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Yang B, Xie X, Wu Z, Lv D, Hu J, Chen Y, Li J, Luo S, Li J, Luo J, Zhang S. DNA damage-mediated cellular senescence promotes hand-foot syndrome that can be relieved by thymidine prodrug. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2557-2571. [PMID: 37554214 PMCID: PMC10404883 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is a widely recognized dose-limiting cutaneous toxicity effect of fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy agents that impairs clinical benefits and treatment outcomes. Even though the cause and pathophysiology of HFS are relatively widely reported, how the toxicity of fluoropyrimidine translates into persistent inflammation has not been studied. Additionally, prevention and treatment strategies for HFS based on its mechanistic occurrence and development are scarce. In our study, we demonstrated that cGAS-STING signaling pathway-mediated cellular senescence played a critical role in the inflammatory reaction and provided a therapeutic solution for HFS. Mechanistically, DNA damage, as the primary cytotoxic cause, in keratinocytes induces cell cycle arrest, activates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, and subsequently mediates cellular senescence, ultimately fueling a robust secondary inflammatory response that results in HFS. More importantly, the thymidine prodrug thymidine diacetate was proven to be effective in preventing HFS by compensating for thymidylate deficiency to facilitate the replication and repair of DNA and thus causing the escape from cellular senescence. These data highlight the importance of DNA damage-mediated cellular senescence in the etiology of HFS and provide a potential therapeutic anchor point for fluoropyrimidine-induced HFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxue Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinran Xie
- School of Pharmacy and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wu
- School of Pharmacy and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dazhao Lv
- School of Pharmacy and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiajun Hu
- School of Pharmacy and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuyun Chen
- School of Pharmacy and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiaxing Li
- School of Pharmacy and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuyue Luo
- School of Pharmacy and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- School of Pharmacy and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Pharmacy and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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2
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Yin L, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Gao Y, Gu J. Recent advances in single-cell analysis by mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:824-845. [PMID: 30334031 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01190g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells are the most basic structural units that play vital roles in the functioning of living organisms. Analysis of the chemical composition and content of a single cell plays a vital role in ensuring precise investigations of cellular metabolism, and is a crucial aspect of lipidomic and proteomic studies. In addition, structural knowledge provides a better understanding of cell behavior as well as the cellular and subcellular mechanisms. However, single-cell analysis can be very challenging due to the very small size of each cell as well as the large variety and extremely low concentrations of substances found in individual cells. On account of its high sensitivity and selectivity, mass spectrometry holds great promise as an effective technique for single-cell analysis. Numerous mass spectrometric techniques have been developed to elucidate the molecular profiles at the cellular level, including electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), laser-based mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In this review, the recent advances in single-cell analysis by mass spectrometry are summarized. The strategies of different ionization modes to achieve single-cell analysis are classified and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Research Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Dongminzhu Street, Changchun 130061, PR China.
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3
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Xiao D, Ling KHJ, Custodio J, Majeed SR, Tarnowski T. Quantitation of intracellular triphosphate metabolites of antiretroviral agents in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and corresponding cell count determinations: review of current methods and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:781-802. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1500552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Kah Hiing John Ling
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Custodio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Sophia R. Majeed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Tarnowski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
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4
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Mičová K, Friedecký D, Adam T. Mass Spectrometry for the Sensitive Analysis of Intracellular Nucleotides and Analogues. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/68073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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5
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Simultaneous determination of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine and the active metabolite, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate in human peripheral-blood mononuclear cell by HPLC-MS/MS and the application to cell pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:337-42. [PMID: 26350426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A specific and reliable HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) and the active metabolites, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (ddA-TP) in human peripheral-blood mononuclear cell for the first time. The analytes were separated on a HILIC column (100mm×2.1mm, 1.7μm) and a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used for detection. The cell homogenates sample was prepared by the solid phase extraction. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 0.5-200.0ng/mL for ddI and 0.25-100.0ng/mL for ddA-TP. The intra-day and inter-day precision was less than 15% and the relative error (RE) were all within ±15%. The validated method was successfully applied to assess the disposition characteristics of ddI and support cell pharmacokinetics after the patients with AIDS were orally administrated with ddI and tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate (TDF).
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6
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Jansen RS, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Mass spectrometry in the quantitative analysis of therapeutic intracellular nucleotide analogs. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:321-343. [PMID: 20623700 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are widely used in anti-cancer, anti-(retro)viral, and immunosuppressive therapy. Nucleosides are prodrugs that require intracellular activation to mono-, di-, and finally triphosphates. Monitoring of these intracellular nucleotides is important to understand their pharmacology. The relatively involatile salts and ion-pairing agents traditionally used for the separation of these ionic analytes limit the applicability of mass spectrometry (MS) for detection. Both indirect and direct methods have been developed to circumvent this apparent incompatibility. Indirect methods consist of de-phosphorylation of the nucleotides into nucleosides before the actual analysis. Various direct approaches have been developed, ranging from the use of relatively volatile or very low levels of regular ion-pairing agents, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), weak anion-exchange, or porous graphitic carbon columns to capillary electrophoresis and matrix-assisted light desorption--time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS. In this review we present an overview of the publications describing the quantitative analysis of therapeutic intracellular nucleotide analogs using MS. The focus is on the different approaches for their direct analysis. We conclude that despite the technical hurdles, several useful MS-compatible chromatographic approaches have been developed, enabling the use of the excellent selectivity and sensitivity of MS for the quantitative analysis of intracellular nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Chromatographic separation of antiviral/anticancer nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:295-312. [PMID: 20585942 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses the current methods used for quantitative determination of analogues of nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs) in body fluids, cells, and tissues. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) prodrugs given to AIDS/herpes/cancer patients conjugate with phosphates at the site of their action. Separation of phosphorylated NRTIs is generally performed by reversed-phase chromatography. After separation, plasma NRTIs can be detected using a variety of methods, including immunoassay through monitoring of UV absorbance, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry. The most recent development in the field of detection of plasma NtRTIs shows a tendency toward the use double- or triple-focusing mass spectrometry, the most specific and sensitive monitoring technique.
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8
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Simultaneous determination of didanosine and its amino acid prodrug, valdidanosine by hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 878:466-70. [PMID: 20022566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method with hydrophilic interaction chromatography has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of didanosine and valdidanosine (L-valine amino acid ester prodrug of didanosine) in rat plasma. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) column was employed to extract the analytes from rat plasma, with high extraction recovery (>85%) for both didanosine and valdidanosine. The analytes were then separated by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC column) and detected by a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The method was linear over the concentration ranges of 2-20,000 ng/mL for didanosine and 4-300 ng/mL for valdidanosine. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of didanosine and valdidanosine was 2 and 4 ng/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) were less than 15% and the relative errors (RE) were all within 15%. Finally, the validated UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study after either didanosine or valdidanosine orally administrated to the Sprague-Dawley rats.
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9
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Separation of diastereoisomers of Ara-C phosphotriesters using solid phase extraction and HPLC for the study of their decomposition kinetic in cell extracts. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3475-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Mallampati S, Aerschot AV, Hoogmartens J, Schepdael AV. Analysis of Dideoxyadenosine Triphosphate by Capillary Electrophoresis with Fluorescence Detection. Derivatization Through the Adenine Group. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903245607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Mallampati
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, K. U. Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jos Hoogmartens
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, K. U. Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, K. U. Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Determination of HIV drugs in biological matrices: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 647:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Cordell RL, Hill SJ, Ortori CA, Barrett DA. Quantitative profiling of nucleotides and related phosphate-containing metabolites in cultured mammalian cells by liquid chromatography tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 871:115-24. [PMID: 18650133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the quantitative profiling of over twenty nucleotides and related phosphorylated species using ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography hyphenated to negative ion tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. The influence of mobile phase pH and ion-pairing agent concentration were assessed to optimise separation and peak shapes. Full quantitative analysis was obtained for the nucleotides by reference to structurally related calibration standards. The developed method was applied to profile changes in nucleotides and related compounds in monolayer cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing the beta(2) adrenoceptor when exposed to pharmacological stimuli. These experiments demonstrate the potential of the LC-MS/MS method to detect changes in nucleotide drug targets as well as the simultaneous monitoring of levels of other nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Cordell
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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13
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Lai J, Wang J, Cai Z. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and their phosphorylated metabolites in human immunodeficiency virus-infected human matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 868:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Mallampati S, Van Aerschot A, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A. Analysis of dideoxyadenosine triphosphate by CE with fluorescence detection. I. Derivatization through the phosphate group. Electrophoresis 2008; 28:3948-56. [PMID: 17922507 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A CZE method was developed, which separates 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (ddATP) from other metabolites and endogenous nucleotides at high concentrations (20-200 microg/mL) to allow UV detection. To enhance sensitivity, fluorescence detection which requires prior derivatization of compounds was examined. Precapillary derivatization of ddATP in the presence of N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) with dansyl ethylenediamine (dansyl EDA) was faster and stable compared to that of 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-propionyl ethylenediamine (BODIPY FL EDA). Reaction conditions, reagent concentrations and detection parameters were optimized and highest derivatization efficiency was achieved in 0.1 M 1-methylimidazole buffer (pH 8.0) with 140 mM EDAC in 1-methylimidazole buffer and 30 mM dansyl EDA in DMF for 90 min at 60 degrees C. Dansyl EDA derivatives of ddATP, 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (dATP) and ATP were comigrating with the CZE method; therefore, a MEKC method was developed and optimized for repeatable separations. Upon dansylation, sensitivity of ddATP with fluorescence detection (LOQ = 12 ng/mL) was 160 times higher than UV detection (LOQ = 1.9 microg/mL).
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15
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Bezy V, Chaimbault P, Morin P, Unger SE, Bernard MC, Agrofoglio LA. Analysis and validation of the phosphorylated metabolites of two anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleotides (stavudine and didanosine) by pressure-assisted CE-ESI-MS/MS in cell extracts: sensitivity enhancement by the use of perfluorinated acids and alcohols as coaxial sheath-liquid make-up constituents. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2464-76. [PMID: 16786481 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A CE method utilizing triple quadrupole electrospray (ES) MS (MS/MS) detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous measurement of nucleoside 5'-triphosphate and 5'-monophosphate anabolites of the anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) didanosine (ddAMP, ddATP) and stavudine (d4TMP, d4TTP), among a pool of 14 endogenous 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphate nucleosides. These compounds were spiked and extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which are the sites of HIV replication and drug action. An acetic acid/ammonia buffer (pH 10, ionic strength of 40 mM) was selected as running electrolyte, and the separation was performed by the simultaneous application of a CE voltage of +30 kV and an overimposed pressure of 28 mbar (0.4 psi). The application of pressure assistance was needed to provide stable ES conditions for successful coupling. The coupling was carried out with a modified sheath-flow interface, with one uninterrupted capillary (80 cmx 50 microm id; 192 microm od) in a dimension that fits into the ESI needle to get a stable ion spray. Some CE-MS parameters such as overimposed pressure, sheath-liquid composition, sheath-liquid and sheath-gas flow rates, ES voltage, and the CE capillary position were optimized in order to obtain an optimal sensitivity. The use of perfluorinated alcohols and acids in the coaxial sheath-liquid make-up (2,2,2-trifluoroethanol + 0.2 mM tridecafluoroheptanoic acid) appeared to provide the best MS sensitivity and improve the stability of spray. The linearity of the CE-MS and CE-MS/MS methods was checked under these conditions. Validation parameters such as accuracy, intraday and interday precision, and LOQs were determined in CE-MS/MS mode. Finally, the quantitation of d4T-TP and ddA-TP was validated in this CE-MS/MS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bezy
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
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16
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Foulon C, Vaccher C, Villard AL, Puy JY, Lefebvre I, Perigaud C, Bonte JP, Goossens JF. Diastereoisomeric resolution of a pronucleotide using solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography: Application to a stereoselective decomposition kinetic in cell extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:245-52. [PMID: 16806786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A stereospecific HPLC methodology has been developed for the diastereoisomeric resolution of a mononucleotide prodrug in cell extracts. This method involves the use of solid phase extraction on a C18 cartridge. Diastereoisomers and internal standard resolutions were performed on a cellulose based chiral column (Chiralcel OD-H) used in the normal phase mode. The method was validated in terms of specificity, recovery, linearity (diasteroisomers mixture concentration: 3-60 micromol L(-1)), precision and accuracy and detection limit (1.67 and 1.33 micromol L(-1) for first and second eluted diastereoisomer). This method was applied to the determination of the apparent rate constants of disappearance and half-lives of each stereoisomers. This permits to conclude to the stereoselectivity of the enzymatic activity involved in the decomposition pathway of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Foulon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, EA 4034, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de LILLE 2, BP 83, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
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17
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Mallampati S, Leonard S, De Vulder S, Hoogmartens J, Van Schepdael A. Method development and validation for the analysis of didanosine using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:4079-88. [PMID: 16200530 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A selective MEKC method was developed for the analysis of didanosine in bulk samples. Successful separation of didanosine from 13 of its potential impurities, derived from the various synthetic preparation procedures, was achieved. As CZE gave poor separation selectivity, MEKC was preferable. The use of EKC allowed achievement of the separation in a significantly shorter time than conventional HPLC. An anionic long-chain surfactant, lithium dodecyl sulfate (LiDS), was used as the pseudostationary phase and sodium tetraborate buffer as the aqueous phase. In order to obtain the optimal conditions and to test the method robustness, a central composite response surface modeling experiment was performed. The optimized electrophoretic conditions include the use of an uncoated fused-silica capillary with a total length of 40 cm and an ID of 50 microm, a BGE containing 40 mM sodium tetraborate and 110 mM LiDS at pH 8.0, an applied voltage of 18.0 kV, and the capillary temperature maintained at 15 degrees C. The method was found to be robust. The parameters for validation such as linearity, precision, and sensitivity are also reported. Three commercial bulk samples were analyzed with this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Mallampati
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Willems AV, Deforce DL, Van Peteghem CH, Van Bocxlaer JF. Analysis of nucleic acid constituents by on-line capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1221-53. [PMID: 15759298 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometric (CE-MS) analysis of nucleic acid constituents in the broadest sense, going from nucleotides and adducted nucleotides over nucleoside analogues to oligonucleotides. These nucleic acid constituents play an important role in a variety of biochemical processes. Hence, their isolation, identification, and quantification will undoubtedly help reveal the process of life and disease mechanisms, such as carcinogenesis, and can also be useful for antitumor and antiviral drug research to provide valuable information about mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity, therapeutic drug level monitoring, and quality control related to this substance class. Fundamental investigations into their structure, the search for modifications, the occurrence and biochemical impact of structural variation amongst others, are therefore of great value. In view of the related bioanalytical procedures, the coupling of CE to MS has emerged as a powerful tool for the analysis of the complex mixtures of nucleic acid constituents: CE confers rapid analysis and efficient resolution, while MS provides high selectivity and sensitivity with structural characterization of minute amounts of compound. After an introduction about the biochemical and analytical perspectives on the nucleic acid constituents, the different modes of CE used in this field of research as well as the relevant CE-MS interfaces and the difficulties associated with quantitative CE-MS are briefly discussed. A large section is finally devoted to field-oriented applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- An V Willems
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry & Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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19
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Le Saint C, Terreux R, Duval D, Durant J, Ettesse H, Dellamonica P, Guedj R, Vincent JP, Cupo A. Determination of ddATP levels in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients treated with dideoxyinosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:589-95. [PMID: 14742213 PMCID: PMC321518 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.2.589-595.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical failures of the highly active antiretroviral therapy could result from inefficient intracellular concentrations of antiviral drugs. The determination of drug contents in target cells of each patient would be useful in clinical investigations and trials. The purpose of this work was to quantify the intracellular concentration of ddATP, the active metabolite of dideoxyinosine (ddI), in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients treated with ddI. We have raised antibodies against ddA-citrate, a stable isostere of ddATP selected on the basis of its structural and electronic analogies with ddATP. The anti-ddA-citrate antibodies recognized ddATP and ddA with nanomolar affinities and cross-reacted neither with any of the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in HIV therapy nor with their phosphorylated metabolites. The three phosphorylated metabolites of ddI (ddAMP, ddADP, and ddATP) were purified by anion exchange chromatography and the amount of each metabolite was determined by radioimmunoassay with or without prior phosphatase treatment. The intracellular levels of the three ddI metabolites were measured both in an in vitro model and in PBMCs of HIV-infected patients under ddI treatment. The possibility to measure intracellular levels of ddATP from small blood samples of HIV-infected patients treated with ddI could be exploited to develop individual therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Le Saint
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Unite Mixte de Recherche CNRS 6097, Sophia Antipolis, France
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20
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Becher F, Pruvost A, Gale J, Couerbe P, Goujard C, Boutet V, Ezan E, Grassi J, Benech H. A strategy for liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assays of intracellular drugs: application to the validation of the triphosphorylated anabolite of antiretrovirals in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:879-890. [PMID: 12938109 DOI: 10.1002/jms.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of intracellular drugs have recently aroused new interest because monitoring a drug's behaviour near the site of action can enhance knowledge of its efficacy and toxicity. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is particularly attractive for intracellular analytes. Very few papers deal precisely with special features encountered in intracellular drug assay or with how closely the assay matches the actual recommendations. Particular problems are encountered mainly because the analytes are located intracellularly. This mainly concerns the handling of biological media, including provision of blank samples using Ficoll gradient separation, cell counts, optimisation of cell lysis, sample extraction, plotting standard curves using either fmol/10(6) cells or fmol/ml of extract or fmol/sample, the matrix effect as a function of the number of cells, stability before and during cell separation, as well as in storage conditions using clinical samples, biological matrix replacement and interference by endogenous compounds. This paper describes a strategy for the full validation and routine use of an LC/MS/MS assay applied to the simultaneous intracellular determination of the triphosphorylated anabolites of didanosine (2',3'-dideoxyadenosine triphosphate or ddA-TP) and stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine triphosphate or d4T-TP), two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of HIV, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as a guide for further LC/MS/MS assay of intracellular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Becher
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DSV/DRM, CEA/Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Estrela RDCE, Salvadori MC, Raices RSL, Suarez-Kurtz G. Determination of didanosine in human serum by on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric detection: application to a bioequivalence study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:378-385. [PMID: 12717749 DOI: 10.1002/jms.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A method based on solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with positive ion electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometric detection was developed for the determination of didanosine in human serum, using lamivudine as internal standard. The acquisition was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode, monitoring the transitions m/z 237 --> 136.7 for didanosine and m/z 230 --> 111.7 for lamivudine. The method was linear over the range studied (10-1500 ng ml(-1)), with r(2) > 0.98, and the run time was 5 min. The intra- and inter-assay precisions were < or =10% and the intra- and inter-assay accuracies were >95%. The absolute recoveries were 99.8% (10 ng ml(-1)), 98.4% (30 ng ml(-1)), 91.5% (700 ng ml(-1)) and 94.7% (1200 ng ml(-1)). The limits of detection and quantitation were 5 and 10 ng ml(-1), respectively. The method was applied to a bioequivalence study, in which 24 healthy adult volunteers (12 men) received single oral doses (200 mg) of reference and test didanosine formulations (buffered powder for oral solutions), in an open, two-way, randomized, crossover protocol. The 90% confidence interval of the individual ratios (test formulation/reference formulation) for C(max) (peak serum concentration) and AUC(0-inf) (area under the serum concentration versus time curve from time zero to infinity) were within the range 80-125%, which supports the conclusion that the two formulations are bioequivalent regarding the rate and extent of didanosine absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cassia E Estrela
- Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Praça Cruz Vermelha 23, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mesplet N, Saito Y, Morin P, Agrofoglio LA. Liquid chromatographic separation of phosphoramidate diastereomers on a polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2003; 983:115-24. [PMID: 12568375 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To improve the therapeutic potential of anti-HIV nucleoside analogues (d4T, AZT, 3TC and ddl), the delivery of the corresponding monophosphate from neutral, membrane-permeable prodrugs has been realised by the synthesis of lipophilic phosphoramidate triester prodrugs, such as the simple phenyl-L-alaninephosphate derivatives. However, the present non-stereoselective synthesis results in a mixture of 1:1 diastereomers, which differ from the configuration of the phosphorus atom asymmetric center. Since each diastereomer may have different biological activity and pharmacokinetic profile, analytical methods have to be developed for their separation. This work aims at showing the ability of a polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phase to resolve such diastereomers in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The influence of operating parameters has been studied to optimise the separation; a thermodynamic approach has also been investigated to gain an insight in the retention mechanism of the prodrugs. Preliminary validation study (linearity, accuracy, repeatability) has yielded good results; in addition, the feasibility of HPLC-electrospray-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) coupling has been demonstrated and it is expected that this will lead to lower detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mesplet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (I.C.O.A.), CNRS UMR 6005, Université d'Orléans, B.P. 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Saito Y, Zevaco TA, Agrofoglio LA. Chemical synthesis of 13C labeled anti-HIV nucleosides as mass-internal standards. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:443-453. [PMID: 11948851 DOI: 10.1002/jms.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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