1
|
Trukhanova YA, Terninko II, Spiridonova DV, Generalova YE, Ermachenkov R, Alekseeva GM, Kuvaeva EV, Yakovlev IP. The Practice of Attestation Primary Reference Samples on the Example of a New Potential Analgesic Agent – 2‐({[4‐Nitrophenyl] imino}(phenyl)methyl)isoindoline‐1,3‐dione. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A. Trukhanova
- Department of Organic Chemistry Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University Prof. Popov st. 14 Saint-Petersburg 197376 Russian Federation
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University Prof. Popov st. 14 Saint-Petersburg 197376 Russian Federation
| | - Inna I. Terninko
- Analitical center Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University Prof. Popov st. 14 Saint-Petersburg 197376 Russian Federation
| | - Dar'ya V. Spiridonova
- Department of Crystallography Faculty of Geology Saint Petersburg State University University Emb. 7/9 199034 St. Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Yulia E. Generalova
- Analitical center Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University Prof. Popov st. 14 Saint-Petersburg 197376 Russian Federation
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University Prof. Popov st. 14 Saint-Petersburg 197376 Russian Federation
| | - Roman Ermachenkov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University Prof. Popov st. 14 Saint-Petersburg 197376 Russian Federation
| | - Galina M. Alekseeva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University Prof. Popov st. 14 Saint-Petersburg 197376 Russian Federation
| | - Elena V. Kuvaeva
- Department of Organic Chemistry Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University Prof. Popov st. 14 Saint-Petersburg 197376 Russian Federation
| | - Igor P. Yakovlev
- Department of Organic Chemistry Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University Prof. Popov st. 14 Saint-Petersburg 197376 Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sitkowski J, Naumczuk B, Bocian W, Bednarek E, Kozerski L. On the diastereomeric purity of the D(-)-(2R)-ampicillin. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:191-197. [PMID: 31711266 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
|
3
|
Absalan G, Abbaspour A, Jafari M, Nekoeinia M, Ershadifar H. A simple and sensitive assay for ampicillin in pharmaceuticals using gold nanoparticles as spectroscopic probe reagent. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-014-0551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
4
|
El’tsova NO, Golubitskii GB, Budko EV. Analytical methods for studying the stability of pharmaceutical compositions and the compatibility of their components. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Kuchta K, Ortwein J, Hennig L, Rauwald HW. 1H-qNMR for direct quantification of stachydrine in Leonurus japonicus and L. cardiaca. Fitoterapia 2014; 96:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Zhang L, Cheng XL, Liu Y, Liang M, Dong H, Lv B, Yang W, Luo Z, Tang M. Identification of the related substances in ampicillin capsule by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:397492. [PMID: 25530907 PMCID: PMC4235162 DOI: 10.1155/2014/397492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (RRLC-ESI-MS(n)) was used to separate and identify related substances in ampicillin capsule. The fragmentation behaviors of related substances were used to identify their chemical structures. Finally, a total of 13 related substances in ampicillin capsule were identified, including four identified components for the first time and three groups of isomers on the basis of the exact mass, fragmentation behaviors, retention time, and chemical structures in the literature. This study avoided time-consuming and complex chemosynthesis of related substances of ampicillin and the results could be useful for the quality control of ampicillin capsule to guarantee its safety in clinic. In the meantime, it provided a good example for the rapid identification of chemical structures of related substances of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xian Long Cheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
- Institute for the Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
- *Yang Liu:
| | - Miao Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Honghuan Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Beiran Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wenning Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Mingmin Tang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Crea F, Cucinotta D, De Stefano C, Milea D, Sammartano S, Vianelli G. Modeling solubility, acid-base properties and activity coefficients of amoxicillin, ampicillin and (+)6-aminopenicillanic acid, in NaCl(aq) at different ionic strengths and temperatures. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:661-77. [PMID: 22903046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The total solubility of three penicillin derivatives was determined, in pure water and NaCl aqueous solutions at different salt concentrations (from ∼0.15 to 1.0 mol L(-1) for ampicillin and amoxicillin, and from ∼0.05 to 2.0 mol L(-1) for (+)6-aminopenicillanic acid), using the shake-flask method for generating the saturated solutions, followed by potentiometric analysis. The knowledge of the pH of solubilization and of the protonation constants determined in the same experimental conditions, allowed us to calculate, by means of the mass balance equations, the solubility of the neutral species at different ionic strength values, to model its dependence on the salt concentration and to determine the corresponding values at infinite dilution. The salting parameter and the activity coefficients of the neutral species were calculated by the Setschenow equation. The protonation constants of ampicillin and amoxicillin, determined at different temperatures (from T=288.15 to 318.15K), from potentiometric and spectrophotometric measurements, were used to calculate, by means of the Van't Hoff equation, the temperature coefficients at different ionic strength values and the corresponding protonation entropies. The protonation enthalpies of the (+)6-aminopenicillanic acid were determined by isoperibol calorimetric titrations at T=298.15K and up to I=2.0 mol L(-1). The dependence of the protonation constants on ionic strength was modeled by means of the Debye-Hückel and SIT (Specific ion Interaction Theory) approaches, and the specific interaction parameters of the ionic species were determined. The hydrolysis of the β-lactam ring was studied by spectrophotometric and H NMR investigations as a function of pH, ionic strength and time. Potentiometric measurements carried out on the hydrolyzed (+)6-aminopenicillanic acid allowed us to highlight that the opened and the closed β-lactam forms of the (+)6-aminopenicillanic acid have quite different acid-base properties. An analysis of literature solubility, protonation constants, enthalpies and activity coefficients is reported too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Crea
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, I-98166 Messina (Vill. S. Agata), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thermoplastic modification of medical grade polyvinyl chloride with various antibiotics: effect of antibiotic chemical structure on mechanical, antibacterial properties, and release activity. Polym Bull (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-011-0474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Castilho PC, Gouveia SC, Rodrigues AI. Quantification of artemisinin in Artemisia annua extracts by 1H-NMR. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:329-334. [PMID: 18197598 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is a polycyclic sesquiterpene lactone that is highly effective against multidrug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the etiological agent of the most severe form of malaria. Determination of artemisinin in the source plant, Artemisia annua, is a challenging problem since the compound is present in very low concentrations, is thermolabile and unstable, and lacks chromophoric or fluorophoric groups. The ain of this study was to develop a simple protocol for the quantification of artemisinin in a plant extract using an (1)H-NMR method. Samples were prepared by extraction of leaf material with acetone, treatment with activated charcoal to remove chlorophylls and removal of solvent. (1)H-NMR spectra were measured on samples dissolved in deuterochloroform with tert-butanol as internal standard. Quantification was carried out using the using the delta 5.864 signal of artemisinin and the delta 1.276 signal of tert-butanol. The method was optimised and fully validated against a reference standard of artemisinin. The results were compared with those obtained from the same samples quantified using an HPLC-refractive index (RI) method. The (1)H-NMR method gave a linear response for artemisinin within the range 9.85-97.99 mm (r(2) = 0.9968). Using the described method, yields of artemisinin in the range 0.77-1.06% were obtained from leaves of the A. annua hybrid CPQBA x POP, and these values were in agreement with those obtained using an HPLC-RI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Castilho
- Centro de Química da Madeira, Departamento de Química, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, piso 0, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Samanidou VF, Evaggelopoulou EN, Papadoyannis IN. Chromatographic analysis of penicillins in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1879-908. [PMID: 16970190 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural penicillin (benzylpenicillin) is the oldest antibiotic observed by Alexander Fleming in 1928. To broaden its spectrum of activity, natural penicillin was modified, giving rise to a group of antibiotics under the name 'penicillins'. Although an increasing number of bacteria appear to be resistant to them, penicillins are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections including Gram-positive, Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Consequently, they are widely used in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and treat diseases. This review covers the analytical methodologies, mainly chromatographic, employed to the penicillins determination in pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids and in production-scale fermentations reported in the literature. Results of published assays are comparatively presented focusing on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation. Information on chemical structure, spectrum of activity and action mechanism of common penicillins has also been given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reinscheid UM. Direct determination of ciprofloxacin in admixtures with metronidazol and ampicillin by NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:447-9. [PMID: 16122894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methods to analyse mixtures of pharmaceutical compounds are often based on chromatographic separations coupled to UV detectors. These procedures typically have to verify with other methods that the specificity is sufficient because structural information is sometimes too limited. NMR methods can be particularly useful in the analysis of admixtures of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin because of the inherent high selectivity. This can even be extended by the measurement of diffusion coefficients that help to identify the relevant signal for quantification. Taking advantage of the resolving power of NMR an analytical procedure to directly measure ciprofloxacin without separation steps is presented. The diffusion coefficients of the three components were measured. Tests of precision (repeatability) and recovery of ciprofloxacin without any separation steps in the presence of metronidazol and ampicillin were conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe M Reinscheid
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maffeo D, Leondiadis L, Mavridis IM, Yannakopoulou K. Positive effect of natural and negatively charged cyclodextrins on the stabilization of penicillins towards β-lactamase degradation due to inclusion and external guest–host association. An NMR and MS study. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1297-304. [PMID: 16557318 DOI: 10.1039/b517275f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexation of penicillin (1a-c) and cephalosporin (2a,b) antibiotics with cyclodextrins (CDs), both natural [beta-CD (3b) and gamma-CD (3c)] and carboxylated [heptakis(6-oxycarbonylethylthio-6-deoxy)-beta-CD sodium salt (4b) and octakis(6-oxycarbonylethylthio-6-deoxy)-gamma-CD (4c) sodium salt], has been studied at neutral pH. Penicillins [ampicillin (1a), amoxicillin (1b) and dicloxacillin (1c) form inclusion complexes with the above CDs, as was shown by extensive NMR spectroscopic studies, whereas cephalosporins (cephalexin, cefadroxil) do not. Inclusion of the penicillins into either 3b or 4b was not accompanied by significant chemical shift changes in the 1H NMR spectra. On the contrary, with the wider 3c and its derivative 4c inclusion was evidenced by both chemical shift displacements of the cavity protons and intermolecular interactions, indicating the formation of primarily 1:1 guest-host inclusion complexes. The binding constants for 1a/3c, 1a/4c and 1c/3c were calculated as 19 +/- 4, 17 +/- 0.9 and 622 +/- 200 M(-1), respectively. With 4c, a 1:2 stoichiometry was also found. In addition, simultaneous formation of aggregates by external association takes place in solution, as shown by the ESI-mass spectrometric data. Studies on the hydrolysis of ampicillin under pseudo-first order conditions using an excess of 3c, 4c and of linear maltoheptaose at pH 7 showed that the drug hydrolysed at a similar rate in all cases. In the presence, however, of beta-lactamase enzyme and the carboxylated host 4c, ampicillin degraded twice as slowly (0.008 h(-1)) as in the presence of beta-lactamase alone (0.017 h(-1)). This was explained by the effective protection provided by both inclusion and external association of the host. The interaction, therefore, of penicillins with carboxylated CDs may present a means to lessen the chemical instability of these drugs in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Maffeo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Salem AA, Mossa HA, Barsoum BN. Quantitative determinations of levofloxacin and rifampicin in pharmaceutical and urine samples using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 62:466-72. [PMID: 16257748 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, specific and simple methods for determining levofloxacin and rifampicin antibiotic drugs in pharmaceutical and human urine samples were developed. The methods are based on (1)H NMR spectroscopy using maleic acid as an internal standard and DMSO-d6 as NMR solvent. Integration of NMR signals at 8.9 and 8.2 ppm were, respectively, used for calculating the concentration of levofloxacin and rifampicin drugs per unit dose. Maleic acid signal at 6.2 ppm was used as the reference signal. Recoveries of (97.0-99.4)+/-0.5 and (98.3-99.7)+/-1.08% were obtained for pure levofloxacin and rifampicin, respectively. Corresponding recoveries of 98.5-100.3 and 96.8-100.0 were, respectively, obtained in pharmaceutical capsules and urine samples. Relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) values < or =2.7 were obtained for analyzed drugs in pure, pharmaceutical and urine samples. Statistical Student's t-test gave t-values < or =2.87 indicating insignificant difference between the real and the experimental values at the 95% confidence level. F-test revealed insignificant difference in precisions between the developed NMR methods and each of fluorimetric and HPLC methods for analyzing levofloxacin and rifampicin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Salem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain 17551, UAE.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun Y, Tang Y, Yao H, Li Y. Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Analysis of Some Penicillins by Their Sensitizing Effect on the Potassium Permanganate-Glyoxal Reaction. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:457-60. [PMID: 15844347 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new chemiluminescence method using flow injection is described for the determination of four penicillins, namely: phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and ampicillin sodium. The method is based on sensitizing effect of these drugs on the chemiluminescence reaction of potassium permanganate in sulfuric acid with glyoxal. The different experimental parameters affecting the chemiluminescence intensity were carefully studied and incorporated into the procedure. The method allows the determination of 0.1-1.0 microg/ml phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium, 0.1-1.0 microg/ml amoxicillin, 0.1-1.0 microg/ml ampicillin, and 0.1-1.0 microg/ml ampicillin sodium. The method was successfully applied to the determination of four penicillin antibiotics in pharmaceutical preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Talebpour Z, Haghgoo S, Shamsipur M. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis for simultaneous determination of levodopa, carbidopa and methyldopa in human serum and pharmaceutical formulations. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Talebpour Z, Haghgoo S, Shamsipur M. A selective 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic method for the assay of the neuroleptic drug cis(Z)-flupentixol in human serum. Anal Biochem 2003; 323:205-10. [PMID: 14656526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was carried out to evaluate 19F nuclear magnetic resonance as an analytical tool for the measurement of the cis(Z) and trans(E) stereoisomers of the antipsychotic drug flupentixol in human serum. The method is based on the integration of appropriate signals of both analytes and an internal standard. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of real samples without any interference, manipulation of large samples, and lengthy instrument time. Experimental parameters were selected to optimize accuracy, precision, and analysis time. The calibration curves in human serum matrix were linear for cis(Z)- and trans(E)-flupentixol over the ranges 4.0-50.0 and 2.6-25.0 microg/mL, respectively, with respective minimum detectable limits (S/N=3) of 1.67 and 1.72 microg/mL. The method was validated through spike and recovery for the two isomers of flupentixol from a human serum matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Talebpour
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|