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Xu LH, Ge JG, Xiao SF, Lu QC, Ji W, Ma YQ, Song JY, Zhang XY, Cai ML, Li X, Zhou X, Jiang ZL. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Alleviates Motion Sickness Potentially through Regulating Endolymph Volume in the Inner Ear Increased by Arginine Vasopressin. Neuroendocrinology 2024; 114:786-798. [PMID: 38815558 DOI: 10.1159/000539586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dimenhydrinate and scopolamine are frequently used drugs, but they cause drowsiness and performance decrement. Therefore, it is crucial to find peripheral targets and develop new drugs without central side effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-motion sickness action and inner ear-related mechanisms of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). METHODS Endolymph volume in the inner ear was measured with magnetic resonance imaging and expression of AQP2 and p-AQP2 was detected with Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence method. RESULTS Both rotational stimulus and intraperitoneal arginine vasopressin (AVP) injection induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to 0.15% sodium saccharin solution and an increase in the endolymph volume of the inner ear. However, intraperitoneal injection of ANP effectively alleviated the CTA behaviour and reduced the increase in the endolymph volume after rotational stimulus. Intratympanic injection of ANP also inhibited rotational stimulus-induced CTA behaviour, but anantin peptide, an inhibitor of ANP receptor A (NPR-A), blocked this inhibitory effect of ANP. Both rotational stimulus and intraperitoneal AVP injection increased the expression of AQP2 and p-AQP2 in the inner ear of rats, but these increases were blunted by ANP injection. In in vitro experiments, ANP addition decreased AVP-induced increases in the expression and phosphorylation of AQP2 in cultured endolymphatic sac epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Therefore, the present study suggests that ANP could alleviate motion sickness through regulating endolymph volume of the inner ear increased by AVP, and this action of ANP is potentially mediated by activating NPR-A and antagonising the increasing effect of AVP on AQP2 expression and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Xu
- Department of Nautical and Diving Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Medical School, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jian-Gang Ge
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong and Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shui-Feng Xiao
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Cheng Lu
- Department of Nautical and Diving Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Medical School, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong and Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yong-Qin Ma
- Department of Nautical and Diving Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Medical School, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jia-Yun Song
- Department of Nautical and Diving Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Medical School, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Zhang
- Department of Nautical and Diving Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Medical School, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ming-Liang Cai
- Department of Nautical and Diving Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Medical School, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Nautical and Diving Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Medical School, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Zheng-Lin Jiang
- Department of Nautical and Diving Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Medical School, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Xu LH, Yang Y, Liu HX, Xiao SF, Qiu WX, Wang JX, Zhao CC, Gui YH, Liu GZ, Peng B, Li X, Wang GH, Zhou X, Jiang ZL. Inner Ear Arginine Vasopressin-Vasopressin Receptor 2-Aquaporin 2 Signaling Pathway Is Involved in the Induction of Motion Sickness. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:248-260. [PMID: 32165443 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.264390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been identified that arginine vasopressin (AVP), vasopressin receptor 2(V2R), and the aquaporin 2 (AQP2) signaling pathway in the inner ear play important roles in hearing and balance functions through regulating the endolymph equilibrium; however, the contributions of this signaling pathway to the development of motion sickness are unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether the activation of the AVP-V2R-AQP2 signaling pathway in the inner ear is involved in the induction of motion sickness and whether mozavaptan, a V2R antagonist, could reduce motion sickness. We found that both rotatory stimulus and intraperitoneal AVP injection induced conditioned taste aversion (a confirmed behavioral index for motion sickness) in rats and activated the AVP-V2R-AQP2 signaling pathway with a responsive V2R downregulation in the inner ears, and AVP perfusion in cultured epithelial cells from rat endolymphatic sacs induced similar changes in this pathway signaling. Vestibular training, V2R antagonist mozavaptan, or PKA inhibitor H89 blunted these changes in the V2R-AQP2 pathway signaling while reducing rotatory stimulus- or DDAVP (a V2R agonist)-induced motion sickness in rats and dogs. Therefore, our results suggest that activation of the inner ear AVP-V2R-AQP2 signaling pathway is potentially involved in the development of motion sickness; thus, mozavaptan targeting AVP V2Rs in the inner ear may provide us with a new application option to reduce motion sickness. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Motion sickness affects many people traveling or working. In the present study our results showed that activation of the inner ear arginine vasopressin-vaspopressin receptor 2 (V2R)-aquaporin 2 signaling pathway was potentially involved in the development of motion sickness and that blocking V2R with mozavaptan, a V2R antagonist, was much more effective in reducing motion sickness in both rat and dog; therefore, we demonstrated a new mechanism to underlie motion sickness and a new candidate drug to reduce motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Xu
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Xia Liu
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shui-Feng Xiao
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Xia Qiu
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Chen Zhao
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Hong Gui
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gui-Zhu Liu
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng-Lin Jiang
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Institute of Nautical Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Pendrin acts as a Cl-/HCO3- exchanger and is responsible for endolymphatic fluid volume and pH homeostasis in human endolymphatic sac epithelial cells. BACKGROUND The endolymphatic sac (ES) is part of the membranous labyrinth in the inner ear that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the endolymphatic fluid system. However, the exact mechanism of fluid volume and pH regulation is not fully understood yet. We aimed to demonstrate the expression of various anion exchangers (AEs), including pendrin, in cultured human endolymphatic sac epithelial (HESE) cells. METHODS Endolymphatic sac specimens were harvested during acoustic neuroma surgery (n = 24) using the translabyrinthine approach and then subcultured with high epidermal growth factor (EGF) (25 ng/ml) media and differentiated using low-EGF (0.5 ng/ml) media. The cultured cells were classified according to the morphology on TEM. The Cl-/HCO3- exchanger activity was assessed by pHi measurement using pH sensitive dye 2', 7'-bis (2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF/AM). We performed reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining for AEs. RESULTS We determined that 7.3 ± 6.7% of cells differentiated into mitochodria-rich cells and 50.2 ± 15.1 of cells differentiated into ribosome-rich cells. bAE3, AE4, SLC26A4, SLC26A6, and SLC26A11 were also expressed in cultured HESE cells. The cultured cells had Cl-/HCO3- and Cl-/formate exchange activity on the luminal membrane, which is sensitive to anion channel inhibitors (DIDS 500 μM). Furthermore, we showed that pendrin (SLC26A4) was expressed in cultured HESE cell membranes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that AEs, including pendrin, are expressed in epithelia of ES and may have role in maintaining ionic homeostasis, and the HESE culture system are useful for uncovering the functional role of ES epithelial cells.
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