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Demirpolat A. Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Seven Polygonum Species from Turkey: A Chemotaxonomic Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27249053. [PMID: 36558187 PMCID: PMC9785205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants and herbal preparations are gaining attention in the scientific community today, as they are often used intermittently in the treatment of various diseases. The genus of Polygonum (Polygonaceae), known locally as “madimak”, is an aromatic plant widely used in world flavors. The chemical composition of the essential oils of dried aerial parts of seven of Polygonum was analyzed by GC-MS. These species are Polygonum lapathifolium L., Polygonum persicaria L., Polygonum arenastrum Bor., Polygonum bellardii All., Polygonum arenarium Waldst. Et Kit., Polygonum aviculare L., and Polygonum cognatum Meissn. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found in the essential oil analysis of the seven Polygonum species. The major compounds were determined as (E)-β-farnesene (19. 46%), dodecanal (15.92%), β-caryophyllene (12.95%), in P. aviculare; (E)-β-farnesene (25.00%), dodecanal (20.45%), β-caryophyllene (9.38%), and caryophyllene oxide (8. 26%) in P. persicaria; dodecanal (25.65%), caryophyllene oxide (13.35%), β-caryophyllene (7.95%), and (E)-β-farnesene (6.20%) in P. lapathifolium, and dodecanal (19.65%), (E)-β-farnesene (13.86%), β-caryophyllene (8.06%), and α-terpineol (7.2%) in P. arenarium, dodecanal (16.23%), β-caryophyllene (16.09%), (E)-β-farnesene (12.26%), caryophyllene oxide (7.94%) in P. bellardii, (E)-β-farnesene (20.75%), dodecanal (17.96%), β-caryophyllene (13.01%), α-terpineol (4.97%) in P. arenastrum, (E)-β-farnesene (9.49%), dodecanal (14.01%), β-caryophyllene (11.92%), geranyl acetate (9.49%), and undecanal (7.35%) in P. cognatum. This study is the most comprehensive study conducted to determine the essential oil components of Polygonum species. In addition, a literature review on the composition of the essential oils of these Polygonum taxa was performed. The essential oil components of the species in our study were revealed for the first time with this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azize Demirpolat
- Plant and Animal Production Department, Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, University of Bingöl, Bingöl 12000, Turkey
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Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts and Fractions from Polygoni Avicularis Herba. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113381. [PMID: 35684319 PMCID: PMC9182118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our research focused on the hypoglycemic capability and the possible mechanisms of extract and fractions from Polygoni Avicularis Herba (PAH) based on α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibition assays, glucose uptake experiment, HPLC-MS analysis, and molecular docking experiment. In addition, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays were used for determining the antioxidant capability. The results of total flavonoids and phenolics contents showed that ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) possessed the highest flavonoids and phenolics with values of 159.7 ± 2.5 mg rutin equivalents/g and 107.6 ± 2.0 mg galic acid equivalents/g, respectively. The results of in vitro hypoglycemic activity showed that all samples had effective α-glucosidase inhibition capacities, and EAF possessed the best inhibitory effect with IC50 value of 1.58 ± 0.24 μg/mL. In addition, n-butanol fraction (NBF) significantly promoted the glucose uptake rate of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. HPLC-MS analysis and molecular docking results proved the interactions between candidates and α-glucosidase. The results of antioxidation capacities showed that EAF possessed the best antioxidation abilities with DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. In summary, the hypoglycemic activity of PAH might be related to the inhibition of α-glucosidase (EAF > PEF > NBF) and the promotion of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (NBF). Simultaneously, the antioxidation capacity of PAH might be related to the abundant contents of flavonoids and other phenolics (EAF > PEF > NBF).
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Buentzel J, Bauer C, Buentzel J. How to bridge the gap? European medical plants used for treating oral mucositis: on the search for evidence. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:985-1001. [PMID: 31955287 PMCID: PMC7085484 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral mucositis is a common, painful side effect of cancer treatment-be it locoregional (e.g. irradiation) or systemic (e. g. chemotherapy). Phytotherapy is often used by patients to alleviate symptoms. However, knowledge on which medical plants are recommended by literature about Traditional European Medicine (TEM), their effect(s) on symptoms and their efficacy is severely lacking. Therefore, we developed a novel approach to assess traditional knowledge of herbals used in TEM and searched the online databases for studies reporting effects of these plants. METHODS At first, online research did not yield a satisfying number of studies (MESH terms: "mucositis" OR "stomatitis" AND "herbal" OR "herbal medicine"). Trials were labelled by the country conducting the study. In parallel, we compiled a list of 78 plants recommended for treating oral mucositis by screening 14 books on TEM. Then, a "hit list" of the plants most often mentioned was composed and used further for a second online investigation using the Latin plant designations as MESH term. Studies of both online searches were pooled for analysis. RESULTS There is a gap between traditional knowledge and trials investigating medical plants used by TEM. Overall, herbal remedies alleviate oral mucositis and especially, gingivitis well. There is good evidence for using Matricaria recutita L., Salvia officinalis L., Calendula officinalis L. and Thymus spp. L. for treating oral mucositis. CONCLUSION Clinical trials investigating medical plants known in TEM are rare. However, following our research strategy, we could extrapolate four plants with good evidence for alleviating symptoms of oral mucositis and gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Buentzel
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Center for Internal Medicine and Medical Clinic III, Klinikum Fulda, Fulda, Germany
| | - Jens Buentzel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head Neck Surgery, Südharz Hospital, Nordhausen, Germany
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Park SH, Jang S, Son E, Lee SW, Park SD, Sung YY, Kim HK. Polygonum aviculare L. extract reduces fatigue by inhibiting neuroinflammation in restraint-stressed mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 42:180-189. [PMID: 29655685 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic fatigue patients experience various neuropsychological symptoms, including fatigue behaviors, chronic pain, and depression. They also display immune system dysregulation. Polygonum aviculare L. extract (PAE) is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat inflammatory diseases by reportedly decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We hypothesized that the anti-inflammatory properties of PAE would attenuate fatigue symptoms in a mouse model of restraint stress. STUDY DESIGN We evaluated the effects of PAE on fatigue using three experimental groups: unstressed, vehicle-treated stressed, and PAE-treated stressed mice. This restraint stress paradigm, comprised of restraint for 3 h daily for 15 days, was used to model chronic fatigue. METHODS We compared lethargy-like behavior between our experimental groups using forced-swim, sucrose preference, and open-field tests once per week on days 7 and 14 of restraint stress. We also used histology and western blotting to evaluate pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the brain and serum, and microglial activation in the brain. Finally, we used liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) to identify individual components of PAE, and applied cell culture techniques to test the effects of these components on neuronal cells in vitro. RESULTS In restraint-stressed mice, PAE treatment decreased lethargy-like behavior relative to vehicle-treated animals. PAE treatment also reduced expression of fatigue-related factors such as corticosterone, serotonin, and catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) in the brain and serum, and decreased expression of CD68, Ibal-1, and the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the brain. Together, these data indicate that PAE reduced fatigue and is anti-inflammatory. Furthermore, histopathological analyses indicated that PAE treatment recovered atrophic volumes and hepatic injuries. Finally, LC/MS analysis of PAE identified four individual chemicals: myricitrin, isoquercitrin, avicularin, and quercitrin. In neuronal cell cultures, treatment with these PAE components inhibited TNF-α production, confirming that PAE treatment reduces neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS PAE treatment may reduce fatigue by suppressing neuroinflammation and the expression of fatigue-related hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Haeng Park
- Division of Herbal Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea; Department of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Seol Jang
- Division of Herbal Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea
| | - Eunjung Son
- Division of Herbal Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea
| | - Si Woo Lee
- Division of Future Medicine, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea
| | - Sun Dong Park
- Department of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Sung
- Division of Herbal Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Kim
- Division of Herbal Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea.
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Cruz Martínez C, Diaz Gómez M, Oh MS. Use of traditional herbal medicine as an alternative in dental treatment in Mexican dentistry: a review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1992-1998. [PMID: 28738710 PMCID: PMC6130662 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1347188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Herbal therapies are used worldwide to treat health conditions. In Mexico, generations have used them to treat gingivitis, periodontitis, mouth infections, and discoloured teeth. However, few studies have collected scientific evidence on their effects. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at searching and compiling scientific evidence of alternative oral and dental treatments using medicinal herbs from Mexico. METHODS We collected various Mexican medicinal plants used in the dental treatment from the database of the Institute of Biology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. To correlate with existing scientific evidence, we used the PubMed database with the key term '(scientific name) and (oral or dental)'. RESULTS Mexico has various medical herbs with antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, according to ancestral medicinal books and healers. Despite a paucity of experimental research demonstrating the antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antiplaque effects of these Mexican plants, they could still be useful as an alternative treatment of several periodontal diseases or as anticariogenic agents. However, the number of studies supporting their uses and effects remains insufficient. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION It is important for the health of consumers to scientifically demonstrate the real effects of natural medicine, as well as clarify and establish their possible therapeutic applications. Through this bibliographical revision, we found papers that testify or refute their ancestral uses, and conclude that the use of plants to treat oral conditions or to add to the dental pharmacological arsenal should be based on experimental studies verifying their suitability for dental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Cruz Martínez
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Martha Diaz Gómez
- Deparment of History, College of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Myung Sook Oh
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yang HH, Hwangbo K, Zheng MS, Cho JH, Son JK, Kim HY, Baek SH, Choi HC, Park SY, Kim JR. Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide isolated from Polygonum aviculare inhibits cellular senescence in human primary cells. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 37:1219-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Nugroho A, Kim EJ, Choi JS, Park HJ. Simultaneous quantification and peroxynitrite-scavenging activities of flavonoids in Polygonum aviculare L. herb. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 89:93-8. [PMID: 24270289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The plant Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant which is known to be beneficial for treating gastroduodenal ulcer, hypertension, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and hemorrhoids. Ten phenolic compounds, including nine flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, myricitrin, desmanthin-1, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, avicularin, juglanin), and gallic acid were used for simultaneous HPLC quantification and peroxynitrite-scavenging assay. Simultaneous quantification of these substances were performed on five extracts (EtOH-, MeOH-, 70% MeOH-, 30% MeOH-, and H2O extracts) as well as on the three fractions (Et2O-, EtOAc-, and BuOH fractions), under the condition of a Capcell Pak C18 column (5μm, 250mm×4.6mm i.d.) and a gradient elution of 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and MeOHCH3CN (60:40). Of the three fractions, the EtOAc fraction displayed the highest content of flavonoids (sum, 208.9mg/g) with the strongest peroxynitrite-scavenging activity (IC50, 2.68μg/mL). The activities of the eight compounds (myricitrin, isoquercitrin, avicularin, quercitrin, myricetin, desmanthin-1, quercetin, and kaempferol) were comparable to that of the positive control (l-penicillamine; IC50: 1.03μg/mL). These results suggest that folkloric medicinal uses of P. aviculare are mainly attributed to flavonoids, such as particularly highly contained myricetin, myricitrin, and desmanthin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Nugroho
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Graduate School, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Republic of Korea; Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru 70712, Indonesia
| | - Eon Ji Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 607-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 607-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Juhn Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Republic of Korea.
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Pickler L, Beirão BC, Hayashi RM, Durau JF, Lourenço MC, Caron LF, Santin E. Effect of sanguinarine in drinking water on Salmonella control and the expression of immune cells in peripheral blood and intestinal mucosa of broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Chen Y, Wong RWK, McGrath C, Hagg U, Seneviratne CJ. Natural compounds containing mouthrinses in the management of dental plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Walker JM, Maitra A, Walker J, Ehrnhoefer-Ressler MM, Inui T, Somoza V. Identification of Magnolia officinalis L. Bark Extract as the Most Potent Anti-Inflammatory of Four Plant Extracts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:531-44. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the anti-inflammatory potential of a Magnolia officinalis L. bark extract solely or in combination with extracts prepared from either Polygonum aviculare L., Sambucus nigra L., or Isodon japonicus L. in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) and human U-937 monocytes, as cell models of periodontal disease. HGF-1 and U-937 cells were incubated with LPS from either Porphyromonas gingivalis or Escherichia coli together with the four plant extracts alone or in combination. Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines from HGF-1 and U-937 cells was measured by means of a multiplexed bead assay system. Magnolia officinalis L. bark extract, at concentrations of 1 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL, reduced interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion from HGF-1 cells to 72.5 ± 28.6% and reduced matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) secretion from U-937 cells to 8.87 ± 7.97% compared to LPS-treated cells (100%). The other three extracts also reduced secretion of these inflammatory markers but were not as effective. Combination of 9 μg/mL Magnolia officinalis L. extract with 1 μg/mL of each of the other extracts maintained the anti-inflammatory effect of Magnolia officinalis L. extract. Combination of 5 μg/mL Magnolia officinalis L. extract with 5 μg/mL Isodon japonicus L. extract also maintained the anti-inflammatory potential of the Magnolia officinalis L. extract, whereas increasing concentrations of any of the other plant extracts in the combination experiments reduced the Magnolia officinalis L. extract efficacy in U-937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Walker
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jessica Walker
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam M. Ehrnhoefer-Ressler
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Taichi Inui
- Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Sung YY, Yoon T, Yang WK, Kim SJ, Kim DS, Kim HK. The Antiobesity Effect of Polygonum aviculare L. Ethanol Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:626397. [PMID: 23431342 PMCID: PMC3570948 DOI: 10.1155/2013/626397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The antiobesity effects of a P. aviculare ethanol extract (PAE) in high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obese mice were investigated. The mice were fed an HFD or an HFD supplemented with PAE (400 mg/kg/day) for 6.5 weeks. The increased body weights, adipose tissue weight, and adipocyte area as well as serum total triglyceride, leptin, and malondialdehyde concentrations were decreased in PAE-treated HFD-induced obese mice relative to the same measurements in untreated obese mice. Furthermore, PAE significantly suppressed the elevated mRNA expression levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, fatty acid synthase, and adipocyte protein 2 in the white adipose tissue of obese mice. In addition, PAE treatment of 3T3-L1 cells inhibited adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that PAE exerts antiobesity effects in HFD-induced obese mice through the suppression of lipogenesis in adipose tissue and increased antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Young Sung
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesook Yoon
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Yang
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ju Kim
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seon Kim
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Kim
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
- Herbal Material Management Team, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Botelho MA, Santos RAD, Martins JG, Carvalho CO, Paz MC, Azenha C, Ruela RS, Queiroz DB, Ruela WS, Marinho G, Ruela FI. Comparative effect of an essential oil mouthrinse on plaque, gingivitis and salivary Streptococcus mutans
levels: a double blind randomized study. Phytother Res 2009; 23:1214-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xu F, Guan H, Li G, Liu H. LC Method for Analysis of Three Flavonols in Rat Plasma and Urine after Oral Administration of Polygonum aviculare Extract. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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. BE, . YYK, . MAA, . SR, . MR, . MA. Anti-Cariogenic Properties of Malvidin-3,5-Diglucoside Isolated from Alcea longipedicellata Against Oral Bacteria. INT J PHARMACOL 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2007.468.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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. YYK, . MA, . BE, . SMB, . MS. Inhibitory Effects of a Flavonoid-Rich Extract of Pistacia vera Hull on Growth and Acid Production of Bacteria Involved in Dental Plaque. INT J PHARMACOL 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2007.219.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Phytotherapy of cough. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-557x(05)02007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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