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Hospital Production of Sterile 2% Propofol Nanoemulsion: Proof of Concept. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030905. [PMID: 36986768 PMCID: PMC10058537 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of essential drug shortages, this article reports a proof of concept for the hospital preparation of a 2% propofol injectable nanoemulsion. Two processes for propofol were assessed: mixing propofol with the commercial Intralipid® 20% emulsion and a “de novo” process performed using separate raw materials (i.e., oil, water, and surfactant) and optimized for droplet size reduction with a high-pressure homogenizer. A propofol HPLC-UV stability-indicating method was developed for process validation and short-term stability. In addition, free propofol in the aqueous phase was quantified by dialysis. To envision routine production, sterility and endotoxin tests were validated. Only the “de novo” process using high-pressure homogenization gave satisfactory physical results similar to commercialized Diprivan® 2%. Both terminal heat sterilization processes (121 °C, 15 min and 0.22 µm filtration) were validated, but an additional pH adjustment was required prior to heat sterilization. The propofol nanoemulsion was monodisperse with a 160 nm mean droplet size, and no droplets were larger than 5µm. We confirmed that free propofol in the aqueous phase of the emulsion was similar to Diprivan 2%, and the chemical stability of propofol was validated. In conclusion, the proof of concept for the in-house 2% propofol nanoemulsion preparation was successfully demonstrated, opening the field for the possible production of the nanoemulsion in hospital pharmacies.
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Matoso Sombra F, Richter AR, de Araújo AR, de Oliveira Silva Ribeiro F, de Fátima Souza Mendes J, dos Santos Fontenelle RO, da Silva DA, Beserra de Paula HC, Pessoa de Andrade Feitosa J, Martín Goycoolea F, Monteiro de Paula RC. Nanocapsules of Sterculia striata acetylated polysaccharide as a potential monomeric amphotericin B delivery matrix. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:655-663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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In-vitro and in-vivo antileishmanial activity of inexpensive Amphotericin B formulations: Heated Amphotericin B and Amphotericin B-loaded microemulsion. Exp Parasitol 2018; 192:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Thanki K, Prajapati R, Sangamwar AT, Jain S. Long chain fatty acid conjugation remarkably decreases the aggregation induced toxicity of Amphotericin B. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Richter A, Feitosa J, Paula H, Goycoolea F, de Paula R. Pickering emulsion stabilized by cashew gum- poly-l-lactide copolymer nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and amphotericin B encapsulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:201-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Morais ARDV, Alencar ÉDN, Xavier Júnior FH, Oliveira CMD, Marcelino HR, Barratt G, Fessi H, Egito ESTD, Elaissari A. Freeze-drying of emulsified systems: A review. Int J Pharm 2016; 503:102-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Caldeira LR, Fernandes FR, Costa DF, Frézard F, Afonso LCC, Ferreira LAM. Nanoemulsions loaded with amphotericin B: a new approach for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 70:125-31. [PMID: 25660615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop nanoemulsions (NE) containing cholesterol and Amphotericin B (AmB) evaluating the influence of a lipophilic amine (stearylamine; STE) on drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), cytotoxicity on macrophages and in vitro antileishmanial activity. The EE of AmB in NE was nearly 100% regardless of STE concentration. Stability studies showed that AmB-loaded NE with or without STE were stable revealing that AmB content and EE remained constant after 180days. In significant contrast, the EE for AmB in NE without cholesterol drastically decreased showing that this co-surfactant significantly improved the retention of drug in NE. The electronic absorption and circular dichroism (CD) data revealed that the signal characteristic of self-associated free AmB, the most toxic form to the host cells, was virtually absent in the spectra of AmB-loaded NE. In agreement, NE-induced toxicity toward macrophages was significantly lower than that observed for the conventional AmB. STE enhanced both cytotoxicity and the activity against intracellular amastigotes of AmB-loaded NE. However, selectivity index values for AmB-loaded NE were considerably higher than that observed for conventional AmB. AmB-loaded and cholesterol-stabilized NE constitutes an attractive alternative for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rodrigues Caldeira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flaviana Ribeiro Fernandes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ferreira Costa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Crocco Afonso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Antônio Miranda Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Nasr M, Nawaz S, Elhissi A. Amphotericin B lipid nanoemulsion aerosols for targeting peripheral respiratory airways via nebulization. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:611-6. [PMID: 22842623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) lipid nanoemulsions were prepared and characterized and their suitability for pulmonary delivery via nebulization was evaluated. AmB nanoemulsions were prepared by sonicating and vortexing the drug with two commercially available lipid nanoemulsions: the Intralipid(®) or Clinoleic(®). Loading the nanoemulsions with the drug slightly increased the size of the lipid droplets and did not affect the zeta potential of the nanoemulsions. The loading efficiency of AmB was found to be 87.46±2.21% in the Intralipid(®) nanoemulsions and 80.7±0.70% in the Clinoleic(®) formulation. This respectively corresponded to 21.86 mg and 20.19 mg of AmB being successfully loaded in the nanoemulsions. On aerosolization using a Pari Sprint jet nebulizer, both nanoemulsions produced very high drug output which was approximately 90% for both formulations. Using the two-stage impinger, the Clinoleic(®) emulsion had higher fine particle fraction (FPF) than the Intralipid(®), since the Clinoleic(®) displayed higher deposition of AmB in the lower impinger stage (exceeding 80%), compared to 57% for the Intralipid(®). Overall, the ease of preparation of the AmB lipid nanoemulsions, along with their in vitro nebulization performance suggest that lipid nanoemulsions could be successful nanocarriers for delivery of AmB to the peripheral respiratory airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Verissimo LM, Agnez Lima LF, Monte Egito LC, de Oliveira AG, do Egito EST. Pharmaceutical emulsions: a new approach for gene therapy. J Drug Target 2009; 18:333-42. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860903434019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sila-on W, Vardhanabhuti N, Ongpipattanakul B, Kulvanich P. Influence of incorporation methods on partitioning behavior of lipophilic drugs into various phases of a parenteral lipid emulsion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:684-92. [PMID: 18496755 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-008-9089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of drug incorporation methods on the partitioning behavior of lipophilic drugs in parenteral lipid emulsions. Four lipophilic benzodiazepines, alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, and lorazepam, were used as model drugs. Two methods were used to incorporate drugs into an emulsion: dissolving the compound in the oil phase prior to emulsification (de novo emulsification), and directly adding a concentrated solution of drug in a solubilizer to the emulsion base (extemporaneous addition). Based on the molecular structures and determination of the oil and aqueous solubilities and the partition coefficients of the drugs, the lipophilicity was ranked as diazepam > clonazepam > lorazepam > alprazolam. Ultracentrifugation was used to separate the emulsion into four phases, the oil phase, the phospholipid-rich phase, the aqueous phase and the mesophase, and the drug content in each phase was determined. Partitioning of diazepam, which has the highest lipophilicity and oil solubility among the four drugs, was unaffected by the drug incorporation method, with both methods giving a high proportion of drug in the inner oil phase and the phospholipid-rich phase, compared to the aqueous phase and mesophase. Partitioning of the less lipophilic drugs (alprazolam, clonazepam, and lorazepam) in the phases of the emulsion system was dependent on the method of incorporation and the drug solubility properties. Emulsions of the three drugs prepared by de novo emulsification exhibited higher drug localization in the phospholipid-rich phase compared to those made by extemporaneous addition. With the latter method, the drugs tended to localize in the outer aqueous phase and mesophase, with less deposition in the phospholipid-rich phase and no partitioning into the inner oil phase.
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Junghanns JU, Buttle I, Müller RH, Araújo IB, Silva AKA, Egito EST, Damasceno BPGL. SolEmuls technology: a way to overcome the drawback of parenteral administration of insoluble drugs. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 12:437-45. [PMID: 17963143 DOI: 10.1080/10837450701555885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a nanosuspension of AmB was prepared and mixed with the preformed parenteral emulsion Lipofundin and subjected to high-pressure homogenization (SolEmuls technology). Characterization was performed by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), laser diffractometry (LD), and zeta potential measurements. Drug incorporation was studied by using light microscopy. The produced emulsions were further investigated by comparing them with the commercially available Fungizone in regard to antifungal efficiency and toxicity. Results suggest that through the SolEmuls process the AmB forms a reservoir, out of which it is released in such a manner that it is more efficient and less toxic than Fungizone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-U Junghanns
- Free University of Berlin, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Biotechnology and Quality Management, Berlin, Germany
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Vandermeulen G, Rouxhet L, Arien A, Brewster ME, Préat V. Encapsulation of amphotericin B in poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-trimethylenecarbonate) polymeric micelles. Int J Pharm 2006; 309:234-40. [PMID: 16406402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of self-assembling poly(ethyleneglycol)(750)-block-poly(epsilon-caprolactone-co-trimethylenecarbonate)(4500) 50/50 copolymers (PEG-p(CL-co-TMC)) to solubilize amphotericin B in polymeric micelles and to disaggregate the drug to the less toxic monomeric form. Amphotericin B was encapsulated in the micelles upon dilution of a mixture of the liquid polymer and the drug in water. Its solubility was increased by two orders of magnitude depending on polymer concentration. The aggregation state of amphotericin B was decreased by PEG-p(CL-co-TMC). The preparation method and the loading of the polymeric micelles influenced it. The antifungal activity of the drug was reduced by encapsulation in the polymeric micelles whereas the onset of amphotericin B-induced hemolysis was delayed. PEG-p(CL-co-TMC) micelles could be an easy method for amphotericin B encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vandermeulen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de pharmacie galénique, Avenue Mounier, 73 UCL 7320, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Egito EST, Araújo IB, Damasceno BPGL, Price JC. Amphotericin B/emulsion admixture interactions: an approach concerning the reduction of amphotericin B toxicity. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:2354-66. [PMID: 12379920 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mixing Fungizone with a fat emulsion used for nutritional purpose (Intralipid or Lipofundin ) was reported to decrease Amphotericin B (AmB) toxicity in clinical use. In an effort to understand the reason for this phenomenon, spectral and morphological analyses were done for the Fungizone and Fungizone /Lipofundin admixture (FLmix). The absorption spectra analyses showed that not only Fungizone but also FLmix presented spectra that were concentration dependent. Moreover, the spectra of FLmix remained stable until the concentration of 5 x 10(-7) M, and only at 5 x 10(-8) M did they become similar in shape to the Fungizone spectra. Morphological studies revealed that even though emulsion droplets with or without Fungizone presented the same particle size, the former was less electron dense compared with Lipofundin alone. These results suggest a kind of association between Fungizoneand Lipofundin that remains over the whole range of concentrations. This hypothesis was confirmed by in vitro studies in which FLmix presented an important selectivity against human and fungal cells compared with Fungizone. These findings suggest that parenteral emulsions should be able to reduce the AmB toxicity probably by changing the AmB self-association state by binding it with emulsion droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sócrates T Egito
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Rua Praia de Areia Branca, 8948-Natal-RN, 59094-450, Brazil.
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Nordén TP, Siekmann B, Lundquist S, Malmsten M. Physicochemical characterisation of a drug-containing phospholipid-stabilised o/w emulsion for intravenous administration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 13:393-401. [PMID: 11408154 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(01)00138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clomethiazole (CMZ) was used as a model drug to be incorporated into an emulsion vehicle. The effects of drug concentration and number of homogenisation steps were evaluated using multiple linear regression. The droplet size, measured as a z-average diameter by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), was found to be between 60 and 260 nm in the investigated range of CMZ concentrations, highly dependent on the concentration, but more weakly so on the number of homogenisation steps. Slow-scanning high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements showed that CMZ depresses the phospholipid chain melting temperature in the emulsion system, whereas (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments suggested that the CMZ molecules are to a large extent located in the surface region of the emulsion droplets. This interpretation is compatible with results from NMR self-diffusion measurements, which showed that most of the CMZ molecules are rapidly exchanged between emulsion droplets and the aqueous surrounding. It can be concluded that the surface-active drug CMZ has a significant influence on the characteristics of phospholipid-stabilised emulsions through its ability to interact with the phospholipid interface. Thus, the results underline the importance of characterising drug-lipid interactions for the development of lipid-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Nordén
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85, Södertälje, Sweden.
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Mahaguna V, Williams RO, Hardin TC. Trends in antifungal research. EXS 2001; 89:55-68. [PMID: 10997282 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8393-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing use of aggressive immunosuppressive therapies in the management of a variety of patient populations, the continuing presence of the AIDS pandemic and the therapeutic advances employed in critical care settings, an increasing number of serious fungal infections are being encountered by today's practicing clinicians. Traditionally, antifungal drug therapy has been delivered by means of intravenous infusion, oral administration, or topical application. Recently, a number of alternative routes of antifungal drug delivery have been developed and investigated, and the traditional means of antifungal administration have been improved to facilitate the therapeutic use of new and reformulated antifungal agents. Organized based on the route of administration, this chapter reviews these advances in antifungal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mahaguna
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, USA
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