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Fahed L, Beyrouthy ME, Ouaini N, Eparvier V, Stien D, Vitalini S, Iriti M. Antimicrobial Activity and Synergy Investigation of Hypericum scabrum Essential Oil with Antifungal Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216545. [PMID: 34770954 PMCID: PMC8587137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of Lebanese Hypericum scabrum essential oil (EO) was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GG-MS). Its antimicrobial activity was evaluated by determining its minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against a Gram-negative and a Gram-positive bacterium, one yeast, and five dermatophytes. H. scabrum EO was most active on filamentous fungi (MIC values of 32-64 µg/mL). Synergy within the oil was investigated by testing each of the following major components on Trichophyton rubrum: α-pinene, limonene, myrcene, β-pinene and nonane, as well as a reconstructed EO. The antifungal activity of the natural oil could not be reached, meaning that its activity might be due, in part, to minor constituent(s). The interactions between H. scabrum EO and commercially available antifungals were assessed by the checkerboard test. A synergistic effect was revealed in the combination of the EO with amphotericin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layal Fahed
- UPR 2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (L.F.); (V.E.); (D.S.)
- Natural Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, B.P. 90656, Fanar 15216, Lebanon
| | - Marc El Beyrouthy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh 1200, Lebanon;
- Correspondence: (M.E.B.); (M.I.); Tel.: +961-3826419 (M.E.B.); +39-0250316766 (M.I.)
| | - Naïm Ouaini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh 1200, Lebanon;
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- UPR 2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (L.F.); (V.E.); (D.S.)
| | - Didier Stien
- UPR 2301, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (L.F.); (V.E.); (D.S.)
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Oceanologique, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sara Vitalini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- Phytochem Laboratory, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- Phytochem Laboratory, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.E.B.); (M.I.); Tel.: +961-3826419 (M.E.B.); +39-0250316766 (M.I.)
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