile phases was also demonstrated. Contrary to what is commonly perceived, the silica column demonstrated superior column stability. This technology can be a valuable supplement to the reversed-phase LC-MS/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weng Naidong
- Covance Laboratories Inc., 3301 Kinsman Boulevard, Madison, WI 53704, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mabuchi M, Takatsuka S, Matsuoka M, Tagawa K. Determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in monkey and dog plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:563-73. [PMID: 15137981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 01/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A specific and simultaneous assay of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G) in monkey and dog plasma has been developed. These methods are based on rapid isolation using solid phase extraction cartridge, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometric (MSMS) detection. Analytes were separated on a semi-micro ODS column in acetonitrile-formic (or acetic) acid mixed solution. The selected reaction monitoring for assay in monkey and dog plasma, as precursor-->product ion combinations of m/z 286-->286 for morphine, m/z 462-->286 for glucuronides and m/z 312-->312 for internal standard (IS, nalorphine) were used. The linearity of morphine, M-3-G and M-6-G was confirmed in the concentration range of 0.5-50, 25-2500, 2.5-250 ng/ml in monkey plasma, 0.5-100, 25-5000, 2.5-500 ng/ml in dog plasma, respectively. The precision of this assay method, expressed as CV, was less than 15% over the entire concentration range with adequate assay accuracy. Therefore, the HPLC-ESI-MSMS method is useful for the determination of morphine, M-3-G and M-6-G with sufficient sensitivity and specificity in pharmacokinetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Mabuchi
- Analytical Development Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., 16-89, Kashima 3-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8505, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pan J, Song Q, Shi H, King M, Junga H, Zhou S, Naidong W. Development, validation and transfer of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method for the analysis of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolite NNAL in human plasma at low picogram per milliliter concentrations. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2549-57. [PMID: 15468159 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive bioanalytical method based on a simple liquid/liquid extraction and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC/MS/MS) analysis has been developed, validated and transferred for the determination of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolite. Deuterated NNAL (NNAL-d(4)) was synthesized and used as the internal standard. This method can be used for the analysis of free and total NNAL (free NNAL plus NNAL-gluc) in K(3)-EDTA human plasma. Free NNAL and NNAL-d(4) are extracted from human plasma by liquid/liquid extraction. To analyze for total NNAL and the internal standard, a separate aliquot of the K(3)-EDTA human plasma is treated with beta-glucuronidase to deconjugate the NNAL-gluc; the total NNAL and internal standard are then extracted using liquid/liquid extraction. After drying down under nitrogen, the residue is reconstituted with acetonitrile and analyzed using positive ion electrospray and HILIC/MS/MS at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The chromatographic run time is 1.0 min per injection, with retention time for both NNAL and NNAL-d(4) of 0.75 min with a capacity factor (k') of 2. The standard curve range for this assay is from 5.00-1000 pg/mL for both free and total NNAL, using a total plasma sample volume of 1.0 mL. The interday precision and accuracy of the quality control (QC) samples demonstrated <7.6% relative standard deviation (RSD) and <3.3% relative error (RE) for free NNAL. For total NNAL, the interday precision and accuracy of the QC samples demonstrated <11.7% RSD and <2.8% RE. Optimization of enzyme hydrolysis of NNAL-gluc is discussed in detail. The overall recoveries for free and total NNAL and IS were 68.2 and 71.5% (free) and 70.7 and 65.5% (total). No adverse matrix effects were noticed for this assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiongwei Pan
- Covance Bioanalytical Chemistry, Madison, WI 53704, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Raith K, Neubert R, Poeaknapo C, Boettcher C, Zenk MH, Schmidt J. Electrospray tandem mass spectrometric investigations of morphinans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2003; 14:1262-1269. [PMID: 14597116 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study positive ESI tandem mass spectra of the [M + H]+ ions of morphinan alkaloids obtained using an ion trap MS were compared with those from a triple quadrupole MS. This allows to assess the differences of the tandem-in-time versus the tandem-in-space principle, often hampering the development of ESI MS/MS libraries. Fragmentation pathways and possible fragment ion structures were discussed. In order to obtain elemental composition, accurate mass measurements were performed. According to the MS/MS fragmentation pathway, the investigated compounds can be grouped into 4 subsets: (1) morphine and codeine, (2) morphinone, codeinone, and neopinone, (3) thebaine and oripavine, (4) salutaridine and salutaridinol. Salutaridinol-7-O-acetate shows a different fragmentation behavior because of the favored loss of acetic acid. Although most fragment ions occur in both ion trap and triple quad tandem mass spectra, some are exclusively seen in either type. For triple quad, quadrupole time-of-flight and FT-ICR MS/MS, the base peak of morphine results from an ion at m/z 165 that contains neither nitrogen nor oxygen. This ion is not found in ion trap MS/MS, but in subsequential MS3 and MS4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Raith
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|