Validation of a HPLC quantification of acetaminophen, phenylephrine and chlorpheniramine in pharmaceutical formulations: capsules and sachets

Development of a novel UPLC approach to co-prediction of four active compounds in a multi-component pharmaceutical preparation

In this work, a new ultra-performance liquid chromatography method based on photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA) was first developed for the quantitative analysis of the quaternary mixture of ascorbic acid (AA), paracetamol (PAR), caffeine (CAF) and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPA) in a commercial dosage form. The developed UPLC-PDA method offered a new possibility for the co-determination of four active ingredients in a drug combination with short run time and simple sample preparation. The successful chromatographic separation of the four drugs was performed using a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 µm 2.1 × 100 mm) (Mildford, USA) and a mobile phase consisting of water (12 %), acetonitrile (13 %) and 0.1 M H3PO4 (75 %) at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The validation of the proposed UPLC-PDA approach was verified by analyzing synthetic mixtures, inter- and intra-day experiments, and commercial powder samples and provided satisfactory results.

Thermodynamic Properties of 3- and 4-Ethoxyacetanilides between 80 and 480 K

In this work, we present a comprehensive study of the thermodynamic properties of 3-and 4-ethoxyacetanilides. The heat capacities in crystalline, liquid, and supercooled liquid states from 80 to 475 K were obtained using adiabatic, differential scanning (DSC), and fast scanning (FSC) calorimetries. The fusion enthalpies at Tm were combined from DSC measurement results and the literature data. The fusion enthalpies at 298.15 K were evaluated in two independent ways: adjusted according to Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry, and using Hess' law. For the latter approach, the enthalpies of the solution in DMF in crystalline and supercooled liquid states were derived. The values obtained by the two methods are consistent with each other. The standard thermodynamic functions (entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs energy) between 80 and 470 K were calculated.

Evaluation of in silico and in lab sample enrichment techniques for the assessment of challengeable quaternary combination in critical ratio

A comparative study of successive spectrophotometric resolution technique for the simultaneous determination of a challengeable quaternary mixture of Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE), Ibuprofen (IBU) and Caffeine (CAF) is presented, without preliminary physical separation steps. Several successive steps were applied on built-in spectrophotometer software utilizing zero and/or derivative and/or ratio spectra of the studied components. These methods, namely, Dual amplitude difference (DAD) as a novel method, Constant multiplication coupled with spectrum subtraction method (CM-SS), Factorized first derivative coupled with derivative transformation method (FD¹ -DT) and Derivative ratio method (DD¹). The calibration graphs are linear over the concentration range of 10.0-80.0 μg/mL,150.0-900.0 μg/mL, 200.0-1400.0 μg/mL and 3.0-30.0 μg/mL for CPM, PSE, IBU and CAF, respectively. The specificity of suggested methods was studied via laboratory prepared (diverse ratios) mixtures and were successfully applied for Antiflu® capsules' analysis. Moreover, sample enrichment via In Silico (via software of spectrophotometer) and In Lab (via spiking with pure sample) techniques was elected for a pharmaceutical dosage form analysis comprising CPM and PSE as minor components. Accuracy, precision and specificity were between the valid limits. Validation steps were done in accordance with the ICH guidelines. Moreover, statistical comparison was carried out between the obtained and reported results for pure powder form and no significant difference appeared.

Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Deacetylasperulosidic Acid, Asperulosidic Acid, Scopolin, Asperuloside and Scopoletin in Fermented Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni)

Fermentation is a technology that enhances biologically active ingredients, improves the absorption rate and induces the generation of new functional ingredients by the catalytic action of enzyme systems possessed by microorganisms. In this study, changes in the content of five kinds of bioactive compounds (deacetylasperulosidic acid, asperulosidic acid, scopolin, asperuloside and scopoletin) of Morinda citrifolia L. were confirmed by fermentation, and a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) analysis method for measuring analytes was developed and validated. HPLC method for the determination of five bioactive compounds in Morinda citrifolia L. extracts (MCE) was validated in terms of sensitivity, linearity, selectivity, limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), precision and accuracy. The coefficient of determination of the calibration curve for bioactive compounds (1.56–100 μg/mL) showed linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9999). LOD and LOQ were in the range 0.04–0.97 and 0.13–2.95 μg/mL, respectively. The range of intra- and intraday accuracies values (recovery) were 97.5–121.9% and 98.8–118.1%, respectively, and precision value (RSDs) of the bioactive compounds were <4%. In addition, changes in the content of five bioactive compounds in MCE by fermentation were confirmed. These results indicate that the developed fermentation and analysis method could be applied in the development of potential functional food ingredients.

Method validation of 12 kinds of food dye in chewing gums and soft drinks, and evaluation of measurement uncertainty for soft drinks

We developed and validated a method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of food dyes in two food matrices, i.e., chewing gum and soft drinks. Furthermore, we evaluated the stability of food dyes in these matrices with respect to the pH and acid content. The optimized and validated method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) and liquid chromatography-tandem spectroscopy; the proposed method could identify and quantify 12 dyes in the two matrices. The recoveries of the food dyes identified by HPLC-PDA analysis ranged from 98.61% to 118.42%, with relative standard deviations of 0.06-4.90%. In addition, the expanded uncertainties of the measurements ranged from 0.57 to 3.12%. Finally, the food dyes were found to be stable in the matrices over 30 days. Thus, we believe that the proposed analytical method is suitable for the identification and quantification of food dyes in chewing gum and soft drink samples.

A Simple RP-HPLC Method to Simultaneously Assay the Contents of Lamivudine, Tenofovir, and Nevirapine in Fixed Dose Combined Oral Antiviral Medicines

An accurate and rapid reverse HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of lamivudine, nevirapine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Suitable separation was achieved on Phenomenex Synergi C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 4 μm) using mobile phase, methanol (50%): ammonium acetate buffer (adjusted to pH 2.80) (40%): acetonitrile (10%) in an isocratic mode. The drugs were detected at 270 nm with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and the retention times were found to be 3.26, 5.42, and 7.55 minutes for lamivudine, nevirapine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, respectively. The developed method was validated per ICH guidelines. Good linearity was obtained within the concentration ranges of 10–59 µg/ml, 7–42 µg/ml, and 15–90 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of not less than 0.990. The % RSD values for precision (intraday and interday) and accuracy studies were found to be less than 2%. The results obtained from quantitative analysis conform to USP content requirements for marketed tablet dosage forms, RICOVIR-LN, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine tablets. The method is therefore useful for routine quality control of antiretroviral tablet dosage forms containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine, and nevirapine.

Design of a new electrochemical sensing system based on MoS2–TiO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for the detection of paracetamol

Synthetic route for the MoS₂–TiO₂/rGO nanocomposite and the electrode reaction for paracetamol.

Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Carnosol, Carnosic Acid and Rosmarinic Acid in Food Matrices and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Rosemary Extract as a Food Additive

Antioxidants are used to prevent the oxidation of foods. When used for food additive purposes, the dosage should be regulated and the functionality evaluated to ensure stability. In this study, we performed a method validation for the quantitative analysis of rosemary extract residues and evaluated the antioxidant activity of rosemary extract in food matrices. The validated method was able to determine rosemary extract under the optimized high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) conditions. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by peroxide value, acid value, and in terms of the residual antioxidant levels in lard oil. For HPLC-PDA analysis, the limit of detection and quantification of rosemary extracts was ranged from 0.22 to 1.73 μg/mL, 0.66 to 5.23 μg/mL and the recoveries of the rosemary extracts ranged from 70.6 to 114.0%, with relative standard deviations of between 0.2% and 3.8%. In terms of antioxidant activity, carnosic acid performed better than carnosol. Furthermore, by evaluation of the residual antioxidant level using HPLC, we found that carnosic acid is more stable in lard oil than carnosol. These results indicate that rosemary extract can be used as an antioxidant and that the analytical method is suitable for the determination of rosemary extract in various food samples.

A hybrid nanocomposite of CeO2–ZnO–chitosan as an enhanced sensing platform for highly sensitive voltammetric determination of paracetamol and its degradation product p-aminophenol

A highly selective electrochemical sensor was fabricated based on CeO₂–ZnO–chitosan hybrid nanocomposite modified electrode and was successfully applied for the determination of PAR in pharmaceutical formulations.

Development and optimization of a generic HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of common ingredients in multi component cough and cold oral drug products using chemometrics

The aim of this work was to develop a single, generally applicable high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector (HPLC/DAD) method for simultaneous determination of the most frequently used cough and cold active substances and their impurities that would be applicable for a number of possible formulation compositions of cough and cold medicines. The compounds that are separated by the method include eleven active substances: paracetamol, phenylephrine HCl, caffeine, ibuprofen, ascorbic acid, propiphenazone, pheniramine maleate, chlorphenamine maleate, pseudoephedrine HCl, dextromethorphan HBr and cetylpyridinium Cl; five of their impurities: 4-aminophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 4`-chloroacetanilide, chlorphenamine impurity C and ephedrine HCl; and two preservatives: sodium benzoate and propyl parahydroxybenzoate. All 18 compounds were successfully separated on a reversed phase (RP)-HPLC column with superficially porous particles using gradient elution with a very simple mobile phase in 14 minutes with excellent sensitivity and resolution. Method optimization was performed by the design of experiments approach. The proposed method has been validated according to ICH guidelines and proved to be suitable for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative determination of the selected compounds in different cough and cold dosage forms. Keywords: cough and cold active substances and impurities, HPLC/DAD, superficially porous particles, core-shell particles, chemometrics, design of experiments

Development and Validation of a High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Two Binary Mixtures Containing Ketorolac Tromethamine with Phenylephrine Hydrochloride and with Febuxostat

A validated and highly selective high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the determination of ketorolac tromethamine (KTC) with phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHE) (Mixture 1) and with febuxostat (FBX) (Mixture 2) in bulk drug and in combined dosage forms. The proposed method was based on HPTLC separation of the drugs followed by densitometric measurements of their spots at 273 and 320 nm for Mixtures 1 and 2, respectively. The separation was carried out on Merck HPTLC aluminum sheets of silica gel 60 F254 using chloroform-methanol-ammonia (7:3:0.1, v/v) and (7.5:2.5:0.1, v/v) as mobile phase for KTC/PHE and KTC/FBX mixtures, respectively. Linear regression lines were obtained over the concentration ranges 0.20-0.60 and 0.60-1.95 µg band(-1)for KTC and PHE (Mixture 1), respectively, and 0.10-1.00 and 0.25-2.50 µg band(-1) for KTC and FBX (Mixture 2), respectively, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.999. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of the two drugs in their synthetic mixtures and in their dosage forms. The mean percentage recoveries were in the range of 98-102%, and the RSD did not exceed 2%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good performances in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and stability.

Monitoring analgesic drug using sensing method based on nanocomposite

This paper reports a rapid, reliable and sensitive electrochemical method for the determination of acetaminophen, a safe analgesic drug.