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Liu M, Fan F, Zhang J, Fang S, Bai Y, Li Y, Zou Y, An Y, Dai X. Simultaneous determination of diquat, paraquat, glufosinate, and glyphosate in plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry: from method development to clinical application. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05257-1. [PMID: 38514583 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Diquat (DQ), paraquat (PQ), glufosinate (GLU), and glyphosate (GLYP) are commonly used herbicides that have been confirmed to be toxic to humans. Rapid and accurate measurements of these toxicants in clinical practice are beneficial for the correct diagnosis and timely treatment of herbicide-poisoned patients. The present study aimed to establish an efficient, convenient, and reliable method to achieve the simultaneous quantification of DQ, PQ, GLU, and GLYP in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) without using derivatization or ion-pairing reagents. DQ, PQ, GLU, and GLYP were extracted by the rapid protein precipitation and liquid-liquid extraction method and then separated and detected by LC-MS/MS. Subsequently, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect, dilution integrity, and stability were evaluated to validate the method based on the FDA criteria. Finally, the validated method was applied to real plasma samples collected from 166 Chinese patients with herbicide poisoning. The results showed satisfactory linearity with low LOD (1 ng/mL for DQ and PQ, 5 ng/mL for GLU, and 10 ng/mL for GLYP, respectively) and low LOQ (5 ng/mL for DQ and PQ, 25 ng/mL for GLU and GLYP, respectively). In addition, the precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, and stability of the method were acceptable. The matrix effect was not observed in the analyzed samples. Moreover, the developed method was successfully applied to determine the target compounds in real plasma samples. These data provided reliable evidence for the application of this LC-MS/MS method for clinical poisoning detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhu Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fei Fan
- West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyong Fang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Yangjuan Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yamei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuangao Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfei An
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Lenzi GG, Freitas P, Fidelis MZ, Ribeiro MA, Brackmann R, Colpini LMS, Tusset AM. Paraquat degradation by photocatalysis: experimental desing and optimization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2021; 56:523-531. [PMID: 33979272 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1913020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the experimental design and optimization of application TiO2 catalysts doped with 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0% of Fe. The catalysts were prepared using the impregnation method applied in Paraquat herbicide degradation. The catalysts were characterized by the following techniques: specific surface area and volume, mean pore diameter (BET method), scanning electron microscopy and photoacoustic spectroscopy. The characterization presented results indicating that both calcination temperature and the increase nominal metallic load affected by the structure of catalysts, changing the textural properties, as well as the band gap. The catalyst that presented the best herbicide removal percentage was TiO2 calcined at 773 K with removal of 90.2%. However, according to the experimental design and optimization, both variables (calcination temperature and Fe percentage) are significant in the process. In addition, a positive effect was found in the interaction between the two variables. The values show that a third order kinetic model better described the Paraquat photocatalytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giane G Lenzi
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Paula Freitas
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leda M S Colpini
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
- Federal University of Paraná - Campus Avançado de Jandaia do Sul, Jandaia do Sul, Brazil
| | - Angelo M Tusset
- Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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3
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Electrochemistry of viologens at polypyrrole doped with sulfonated β–cyclodextrin. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Magalhães N, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Human and experimental toxicology of diquat poisoning: Toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, and treatment. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1131-1160. [PMID: 29569487 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118765330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diquat (1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridinium ion; DQ) is a nonselective quick-acting herbicide, which is used as contact and preharvest desiccant to control terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. Several cases of human poisoning were reported worldwide mainly due to intentional ingestion of the liquid formulations. Its toxic potential results from its ability to produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through redox cycling processes that can lead to oxidative stress and potentially cell death. Kidney is the main target organ due to DQ toxicokinetics and redox cycling. There is no antidote against DQ intoxications, and the efficacy of treatments currently applied is still unsatisfactory. The aim of this work was to review the most relevant human and experimental findings related to DQ, characterizing its chemistry, activity as herbicide, mechanisms of toxicity, consequences of poisoning, and potential therapeutic approaches taking into account previous experience in developing antidotes for paraquat, a more toxic bipyridinium herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Magalhães
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Carvalho
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R J Dinis-Oliveira
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal.,3 Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Liu C, Wang P, Liu X, Yi X, Zhou Z, Liu D. Supramolecular fluorescent sensor array for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of quaternary ammonium herbicides. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02954g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A supramolecular fluorescent sensor array was firstly used to simultaneously qualitatively and quantitatively analyze quaternary ammonium herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Yi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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Rahimi Kakavandi N, Ezoddin M, Abdi K, Ghazi-Khansari M, Amini M, Shahtaheri SJ. Ion-pair switchable-hydrophilicity solvent-based homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of paraquat in environmental and biological samples before high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3703-3709. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Rahimi Kakavandi
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Ezoddin
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University; Tehran Iran
| | - Khosrou Abdi
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Drug Design and Development Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ghazi-Khansari
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Radiopharmacy and Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Drug Design and Development Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Tsao YC, Lai YC, Liu HC, Liu RH, Lin DL. Simultaneous Determination and Quantitation of Paraquat, Diquat, Glufosinate and Glyphosate in Postmortem Blood and Urine by LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:427-36. [PMID: 27339477 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method, incorporating protein-precipitation/organic backwashing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS), has been successfully developed for the simultaneous analysis of four highly water-soluble and less volatile herbicides (paraquat, diquat, glufosinate and glyphosate) in ante- and postmortem blood, urine and gastric content samples. Respective isotopically labeled analogs of these analytes were adopted as internal standards. Acetonitrile and dichloromethane were used for protein precipitation and organic solvent backwashing, respectively, followed by injecting the upper aqueous phase into the LC-MS-MS system. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq analytical column, with gradient elution of 15 mM heptafluorobutyric acid and acetonitrile. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed under electrospray ionization in positive-ion multiple reaction monitoring mode. The precursor ions and the two transition ions (m/z) adopted for each of these four analytes were paraquat (185; 169 and 115), diquat (183; 157 and 78), glufosinate (182; 136 and 119) and glyphosate (170; 88 and 60), respectively. Analyte-free blood and urine samples, fortified with the analytes of interest, were used for method development/validation and yielded acceptable recoveries of the analytes; interday and intraday precision and accuracy data; calibration linearity and limits of detection and quantitation. This method was successfully incorporated into an overall analytical scheme, designed for the analysis of a broad range of compounds present in postmortem samples, helpful to medical examiners' efforts to determine victims' causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chen Tsao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, No. 123, Min'an St., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 33, Linsen S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chun Lai
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, No. 123, Min'an St., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, No. 123, Min'an St., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Ray H Liu
- Department of Justice Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dong-Liang Lin
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, No. 123, Min'an St., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
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Hotspots engineering by grafting Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles on the Au film over slightly etched nanoparticles substrate for on-site paraquat sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:944-950. [PMID: 27498319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) pollutions are ultra-toxic to human beings and hard to be decomposed in the environment, thus requiring an on-site detection strategy. Herein, we developed a robust and rapid PQ sensing strategy based on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. A hybrid SERS substrate was prepared by grafting the Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) on the Au film over slightly etched nanoparticles (Au FOSEN). Hotspots were engineered at the junctions as indicated by the finite difference time domain calculation. SERS performance of the hybrid substrate was explored using p-ATP as the Raman probe. The hybrid substrate gives higher enhancement factor comparing to either the Au FOSEN substrate or the Au@Ag core-shell NPs, and exhibits excellent reproducibility, homogeneity and stability. The proposed SERS substrates were prepared in batches for the practical PQ sensing. The total analysis time for a single sample, including the pre-treatment and measurement, was less than 5min with a PQ detection limit of 10nM. Peak intensities of the SERS signal were plotted as a function of the PQ concentrations to calibrate the sensitivity by fitting the Hill's equation. The plotted calibration curve showed a good log-log linearity with the coefficient of determination of 0.98. The selectivity of the sensing proposal was based on the "finger print" Raman spectra of the analyte. The proposed substrate exhibited good recovery when it applied to real water samples, including lab tap water, bottled water, and commercially obtained apple juice and grape juice. This SERS-based PQ detection method is simple, rapid, sensitive and selective, which shows great potential in pesticide residue and additives abuse monitoring.
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Latifeh F, Yamini Y, Seidi S. Ionic liquid-modified silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles: promising adsorbents for ultra-fast extraction of paraquat from aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4411-4421. [PMID: 26503009 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, ionic liquid-modified silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2@IL) were synthesized and applied as adsorbents for extraction and determination of paraquat (PQ) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. For assurance of the extraction efficiency, the obtained results were compared with those obtained by bared magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Experimental design and response surface methodology were used for optimization of different parameters which affect extraction efficiency of paraquat using both adsorbents. Under the optimized conditions, extraction recoveries in the range of 20-25 and 35-40 % with satisfactory repeatability values (RSDs%, n = 4) less than 5.0 % were obtained for bared MNPs and Fe3O4@SiO2@IL, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.1 and 0.25 μg/L using Fe3O4@SiO2@IL and bared MNPs, respectively. The linearity was obtained in the range of 0.25 to 25 μg/L and 0.5 to 25 μg/L for Fe3O4@SiO2@IL and bared MNPs, respectively, with the coefficients of determination better than 0.9950. Finally, Fe3O4@SiO2@IL was chosen as superior adsorbent due to more dispersion ability, higher extraction recovery, lower detection limit, as well as better linearity and repeatability. Calculated errors (%) were in the range of 3 to 10 % depicting acceptable accuracy for the analysis of PQ by the proposed method. Finally, the method was successfully applied for extraction and determination of PQ in some water and countryside soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Latifeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Gao L, Liu G, Zhu J, Wang C, Liu J. Solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of diquat residues in water. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined with GC–MS for Determination of Diquat and Paraquat Residues in Water. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Li CB, Li XH, Wang Z, Jiang CH, Peng A. Serum paraquat concentration detected by spectrophotometry in patients with paraquat poisoning. World J Emerg Med 2014; 2:179-84. [PMID: 25215006 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraquat (PQ) is a world-wide used herbicide and also a type of common poison for suicide and accidental poisoning. Numerous studies have proved that the concentration of serum PQ plays an important role in prognosis. Spectrophotometry, including common spectrophotometry and second-derivative spectrophotometry, is commonly used for PQ detection in primary hospitals. So far, lack of systematic research on the reliability of the method and the correlation between clinical features of patients with PQ poisoning and the test results has restricted the clinical use of spectrophotometry. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and value of spectrophotometry in detecting the concentration of serum PQ. METHODS The wavelengths for detecting the concentration of serum PQ by common and second-derivative spectrophotometry were determined. Second-derivative spectrophotometry was applied to detect the concentration of serum PQ. The linear range and precision for detection of PQ concentration by this method were confirmed. The concentration of serum PQ shown by second-derivative spectrophotometry and HPLC were compared in 8 patients with PQ poisoning. Altogether 21 patients with acute poisoning 4 hours after PQ ingestion treated in the period of October 2008 to September 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into higher and lower than 1.8 μg/mL groups based on their concentrations of serum PQ measured by second-derivative spectrophotometry on admission. The severity of clinical manifestations between the two groups were analyzed with Student's t test or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The absorption peak of 257 nm could not be found when common spectrophotometry was used to detect the PQ concentration in serum. The calibration curve in the 0.4-8.0 μg/mL range for PQ concentration shown by second-derivative spectrophotometry obeyed Beer's law with r=0.996. The average recovery rates of PQ were within a range of 95.0% to 99.5%, relative standard deviation (RSD) was within 1.35% to 5.41% (n=6), and the lower detection limit was 0.05 μg/mL. The PQ concentrations in serum of 8 patients with PQ poisoning shown by second-derivative spectrophotometry were consistent with the quantitative determinations by HPLC (r=0.995, P<0.0001). The survival rate was 22.2% in patients whose PQ concentration in serum was more than 1.8 μg/mL, and the incidences of acidosis, oliguria and pneumomediastinum in these patients were 55.6%, 55.6% and 77.8%, respectively. These clinical manifestations were different significantly from those of the patients whose PQ concentration in serum was less than 1.8 μg/mL (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS For common spectrophotometry, the wavelength at 257 nm was not suitable for detecting serum PQ as no absorbance was shown. Second-derivative spectrophotometry was reliable for detecting serum paraquat concentration. Serum PQ concentration detected by second-derivative spectrophotometry could be used to predict the severity of clinical manifestations of patients with PQ poisoning, and PQ content higher than 1.8 μg/mL 4 hours after ingestion could be an important predictive factor for poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Bin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China (Li CB, Li XH, Wang Z, Peng A); Tongji Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China (Jiang CH)
| | - Xin-Hua Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China (Li CB, Li XH, Wang Z, Peng A); Tongji Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China (Jiang CH)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China (Li CB, Li XH, Wang Z, Peng A); Tongji Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China (Jiang CH)
| | - Cheng-Hua Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China (Li CB, Li XH, Wang Z, Peng A); Tongji Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China (Jiang CH)
| | - Ai Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China (Li CB, Li XH, Wang Z, Peng A); Tongji Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China (Jiang CH)
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Sun S, Li F, Liu F, Wang J, Peng X. Fluorescence detecting of paraquat using host-guest chemistry with cucurbit[8]uril. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3570. [PMID: 24389647 PMCID: PMC3880963 DOI: 10.1038/srep03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, which has a good occupational safety record when used properly. While, it presents high mortality index after intentional exposure. Accidental deaths and suicides from PQ ingestion are relatively common in developing countries with an estimated 300,000 deaths occurring in the Asia–Pacific region alone each year, and there are no specific antidotes. Good predictors of outcome and prognosis may be plasma and urine testing within the first 24 h of intoxication. A fluorescence enhancement of approximately 30 times was seen following addition of PQ to a solution of the supramolecular compound 2MB@CB[8], which comprised two methylene blue (MB) molecules within one cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) host molecule. The fluorescence intensity was linearly proportional to the amount of PQ added over the concentration range 2.4 × 10−10 M–2.5 × 10−4 M. The reaction also occurred in living cells and within live mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Sun
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E 224 West Campus, No. 2, Linggonglu, 116024, Dalian, China [2]
| | - Fusheng Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E 224 West Campus, No. 2, Linggonglu, 116024, Dalian, China [2]
| | - Fengyu Liu
- 1] School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggonglu, 116024, Dalian, China [2]
| | - Jitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E 224 West Campus, No. 2, Linggonglu, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, E 224 West Campus, No. 2, Linggonglu, 116024, Dalian, China
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Gao L, Liu J, Wang C, Liu G, Niu X, Shu C, Zhu J. Fast determination of paraquat in plasma and urine samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 944:136-40. [PMID: 24316524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and reliable gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method (GC-MS) for quantifying paraquat concentration in biological samples has been developed, using ethyl paraquat as an internal standard. The method involved the procedures of sodium borohydride-nickel chloride (NaBH4-NiCl2) reduction and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of the perhydrogenated products. GC-MS was used to identify and quantify the analytes in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Under the optimal conditions, recoveries in plasma and urine samples were 94.00-99.85% and 95.00-100.34%, respectively. Excellent sample clean-up was observed and good linearities (r=0.9982 for plasma sample and 0.9987 for urine sample) were obtained in the range of 0.1-50μg/mL. The limits of detection (S/N=3) were 0.01μg/mL in plasma and urine samples. The intra-day precision was less than 8.43%, 4.19% (n=3), and inter-day precision was less than 10.90%, 10.49% (n=5) for plasma and urine samples, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of the biological samples collected from a victim who died as a result of ingestion of paraquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Junting Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China.
| | - Chunyuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Guojie Liu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Niu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Cuixia Shu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Juan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
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Xing X, Zhou Y, Sun J, Tang D, Li T, Wu K. Determination of Paraquat by Cucurbit[7]uril Sensitized Fluorescence Quenching Method. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.729240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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de Almeida RM, Yonamine M. Enzymatic-spectrophotometric determination of paraquat in urine samples: a method based on its toxic mechanism. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:424-7. [PMID: 20524792 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.490968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat is a broad-spectrum contact herbicide that has been encountered worldwide in several cases of accidental, homicidal, and suicidal poisonings. The pulmonary toxicity of this compound is related to the depletion of NADPH in the pneumocytes, which is continuously consumed by the reduction/oxidation of paraquat and reductase enzyme systems in the presence of O(2) (redox cycling). Based on this mechanism, an enzymatic-spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of paraquat in urine samples. The velocity of NADPH consumption was monitored at 340 nm, every 10 s during 15 min. The velocity of NADPH oxidation correlated with the paraquat levels found in samples. The enzymatic-spectrophotometric method showed to be sensitive, making possible the detection of paraquat in urine samples at concentrations as low as 0.05 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Menck de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil.
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Zhou Q, Mao J, Xiao J, Xie G. Uses of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as a good separation electrolyte for direct electrophoretic separation of quaternary ammonium herbicides. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1288-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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A rapid spectrophotometric determination of imidacloprid in selected commercial formulations in the presence of 6-chloronicotinic acid. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc0912455g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple first-order derivative spectrophotometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of imidacloprid and 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CNA). By using the zero-crossing approach, imidacloprid was determined at 249 nm and 6-CNA at 236 nm with detection limits of 0.32 and 0.17 ?g mL-1, respectively, and relative standard deviations not exceeding 1.2 % in the case of model systems. The proposed method was applied for the determination of imidacloprid and 6-CNA in commercial formulations. A conventional spectrophotometric method (at 270 nm) was also employed for the determination of the content of imidacloprid in the same commercial formulations. The results of the developed spectrophotometric methods were in good agreement with those obtained by the high-performance liquid chromatographic method.
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Wang KC, Chen SM, Hsu JF, Cheng SG, Lee CK. Simultaneous detection and quantitation of highly water-soluble herbicides in serum using ion-pair liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 876:211-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Duarte JA, Sánchez-Navarro A, Remião F, Bastos ML, Carvalho F. Paraquat poisonings: mechanisms of lung toxicity, clinical features, and treatment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:13-71. [PMID: 18161502 DOI: 10.1080/10408440701669959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat dichloride (methyl viologen; PQ) is an effective and widely used herbicide that has a proven safety record when appropriately applied to eliminate weeds. However, over the last decades, there have been numerous fatalities, mainly caused by accidental or voluntary ingestion. PQ poisoning is an extremely frustrating condition to manage clinically, due to the elevated morbidity and mortality observed so far and due to the lack of effective treatments to be used in humans. PQ mainly accumulates in the lung (pulmonary concentrations can be 6 to 10 times higher than those in the plasma), where it is retained even when blood levels start to decrease. The pulmonary effects can be explained by the participation of the polyamine transport system abundantly expressed in the membrane of alveolar cells type I, II, and Clara cells. Further downstream at the toxicodynamic level, the main molecular mechanism of PQ toxicity is based on redox cycling and intracellular oxidative stress generation. With this review we aimed to collect and describe the most pertinent and significant findings published in established scientific publications since the discovery of PQ, focusing on the most recent developments related to PQ lung toxicity and their relevance to the treatment of human poisonings. Considerable space is also dedicated to techniques for prognosis prediction, since these could allow development of rigorous clinical protocols that may produce comparable data for the evaluation of proposed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dinis-Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Lopes IC, De Souza D, Machado SAS, Tanaka AA. Voltammetric detection of paraquat pesticide on a phthalocyanine-based pyrolitic graphite electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1907-14. [PMID: 17593356 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the application of an ordinary pyrolitic graphite electrode modified by metallophthalocyanine allied to square wave voltammetry for the study of the electrochemical behavior of the herbicide paraquat and the development of a method for its analytical determination in natural water samples. Preliminary experiments indicated that the best responses, considering the intensities of the current and voltammetric profile for the paraquat reduction process, were obtained when the electrode modified by cobalt phthalocyanine was employed, which had a better catalytic activity as a result of this modification compared with that for an unmodified electrode and electrodes modified by iron, manganese and the acid form of the phthalocyanines. Studies of the concentration of cobalt phthalocyanine and the adsorption time showed that 1.0x10(-4) mol L(-1) cobalt phthalocyanine with an adsorption time of 10 min was sufficient to obtain reliability and stability of modification for employment in the development of the electroanalytical procedure for paraquat determination in natural water samples. The variation in pH of a 0.10 mol L(-1) Britton-Robinson buffer solution and the square wave parameters indicated that the best conditions to reduce paraquat were pH 7.0, a frequency of 100 s(-1), a scan increment of 2 mV and a square wave amplitude of 50 mV. Under such conditions, the variation of paraquat concentrations from 5.00x10(-7) to 2.91x10(-5) mol L(-1) showed a linear relation, with detection and quantification limits of 26.53 and 88.23 microg L(-1); those values were lower than the maximum limits for drinking water permitted by the Brazilian Environmental Council (100 microg L(-1)), indicating that the method could be employed to analyze paraquat in drinking water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilanna C Lopes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses s/n, 65085-040, São Luís, Ma, Brazil
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de Almeida RM, Yonamine M. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of the herbicides paraquat and diquat in plasma and urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 853:260-4. [PMID: 17442635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a method was developed and optimized aiming to determinate the herbicides paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ) in human plasma and urine samples. An initial procedure of chemical reduction of the analytes by adding NaBH4 directly in the buffered samples (pH 8.0) was performed. This procedure was necessary to convert the quaternary ammonium substances into more volatile compounds for gas chromatographic analysis. The reduction compounds were extracted with C18 cartridges (solid-phase extraction). Ethyl paraquat (EPQ) was used as internal standard (IS). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and quantify the analytes in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The limits of detection were 0.05 mg/l for both PQ and DQ. By using the weighted least squares linear regression (1/x1/2 for plasma and 1/y for urine), the accuracy of the analytical method was improved at the lower end of the calibration curve (from 0.1 to 50 mg/l; r>0.98). This method can be readily utilized as an important tool to confirm the suspicion of PQ and/or DQ poisoning and evaluate the extent of the intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Menck de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580 B13B CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ito M, Hori Y, Fujisawa M, Oda A, Katsuyama S, Hirose Y, Yoshioka T. Rapid analysis method for paraquat and diquat in the serum using ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:725-8. [PMID: 15802817 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, by using IPCC-MS3 (GL Sciences Inc. Tokyo, Japan) as the counter-ion in the mobile phase, we established a simple, quick method of analysis that separated and quantified paraquat and diquat on an ODS column by introducing the deproteinized serum sample directly into HPLC. The calibration curve of paraquat and diquat detected at UV 290 nm showed good linearity when the concentration of the injected sample was in the range 0.1-10.0 microg/ml. The detection limit was 0.05 microg/ml, and the mean recoveries (n=5) added 1.0 microg/ml each of paraquat and diquat to standard serum were 87.5% and 89.1%, respectively, while the RSD were 4.52% and 3.85%. All of these were good results, and the time taken for one analysis was less than 30 min. As a result of employing this analytical method for the analyses in four cases of acute poisoning, it was possible to decide promptly on treatment approaches for all of the present cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Ito
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Niigata City General Hospital, Japan.
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Abstract
Many acutely poisoned patients are treated with no laboratory help other than general clinical chemistry and haematology. Emergency toxicological analyses (24-hour availability) that could influence immediate patient management such as iron, lithium and paracetamol (acetaminophen), are relatively few in number and are remarkably similar worldwide. These assays should be provided at hospitals with large accident and emergency departments. More complex, less frequently needed clinical toxicological assays that can often be offered on a less urgent basis are usually provided from regional or national centres because of the need to make best use of resources. Recommendations as to the assays that should be provided locally and at regional centres are available for the UK and US, and are generally applicable. Regional centres normally diversify into specialised therapeutic drug monitoring, urine screening for drugs of abuse, metals analysis and sometimes forensic work in order to widen the repertoire of tests available and to increase funding. Whatever the type and quantity of work undertaken and the instrumentation used, guidelines are now available delineating staff training, method validation, assay operation, quality control/quality assurance, and indeed virtually all other aspects of laboratory operation. These considerations notwithstanding, clinical interpretation of analytical results remains a difficult area and is the responsibility of the reporting laboratory, at least in the first instance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Flanagan
- Medical Toxicology Unit, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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