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Ahsan T, Shoily SS, Ahmed T, Sajib AA. Role of the redox state of the Pirin-bound cofactor on interaction with the master regulators of inflammation and other pathways. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289158. [PMID: 38033031 PMCID: PMC10688961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent cellular stress induced perpetuation and uncontrolled amplification of inflammatory response results in a shift from tissue repair toward collateral damage, significant alterations of tissue functions, and derangements of homeostasis which in turn can lead to a large number of acute and chronic pathological conditions, such as chronic heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Keeping the vital role of balanced inflammation in maintaining tissue integrity in mind, the way to combating inflammatory diseases may be through identification and characterization of mediators of inflammation that can be targeted without hampering normal body function. Pirin (PIR) is a non-heme iron containing protein having two different conformations depending on the oxidation state of the iron. Through exploration of the Pirin interactome and using molecular docking approaches, we identified that the Fe2+-bound Pirin directly interacts with BCL3, NFKBIA, NFIX and SMAD9 with more resemblance to the native binding pose and higher affinity than the Fe3+-bound form. In addition, Pirin appears to have a function in the regulation of inflammation, the transition between the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways, and the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, Pirin signaling appears to have a critical role in tumor invasion and metastasis, as well as metabolic and neuro-pathological complications. There are regulatory variants in PIR that can influence expression of not only PIR but also other genes, including VEGFD and ACE2. Disparity exists between South Asian and European populations in the frequencies of variant alleles at some of these regulatory loci that may lead to differential occurrence of Pirin-mediated pathogenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim Ahsan
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabrina Samad Shoily
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnim Ahmed
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ashfaqur Sajib
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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2
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Wang RF, Li YP, Zhang HY, Xu SS, Wang Z, Han XM, Liu BP. Sleep benefit in patients with Parkinson's disease is associated with the dopamine transporter expression in putamen. Brain Res 2023; 1802:148173. [PMID: 36460060 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sleep benefit (SB) is a well-known phenomenon in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate whether the SB phenomenon in PD patients is associated with dopamine transporter (DAT) expression levels in the striatum. METHODS The data of 125 PD patients were collected and divided into SB (n = 61) and non-SB (nSB) groups (n = 54) depending on whether they had SB or not. DAT expression on both sides of the striatum in PD patients was measured using 2b-carbomethoxy-3b-(4-trimethylstannylphenyl) tropane (11C-CFT) positron emission tomography imaging. The clinical variables, sleep scores, and striatum 11C-CFT uptake index of PD patients between the SB and nSB groups were compared. The associations of clinical variables, sleep scores, and striatum 11C-CFT uptake index with the SB variable were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the striatum 11C-CFT uptake index in distinguishing SB patients from nSB patients. RESULTS The tremor subtype ratio (P = 0.011), levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) (P < 0.001), sleep efficiency score (P = 0.025), habitual sleep efficiency (P = 0.012), and night sleep duration (P = 0.005) in the SB group were significantly different from those in the nSB group. The 11C-CFT uptake index in both the contralateral and ipsilateral striata in the SB group was significantly higher than that in the nSB group (P < 0.05). The binary logistic regression showed that SB variables were significantly and independently associated with tremor subtype (P = 0.048), LEDD (P = 0.021), sleep duration at night (P = 0.035), 11C-CFT uptake index in the contralateral (P = 0.013) and ipsilateral (P = 0.019) putamen in PD patients after correction for important clinical confounders. ROC analysis showed that the 11C-CFT uptake index on the onset side of the putamen had a high capacity (AUC: 0.916) to distinguish SB patients from nSB patients with high sensitivity (83.33 %) and specificity (88.89 %). CONCLUSION DAT expression in the putamen was associated with the SB phenomenon in PD patients, and the putamen DAT expression level could predict the SB phenomenon in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yan-Peng Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Han-Yue Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Sha-Sha Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xing-Min Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Bao-Ping Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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Yang Y, Zhou X, Liu X, Song R, Gao Y, Wang S. Implications of FBXW7 in Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:736008. [PMID: 34512273 PMCID: PMC8424092 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.736008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) mediated protein degradation is crucial to maintain quantitive and functional homeostasis of diverse proteins. Balanced cellular protein homeostasis controlled by UPS is fundamental to normal neurological functions while impairment of UPS can also lead to some neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Functioning as the substrate recognition component of the SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, FBXW7 is essential to multiple aspects of cellular processes via targeting a wide range of substrates for proteasome-mediated degradation. Accumulated evidence shows that FBXW7 is fundamental to neurological functions and especially implicated in neurodevelopment and the nosogenesis of neurodegeneration. In this review, we describe general features of FBXW7 gene and proteins, and mainly present recent findings that highlight the vital roles and molecular mechanisms of FBXW7 in neurodevelopment such as neurogenesis, myelination and cerebral vasculogenesis and in the pathogenesis of some typical neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Additionally, we also provide a prospect on focusing FBXW7 as a potential therapeutic target to rescue neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Research Center for Quality of Life and Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinpeng Liu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruying Song
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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4
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Gait bradykinesia and hypometria decrease as arm swing frequency and amplitude increase. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:248-252. [PMID: 30287303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
People with Parkinson's disease (PD) have decreased arm swing movements during walking, which can be related to PD motor signs and symptoms. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of an increased arm swing frequency or amplitude on the gait parameters in people with PD and healthy older adults. Seventeen individuals with PD and 19 older people were invited to walk on a 10 m pathway under three experimental conditions: (i) usual walking (no arm swing instructions); (ii) an increased arm swing amplitude; and (iii) an increased arm swing frequency. Both groups had an increased stride speed, vertical center of mass and arm swing accelerations and decreased double support time under the increased arm swing amplitude and frequency conditions. People with PD were able to modulate the gait parameters according to the experimental conditions, but at a smaller magnitude than the older individuals. These results indicate that bradykinesia and hypometria of gait can be positively overcome by increasing the amplitude and frequency of arm swing. Arm movements should be included in gait rehabilitation protocols for PD.
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Chang JY, Yi HS, Kim HW, Shong M. Dysregulation of mitophagy in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:633-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Dong H, Wang C, Lu S, Yu C, Huang L, Feng W, Xu H, Chen X, Zen K, Yan Q, Liu W, Zhang C, Zhang CY. A panel of four decreased serum microRNAs as a novel biomarker for early Parkinson's disease. Biomarkers 2015; 21:129-37. [PMID: 26631297 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1118544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sensitive, non-invasive biomarkers that facilitate Parkinson's disease (PD) detection and stage assignment are currently unavailable. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel biomarkers for PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Solexa sequencing technology and quantitative real-time PCR were applied to screen and verify altered serum miRNAs in PD patients. RESULTS Serum miR-141, miR-214, miR-146b-5p, and miR-193a-3p were decreased significantly in PD patients compared with controls. Furthermore, the 4-miRNA panel enabled the differentiation of HY stage 1 and 2 PD patients from controls. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The four serum miRNAs may represent novel biomarkers for the early detection of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- a State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
| | - Cheng Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing , China .,b Department of Clinical Laboratory , Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine , Nanjing , China , and
| | - Sunbin Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
| | - Cuiyu Yu
- c Department of Neurology , Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Lei Huang
- a State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
| | - Wuruo Feng
- c Department of Neurology , Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hui Xu
- c Department of Neurology , Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xi Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
| | - Ke Zen
- a State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qiao Yan
- a State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- c Department of Neurology , Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Chunni Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing , China .,b Department of Clinical Laboratory , Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine , Nanjing , China , and
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
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7
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"Sleep benefit" in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:654-9. [PMID: 23615667 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are common among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there are also reports of PD patients experiencing a beneficial effect of sleep. Upon awaking in the morning some patients experience good mobility, as if they are in an "on" state induced by medication, contrary to what would be expected after a night without medication. This intriguing phenomenon is known as sleep benefit. Here, we review the available research on sleep benefit in PD, describing its prevalence, clinical effects and determinants. We also discuss the possible mechanisms underlying sleep benefit, and the potential clinical applicability. Finally, we propose a new definition of sleep benefit to allow for improved standardization and homogeneity in future research. Important research targets include the development of objective measures of sleep benefit, as a basis for obtaining a better understanding of sleep benefit, its underlying mechanisms and its potential therapeutic application.
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8
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Zhang Y, Wang ZZ, Sun HM. A meta-analysis of the relationship of the Parkin p.Val380Leu polymorphism to Parkinson's disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:235-44. [PMID: 23436552 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common movement disorders. Parkin p.Val380Leu polymorphism (c.1239G > C) has been investigated as a potential genetic hallmark of PD, but studies examining the association between the polymorphism and PD have reported conflicting results. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the influence of Parkin p.Val380Leu polymorphism on the susceptibility of PD. Computer and hand searches of the literature were conducted using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and China Academic Journals databases to identify studies addressing the association between the Parkin p.Val380Leu polymorphism and PD risk. We performed analyses of study characteristics, heterogeneity, and funnel plot asymmetry in analyses analogous to additive, dominant, recessive, homozygous, and heterozygous genetic models with the odds ratio (OR) as the measure of association. A total of 11 case-control studies involving 2,073 PD cases and 2,131 controls were included. When all 11 studies were pooled into the analysis, the presence of the Leu allele at the Parkin p.Val389Leu polymorphism was associated with decreased risk for PD in three genetic comparison models: OR in additive model: 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64-0.98, P = 0.029; OR in recessive model: 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35-0.89, P = 0.014; OR in homozygous model: 0.51, 95% CI = 0.32-0.82, P = 0.005. Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test provided visual and statistical evidences for funnel plot symmetry, without evidence presence of publication bias. We conclude that the presence of the Leu allele at the Parkin p.Val380Leu polymorphism is associated decreased risk for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Taylor TN, Caudle WM, Miller GW. VMAT2-Deficient Mice Display Nigral and Extranigral Pathology and Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:124165. [PMID: 21403896 PMCID: PMC3043293 DOI: 10.4061/2011/124165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is transported into synaptic vesicles by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2; SLC18A2). Disruption of dopamine storage has been hypothesized to damage the dopamine neurons that are lost in Parkinson's disease. By disrupting vesicular storage of dopamine and other monoamines, we have created a progressive mouse model of PD that exhibits catecholamine neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta and locus coeruleus and motor and nonmotor symptoms. With a 95% reduction in VMAT2 expression, VMAT2-deficient animals have decreased motor function, progressive deficits in olfactory discrimination, shorter latency to behavioral signs of sleep, delayed gastric emptying, anxiety-like behaviors at younger ages, and a progressive depressive-like phenotype. Pathologically, the VMAT2-deficient mice display progressive neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra (SNpc), locus coeruleus (LC), and dorsal raphe (DR) coupled with α-synuclein accumulation. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that reduced vesicular storage of monoamines and the resulting disruption of the cytosolic environment may play a role in the pathogenesis of parkinsonian symptoms and neurodegeneration. The multisystem nature of the VMAT2-deficient mice may be useful in developing therapeutic strategies that go beyond the dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya N Taylor
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Constantinescu R, Richard I, Kurlan R. Levodopa responsiveness in disorders with parkinsonism: a review of the literature. Mov Disord 2008; 22:2141-8; quiz 2295. [PMID: 17534959 DOI: 10.1002/mds.21578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A literature review was conducted to investigate whether or not levodopa (LD) responsiveness (LR) is a useful criterion in the diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders. Although LR does appear to differ among the parkinsonian disorders, there is considerable confusion in the literature. While most patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have a sustained benefit from LD, a small minority of patients with documented PD do not respond. The literature suggests that the LR rate is higher for multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) than based on published diagnostic criteria. Magnitude and duration of response to LD and tolerability (time course, type and distribution of dyskinesias, mental effects and motor worsening) may be useful features in distinguishing PD, MSA, PSP, and CBD. Efforts should be directed toward better defining LR when used for diagnostic purposes and in scientific publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Constantinescu
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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11
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PINK1 mutation in Taiwanese early-onset parkinsonism. J Neurol 2007; 254:1347-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-007-0534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cha GH, Kim S, Park J, Lee E, Kim M, Lee SB, Kim JM, Chung J, Cho KS. Parkin negatively regulates JNK pathway in the dopaminergic neurons of Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10345-50. [PMID: 16002472 PMCID: PMC1177361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500346102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been found to be responsible for autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism characterized primarily by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons with subsequent defects in movements. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this neuron loss remain elusive. Here, we characterized Drosophila parkin loss-of-function mutants, which exhibit shrinkage of dopaminergic neurons with decreased tyrosine hydroxylase level and impaired locomotion. The behavioral defect of parkin mutant flies was partially restored by administering L-DOPA, and the dopamine level in the brains of parkin mutant flies was highly decreased. Intriguingly, we found that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is strongly activated in the dopaminergic neurons of parkin mutants and that impaired dopaminergic neuron phenotypes are dependent on the activation of the JNK signaling pathway. In consistent with this, our epistatic analysis and mammalian cell studies showed that Parkin inhibits the JNK signaling pathway in an E3 activity-dependent manner. These results suggest that loss of Parkin function up-regulates the JNK signaling pathway, which may contribute to the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila parkin mutants and perhaps autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ho Cha
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Cell Growth Regulation, and Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Kusong-dong, Yusong-gu, Taejon 305-701, Korea
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Snyder H, Wolozin B. Pathological proteins in Parkinson's disease: focus on the proteasome. J Mol Neurosci 2005; 24:425-42. [PMID: 15655264 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:24:3:425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disease that appears to arise from the effects of both genetic and environmental influences. Pesticides and heavy metals are the principle environmental factors that appear to impact on PD. The known genetic factors include multiple genes that have been identified in related parkinsonian syndromes, as well as alpha-synuclein. Genes associated with either PD or Parkinson-related disorders include parkin, DJ-1, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 (UCH-L1), nuclear receptor-related factor 1, and alpha-synuclein. Alpha-synuclein is particularly notable because it aggregates readily and is the main component of Lewy bodies (LBs). Aggregated alpha-synuclein binds the proteasome and potently inhibits proteasomal activity. Because ubiquitin accumulates in LBs, and parkin and UCH-L1 also interact with the ubiquitin proteasomal system, proteasomal dysfunction is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of PD. Increasing numbers of experiments suggest that neurotoxins might interact with alpha-synuclein or other Parkinson-related proteins to contribute to the pathophysiology of PD. Transgenic animal models overexpressing alpha-synuclein develop age-dependent motor dysfunction and inclusions in the brain stem that contain alpha-synuclein. These models are very helpful in elucidating the pathophysiology of PD but do not completely recapitulate the disease process. The relationship between these transgenic models and PD is a subject of intense investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Snyder
- Boston University School of Medicine, 715 ALbany Street, Room L-603, Boston, MA 02118-2526, USA
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Kühn K, Zhu XR, Lübbert H, Stichel CC. Parkin expression in the developing mouse. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 149:131-42. [PMID: 15063093 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase causally involved in the pathogenesis of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. In this paper, we analysed the formation of alternative splice products and the spatio-temporal expression pattern of parkin during pre- and postnatal mouse development. Using RT-PCR, Northern blot, in situ hybridization, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry we found (i) alternative splice forms of parkin; (ii) an early and widespread expression of parkin mRNA and protein in the CNS and several organs, already at E10/12; (iii) a marked increase in expression level during midgestational development (E15-18) in the CNS, followed by a steady increase until adulthood; (iv) an ubiquitous distribution throughout CNS ontogeny. Our results show that parkin expression is correlated with cell maturation and suggests an important physiological role of parkin in neurons that is at no time limited to the dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Kühn
- Department of Animal Physiology, ND5/132, Ruhr-University of Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Kim SJ, Sung JY, Um JW, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, Tanaka K, Paik SR, Kim J, Chung KC. Parkin cleaves intracellular alpha-synuclein inclusions via the activation of calpain. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:41890-9. [PMID: 12917442 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306017200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the alpha-synuclein and parkin genes cause heritable forms of Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we examined the possible functional relationship between the parkin and alpha-synuclein genes in a conditionally immortalized embryonic hippocampal cell (H19-7) line. Whereas transient transfection of alpha-synuclein into neuronal H19-7 cells caused the formation of its intracytoplasmic inclusions and a significant cell death, the combined overexpression of parkin restored the alpha-synuclein-induced decrease in cell viability to control levels. In addition, the overexpression of parkin was found to generate selective cleavage of alpha-synuclein. Furthermore, the cytoprotective effect of parkin on alpha-synuclein-induced cell death was not inhibited in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor. Interestingly, the overexpression of parkin induced the activation of an intracellular cysteine protease, calpain, but not caspase, and the cytoprotective effect of parkin on alpha-synuclein cytotoxicity was significantly inhibited by the presence of calpain-specific inhibitors. In conclusion, our results suggest that parkin accelerates the degradation of alpha-synuclein via the activation of the nonproteasomal protease, calpain, leading to the prevention of alpha-synuclein-induced cell death in embryonic hippocampal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jung Kim
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University College of Sciences, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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