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Farr N, Wang YN, D'Andrea S, Starr F, Partanen A, Gravelle KM, McCune JS, Risler LJ, Whang SG, Chang A, Hingorani SR, Lee D, Hwang JH. Hyperthermia-enhanced targeted drug delivery using magnetic resonance-guided focussed ultrasound: a pre-clinical study in a genetic model of pancreatic cancer. Int J Hyperthermia 2017; 34:284-291. [PMID: 28715967 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1336675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The lack of effective treatment options for pancreatic cancer has led to a 5-year survival rate of just 8%. Here, we evaluate the ability to enhance targeted drug delivery using mild hyperthermia in combination with the systemic administration of a low-temperature sensitive liposomal formulation of doxorubicin (LTSL-Dox) using a relevant model for pancreas cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were performed in a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer (KPC mice: LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53R172H/+; Pdx-1-Cre). LTSL-Dox or free doxorubicin (Dox) was administered via a tail vein catheter. A clinical magnetic resonance-guided high intensity focussed ultrasound (MR-HIFU) system was used to plan treatment, apply the HIFU-induce hyperthermia and monitor therapy. Post-therapy, total Dox concentration in tumour tissue was determined by HPLC and confirmed with fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Localized hyperthermia was successfully applied and monitored with a clinical MR-HIFU system. The mild hyperthermia heating algorithm administered by the MR-HIFU system resulted in homogenous heating within the region of interest. MR-HIFU, in combination with LTSL-Dox, resulted in a 23-fold increase in the localised drug concentration and nuclear uptake of doxorubicin within the tumour tissue of KPC mice compared to LTSL-Dox alone. Hyperthermia, in combination with free Dox, resulted in a 2-fold increase compared to Dox alone. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that HIFU-induced hyperthermia in combination with LTSL-Dox can be a non-invasive and effective method in enhancing the localised delivery and penetration of doxorubicin into pancreatic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Farr
- a Department of Bioengineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Yak-Nam Wang
- b Applied Physics Laboratory , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Samantha D'Andrea
- c Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Frank Starr
- b Applied Physics Laboratory , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Ari Partanen
- d Philips, Clinical Science MR Therapy , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Kayla M Gravelle
- c Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Jeannine S McCune
- e Pharmacokinetics Laboratory , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Linda J Risler
- e Pharmacokinetics Laboratory , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Stella G Whang
- c Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Amy Chang
- f Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Sunil R Hingorani
- c Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,f Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Donghoon Lee
- g Department of Radiology , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Joo Ha Hwang
- c Department of Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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Pacini N, Borziani F. Cancer stem cell theory and the warburg effect, two sides of the same coin? Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8893-930. [PMID: 24857919 PMCID: PMC4057766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 100 years, many studies have been performed to determine the biochemical and histopathological phenomena that mark the origin of neoplasms. At the end of the last century, the leading paradigm, which is currently well rooted, considered the origin of neoplasms to be a set of genetic and/or epigenetic mutations, stochastic and independent in a single cell, or rather, a stochastic monoclonal pattern. However, in the last 20 years, two important areas of research have underlined numerous limitations and incongruities of this pattern, the hypothesis of the so-called cancer stem cell theory and a revaluation of several alterations in metabolic networks that are typical of the neoplastic cell, the so-called Warburg effect. Even if this specific “metabolic sign” has been known for more than 85 years, only in the last few years has it been given more attention; therefore, the so-called Warburg hypothesis has been used in multiple and independent surveys. Based on an accurate analysis of a series of considerations and of biophysical thermodynamic events in the literature, we will demonstrate a homogeneous pattern of the cancer stem cell theory, of the Warburg hypothesis and of the stochastic monoclonal pattern; this pattern could contribute considerably as the first basis of the development of a new uniform theory on the origin of neoplasms. Thus, a new possible epistemological paradigm is represented; this paradigm considers the Warburg effect as a specific “metabolic sign” reflecting the stem origin of the neoplastic cell, where, in this specific metabolic order, an essential reason for the genetic instability that is intrinsic to the neoplastic cell is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pacini
- Laboratorio Privato di Biochimica F. Pacini, via trabocchetto 10, 89126 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Fabio Borziani
- Laboratorio Privato di Biochimica F. Pacini, via trabocchetto 10, 89126 Reggio Calabria, Italy.
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Buchbender C, Heusner TA, Lauenstein TC, Bockisch A, Antoch G. Oncologic PET/MRI, Part 2: Bone Tumors, Soft-Tissue Tumors, Melanoma, and Lymphoma. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:1244-52. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Xu S, Zakian K, Thaler H, Matei C, Alfieri A, Chen Y, Koutcher JA. Effects of Motexafin gadolinium on tumor metabolism and radiation sensitivity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 49:1381-90. [PMID: 11286846 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)01566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Experiments were undertaken to determine if metabolic changes induced by Motexafin gadolinium (Gd-Tex(+2), XCYTRIN) predict time intervals between drug and radiation wherein there is enhancement of radiation efficacy. METHODS AND MATERIALS We evaluated the effect of Gd-Tex(+2) on tumor metabolism and on tumor growth using a mouse mammary carcinoma model and (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Response to therapy was evaluated based on time for the tumor to regrow to pretreatment size and also tumor doubling time. RESULTS (31)P NMR experiments indicated that Gd-Tex(+2) effected tumor energy metabolism during the first 24 hours postadministration. A decrease in phosphocreatine was noted at 2 (p < 0.04), 6 (p < 0.006), and 24 (p < 0.001) hours post Gd-Tex(+2). A decrease in nucleoside triphosphates was noted only at 2 hours (p < 0.02), with subsequent recovery at 6 hours. Phosphocreatine in control (saline treated) tumors showed a significant decrease only at 24 hours (p < 0.01). Irradiation at 2 and 6 hours post Gd-Tex(+2) induced an enhanced effect compared to radiation alone as measured by analyzing the growth curves, maximum tumor volumes, and the time for the tumors to regrow to their initial volumes. Irradiation at 24 hours post Gd-Tex(+2) induced a modest enhancement in tumor growth delay compared to radiation alone. DISCUSSION NMR spectroscopy may be useful for monitoring tumor metabolism after treatment with Gd-Tex(+2) and administering radiation during the time of maximal efficacy of Gd-Tex(+2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xu
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Olsen DR, Rofstad EK. Monitoring of tumor reoxygenation following irradiation by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy: an experimental study of human melanoma xenografts. Radiother Oncol 1999; 52:261-7. [PMID: 10580874 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(99)00075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inadequate tumor reoxygenation during radiation therapy may cause local treatment failure. This study was aimed at investigating the potential usefulness of 31P-MRS in monitoring tumor reoxygenation following radiation treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumors of two human melanoma xenograft lines (BEX-t and HUX-t) were exposed to 15.0 Gy, and then the fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells, measured by using the paired survival curve method, or tumor bioenergetic status, measured by 31P-MRS as the (PCr + NTPbeta)/Pi resonance ratio, was determined versus time after the radiation exposure. RESULTS Untreated BEX-t and HUX-t tumors showed similar fractions of radiobiologically hypoxic cells and similar bioenergetic status, whereas both parameters differed substantially between the lines in irradiated tumors. A close association was found between radiation-induced changes in tumor bioenergetic status and radiation-induced changes in the fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells. CONCLUSION 31P-MRS is a potentially useful method for monitoring tumor reoxygenation following radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Olsen
- Department of Medical Physics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo
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