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Koba O, Steinbach C, Kroupová HK, Grabicová K, Randák T, Grabic R. Investigation of diltiazem metabolism in fish using a hybrid quadrupole/orbital trap mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1153-1162. [PMID: 27060844 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker drug, is widespread in the environment because of its incomplete elimination during water treatment. It can cause negative effects on aquatic organisms; thus, a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method to detect its presence was developed. Our approach is based on accurate mass measurements using a hybrid quadrupole-orbital trap mass spectrometer that was used to measure diltiazem and its metabolites in fish tissue. METHODS Blood plasma, muscle, liver, and kidney tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), exposed for 42 days to 30 μg L(-1) diltiazem, were used for the method development. No metabolite standards were required to identify the diltiazem biotransformation products in the fish tissue. RESULTS Overall, 17 phase I diltiazem metabolites (including isomeric forms) were detected and tentatively identified using the MassFrontier spectral interpretation software. A semi-quantitative approach was used for organ-dependent comparison of the metabolite concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These data increase our understanding about diltiazem and its metabolites in aquatic organisms, such as fish. These encompass desmethylation, desacetylation and hydroxylation as well as their combinations. This study represents the first report of the complex diltiazem phase I metabolic pathways in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Koba
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kocour Kroupová
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Randák
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
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Rahman N, Azmi SNH, Ahmad Y. Quantitation of Diltiazem Hydrochloride in Commercial Dosage Forms by Visible Spectrophotometry. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chatpalliwar VA, Porwal PK, Upmanyu N. Validated gradient stability indicating HPLC method for determining Diltiazem Hydrochloride and related substances in bulk drug and novel tablet formulation. J Pharm Anal 2012; 2:226-237. [PMID: 29403747 PMCID: PMC5760901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of Diltiazem Hydrochloride (DTZ) together with its six related substances (Diltiazem sulphoxide, Imp-A, Imp-B, Imp-D, Imp-E, and Imp-F) in a laboratory mixture as well as in a novel tablet formulation developed in-house. Efficient chromatographic separation was achieved on a Hypersil BDS C18 (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) with mobile phase containing 0.2% Triethylamine (TEA) in gradient combination with acetonitrile (ACN) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the eluent was monitored at 240 nm. In the developed method, the resolution of DTZ from any pair of impurities was found to be greater than 2.0. The test solution and related substances were found to be stable in the diluent for 24 h. The developed method resolved the drug from its known impurities, stated above, and also from additional impurities generated when the formulation was subjected to forced degradation; the mass balance was found close to 99.9%. Regression analyses indicate correlation coefficient value greater than 0.997 for DTZ and its six known impurities. The LOD for DTZ and the known impurities was at a level below 0.02%. The method has shown good, consistent recoveries for DTZ (99.8–101.2%) and also for its six known impurities (97.2–101.3%). The method was found to be accurate, precise, linear, specific, sensitive, rugged, robust, and stability-indicating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawan K Porwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SSDJ College of Pharmacy, Chandwad, India
| | - Neeraj Upmanyu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, University of Sagar, Sagar, India
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Deng B, Lu H, Li L, Shi A, Kang Y, Xu Q. Determination of the number of binding sites and binding constant between diltiazem hydrochloride and human serum albumin by ultrasonic microdialysis coupled with online capillary electrophoresis electrochemiluminescence. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4753-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bragg W, Norton D, Shamsi SA. Optimized separation of beta-blockers with multiple chiral centers using capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 875:304-16. [PMID: 18619928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on the simultaneous analysis of beta-blockers with multiple stereogenic centers using capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry (CEC-MS) with a vancomycin stationary phase. The critical mobile phase variables (composition of organic solvents, acid/base ratios) as well as column temperature and electric field strength, effecting enantioresolution and analysis time were first optimized sequentially. Next, to achieve global optimum a multivariate D-optimal design was used. Although multivariate approach did not improve enantioresolution any further, analysis time was significantly reduced. Under optimum CEC-MS conditions, all stereoisomers were resolved with resolution in the range 1.0-3.1 in less than 60 min with an average signal-to-noise (S/N) greater than 1000. The developed CEC-MS method has the potential to emerge as a screening method for analysis of multiple chiral compounds using a single protocol using the same column and mobile phase conditions, thus reducing the operation time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Dasandi B, Shah S, Shivprakash. Development and validation of a high throughput and robust LC–MS/MS with electrospray ionization method for simultaneous quantitation of diltiazem and its two metabolites in human plasma: Application to a bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:791-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Georgita C, Albu F, David V, Medvedovici A. Nonlinear calibrations on the assay of dilitiazem and two of its metabolites from plasma samples by means of liquid chromatography and ESI/MS(2) detection: application to a bioequivalence study. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:289-97. [PMID: 17939171 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The assay of diltiazem (DLTZ) and its active metabolites desacetyldiltiazem (DAcD) and desmethyldiltiazem (DMeD) in plasma samples was achieved by means of an HPLC/(ESI)MS(2) method. The diastereoisomer of diltiazem, namely {(2R,3S)-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate} was used as internal standard (IS). Sample preparation was based on protein precipitation by means of organic solvent addition (acetonitrile). The isocratic elution based on a reversed-phase mechanism allows good separation of the analytes within 15 min. Atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization was used. All analytes were monitored in the MS(2)-MRM mode. A fragmentation schema is proposed for the target compounds. As the method was designed for bioequivalence purposes, a full validation procedure was considered. On validation, nonlinear calibrations were observed. Consequently, concentration intervals requiring nonlinear calibrations are discussed. Low limits of quantification in the 0.6-1 ng/mL concentration range were obtained. The analytical method was successfully applied to a single dose (120 mg), open-label, randomized, two-period, two-sequence, crossover bioequivalence study of two commercially available solid oral dosage pharmaceutical formulations (tablets).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Georgita
- S.C. Labormed Pharma S.A., Splaiul Independentei no. 319 E, Bucharest 060044, Romania
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Zheng J, Shamsi SA. Simultaneous enantioseparation and sensitive detection of eight beta-blockers using capillary electrochromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2139-51. [PMID: 16645981 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of using vancomycin chiral stationary phase (CSP) and polar organic eluent is investigated for simultaneous enantioseparation of eight beta-blockers using CEC coupled to ESI mass spectrometric detection (ESI-MS). The internally tapered capillaries were utilized to pack CEC-MS columns. As compared to externally tapered columns, the use of internally tapered columns demonstrated enhanced stability, durability, and reproducibility. A mixture containing methanol/ACN/acetic acid/triethylamine at 70:30:1.6:0.2 v/v/v/v was considered as optimum mobile phase since it provided a good compromise between resolution and analysis time. As expected, sheath liquid and ESI-MS parameters mainly influenced the detection sensitivity. Interestingly, structural information of beta-blockers was available by varying the MS fragmentor voltage using in-house CID in the scan mode. In order to maximize the chiral/achiral resolution, various column-coupling approaches using teicoplanin as complementary CSP to vancomycin were tested. Several changes in the elution order of beta-blockers were observed using multimodal CSPs with some improvement in chiral or achiral resolution. The quantitative aspects of the CEC-MS method were demonstrated using R- and S-talinolol as internal standards. The calibration curves of beta-blockers showed good linearity in the range of 3-600 microM. The enantiomer of beta-blockers at a concentration of 30 nM was detectable. Furthermore, both 0.1 and 1% of the S-enantiomer could be precisely quantified in the presence of 99.9 and 99% of the R-isomer of beta-blocker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, 30302, USA
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Indirect spectrophotometric determination of diltiazem hydrochloride in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. OPEN CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.2478/bf02479280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThree simple, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotometric methods (A, B and C) have been described for the indirect assay of diltiazem hydrochloride (DIL.HCl), either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The first method (A) is based on the oxidation of DIL.HCl by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and determination of unconsumed NBS by measuring the decrease in absorbance of amaranth dye (AM) at a suitable λmax=521 nm. Other methods (B) and (C) involve the addition of excess cerric ammonium sulfate (CAS) and subsequent determination of the unconsumed oxidant by a decrease in the red color of chromotrope 2R (C2R) at a suitable λmax=528 nm or a decrease in the orange-pink color of rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) at λmax=525 nm, respectively. Regression analysis of Beer-Lambert plots showed good correlation in the concentration ranges 3.0–9.0, 3.5–7.0 and 3.5–6.3 μg ml−1 for methods A, B and C, respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity, Sandell's sensitivity, detection and quantification limits were calculated. The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in its pure form and its dosage form. No interference was observed from a common pharmaceutical adjuvant. Statistical comparison of the results with the reference method shows excellent agreement and indicates no significant difference in accuracy and precision.
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Quaglia MG, Donati E, Fanali S, Bossù E, Montinaro A, Buiarelli F. Analysis of diltiazem and its related substances by HPLC and HPLC/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:695-701. [PMID: 15797790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diltiazem (DTZ) is an optically active calcium channel blocker having a benzodiazepine structure. The drug used in therapy is (+)-cis-diltiazem with configuration (2S,3S). To describe the analytical profile of DTZ different stationary phases (RP-18, RP-8, monolithic support) were tested. The best separation of DTZ from A, B, E and F was obtained using as stationary phase a RP-8 or a monolithic RP-18. The characterization of impurities was carried out using two analytical systems, HPLC and HPLC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Quaglia
- Dipartimento Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
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Li K, Zhang X, Zhao F. HPLC determination of diltiazem in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics in humans. Biomed Chromatogr 2003; 17:522-5. [PMID: 14648609 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) has been developed and validated for the routine analysis of diltiazem in human plasma and the study of the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the human body. Diltiazem and diazepa (internal standard) were extracted with a mixed organic solution of hexane, chloroform and isopropanol (60:40:5, v/v/v), and then HPLC separation of the drugs was performed on an Spherisorb C(18) column and detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 239 nm. The use of methanol-water solution (containing 2.8 mm triethylamine, 80:20, v/v) as the mobile phase at a fl ow-rate of 1.2 mL/min enables the baseline separation of the drugs free from interferences with isocratic elution. The method was linear in the clinical range 0-300 ng/mL and the lower limit of detection of diltiazem in plasma was 3 ng/mL. The range of percentage of relative standard deviation (%RSD) was from 3.5 to 6.8% for within-day analyses and from 6.2 to 8.4% for between-day analyses, respectively. The extraction recoveries of diltiazem from spiked human plasma (n = 5) at three concentrations were 91.4-104.0%. The method has been used to determine diltiazem in human plasma samples from eight volunteers who had taken diltiazem hydrochloride slow release tables and the data obtained was fitted with a program on computer to study the pharmacokinetics. The results showed that the peak level in plasma approximately averaged 118.5 +/- 14.3 ng/mL at 3.1 +/- 0.4 h, and the areas under the drug concentration curves (AUC) was 793.1 +/- 83.1 ng.h/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- The Center of Medical Laboratory Science, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, No. 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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