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Jourova L, Anzenbacher P, Matuskova Z, Vecera R, Strojil J, Kolar M, Nobilis M, Hermanova P, Hudcovic T, Kozakova H, Kverka M, Anzenbacherova E. Gut microbiota metabolizes nabumetone in vitro: Consequences for its bioavailability in vivo in the rodents with altered gut microbiome. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1296-1302. [PMID: 30794062 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1558310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1. The underlying microbial metabolic activity toward xenobiotics is among the least explored factors contributing to the inter-individual variability in drug response. 2. Here, we analyzed the effect of microbiota on a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug nabumetone. 3. First, we cultivated the drug with the selected gut commensal and probiotic bacteria under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and analyzed its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. To analyze the effect of microbiota on nabumetone pharmacokinetics in vivo, we administered a single oral dose of nabumetone to rodents with intentionally altered gut microbiome - either rats treated for three days with the antibiotic imipenem or to germ-free mice. Plasma levels of its main active metabolite 6 methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA) were analyzed at pre-specified time intervals using HPLC with UV/fluorescence detection. 4. We found that nabumetone is metabolized by bacteria to its non-active metabolites and that this effect is stronger under anaerobic conditions. Although in vivo, none of the pharmacokinetic parameters of 6-MNA was significantly altered, there was a clear trend towards an increase of the AUC, Cmax and t1/2 in rats with reduced microbiota and germ-free mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Jourova
- a Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Matuskova
- b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Rostislav Vecera
- b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Strojil
- b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kolar
- c Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Nobilis
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hermanova
- e The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology , Novy Hradek , Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- e The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology , Novy Hradek , Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kozakova
- e The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology , Novy Hradek , Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Kverka
- f The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Institute of Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherova
- a Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc , Czech Republic
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Nabumetone and 6-MNA Pharmacokinetics, Assessment of Intrasubject Variability and Gender Effect. Am J Ther 2016; 23:e1498-e1503. [DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reductive metabolism of nabumetone by human liver microsomal and cytosolic fractions: exploratory prediction using inhibitors and substrates as marker probes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:127-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Identification of combined conjugation of nabumetone phase I metabolites with glucuronic acid and glycine in minipig biotransformation using coupling high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:221-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nobilis M, Mikušek J, Szotáková B, Jirásko R, Holčapek M, Chamseddin C, Jira T, Kučera R, Kuneš J, Pour M. Analytical power of LLE–HPLC–PDA–MS/MS in drug metabolism studies: Identification of new nabumetone metabolites. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 80:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Kartsova LA, Obedkova EV. Chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles of biologically active compounds for the diagnosis of various diseases. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Skarydova L, Nobilis M, Wsól V. Role of carbonyl reducing enzymes in the phase I biotransformation of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug nabumetone in vitro. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:346-54. [PMID: 23020786 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.720048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Nabumetone is a clinically used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its biotransformation includes major active metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphtylacetic acid and another three phase I as well as corresponding phase II metabolites which are regarded as inactive. One important biotransformation pathway is carbonyl reduction, which leads to the phase I metabolite, reduced nabumetone. 2. The aim of this study is the determination of the role of a particular human liver subcellular fraction in the nabumetone reduction and the identification of participating carbonyl reducing enzymes along with their stereospecificities. 3. Both subcellular fractions take part in the carbonyl reduction of nabumetone and the reduction is at least in vitro the main biotransformation pathway. The activities of eight cytosolic carbonyl reducing enzymes--CBR1, CBR3, AKR1B1, AKR1B10, AKR1C1-4--toward nabumetone were tested. Except for CBR3, all tested reductases transform nabumetone to its reduced metabolite. AKR1C4 and AKR1C3 have the highest intrinsic clearances. 4. The stereospecificity of the majority of the tested enzymes is shifted to the production of an (+)-enantiomer of reduced nabumetone; only AKR1C1 and AKR1C4 produce predominantly an (-)-enantiomer. This project provides for the first time evidence that seven specific carbonyl reducing enzymes participate in nabumetone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Skarydova
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Zheng Y, Tesar DB, Benincosa L, Birnböck H, Boswell CA, Bumbaca D, Cowan KJ, Danilenko DM, Daugherty AL, Fielder PJ, Grimm HP, Joshi A, Justies N, Kolaitis G, Lewin-Koh N, Li J, McVay S, O'Mahony J, Otteneder M, Pantze M, Putnam WS, Qiu ZJ, Ruppel J, Singer T, Stauch O, Theil FP, Visich J, Yang J, Ying Y, Khawli LA, Richter WF. Minipig as a potential translatable model for monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics after intravenous and subcutaneous administration. MAbs 2012; 4:243-55. [PMID: 22453096 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.4.2.19387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous (SC) delivery is a common route of administration for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) properties requiring long-term or frequent drug administration. An ideal in vivo preclinical model for predicting human PK following SC administration may be one in which the skin and overall physiological characteristics are similar to that of humans. In this study, the PK properties of a series of therapeutic mAbs following intravenous (IV) and SC administration in Göttingen minipigs were compared with data obtained previously from humans. The present studies demonstrated: (1) minipig is predictive of human linear clearance; (2) the SC bioavailabilities in minipigs are weakly correlated with those in human; (3) minipig mAb SC absorption rates are generally higher than those in human and (4) the SC bioavailability appears to correlate with systemic clearance in minipigs. Given the important role of the neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn) in the PK of mAbs, the in vitro binding affinities of these IgGs against porcine, human and cynomolgus monkey FcRn were tested. The result showed comparable FcRn binding affinities across species. Further, mAbs with higher isoelectric point tended to have faster systemic clearance and lower SC bioavailability in both minipig and human. Taken together, these data lend increased support for the use of the minipig as an alternative predictive model for human IV and SC PK of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zheng
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Devin B Tesar
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lisa Benincosa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Pharma Research and Early Development; Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.; Nutley, NJ USA
| | - Herbert Birnböck
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Andrew Boswell
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Daniela Bumbaca
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Kyra J Cowan
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Ann L Daugherty
- Drug Delivery, Pharma Technical Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Paul J Fielder
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Hans Peter Grimm
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amita Joshi
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Nicole Justies
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerry Kolaitis
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Pharma Research and Early Development; Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.; Nutley, NJ USA
| | | | - Jing Li
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Sami McVay
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jennifer O'Mahony
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Michael Otteneder
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Pantze
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wendy S Putnam
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Zhihua J Qiu
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jane Ruppel
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Thomas Singer
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Stauch
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank-Peter Theil
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jennifer Visich
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jihong Yang
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Yong Ying
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Leslie A Khawli
- Research and Early Development; Genentech; South San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Wolfgang F Richter
- Pharma Research and Early Development; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.; Basel, Switzerland
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Murillo Pulgarín JA, Alañón Molina A, Martínez Ferreras F. Simultaneous determination of nabumetone and its principal metabolite in medicines and human urine by time-resolved fluorescence. Analyst 2012; 137:5144-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Nobilis M, Vybíralová Z, Szotáková B, Sládková K, Kuneš M, Svoboda Z. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tiapride and its phase I metabolite in blood plasma using tandem UV photodiode-array and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3845-52. [PMID: 22100559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New bioanalytical SPE-HPLC-PDA-FL method for the determination of the neuroleptic drug tiapride and its N-desethyl metabolite was developed, validated and applied to xenobiochemical and pharmacokinetic studies in humans and animals. The sample preparation process involved solid-phase extraction of diluted plasma spiked with sulpiride (an internal standard) using SPE cartridges DSC-PH Supelco, USA. Chromatographic separation of the extracts was performed on a Discovery HS F5 250 mm × 4 mm (Supelco) column containing pentafluorophenylpropylsilyl silica gel. Mobile phase (acetonitrile-0.01 M phosphate buffer pH=3, flow rate 1 ml min(-1)) in the gradient mode was employed in the HPLC analysis. Tandem UV photodiode-array→fluorescence detection was used for the determination of the analytes. Low concentrations of tiapride and N-desethyl tiapride were determined using a more selective fluorescence detector (λ(exc.)/λ(emiss.)=232 nm/334 nm), high concentrations (500-6000 pmol ml(-1)) using a UV PDA detector at 212 nm with a linear response. Each HPLC run lasted 15 min. Lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for tiapride (N-desethyl tiapride) were found to be 8.24 pmol ml(-1) (10.11 pmol ml(-1)). The recoveries of tiapride ranged from 89.3 to 94.3%, 81.7 to 86.8% for internal standard sulpiride and 90.9 to 91.8% for N-desethyl tiapride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Nobilis
- Institute of Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Joint Research Center of PROMEDCS Praha as and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Preclinical electrogastrography in experimental pigs. Interdiscip Toxicol 2011; 3:53-8. [PMID: 21217873 PMCID: PMC2984130 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-010-0011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface electrogastrography (EGG) is a non-invasive means of recording gastric myoelectric activity or slow waves from cutaneous leads placed over the stomach. This paper provides a comprehensive review of preclinical EGG. Our group recently set up and worked out the methods for EGG in experimental pigs. We gained our initial experience in the use of EGG in assessment of porcine gastric myoelectric activity after volume challenge and after intragastric administration of itopride and erythromycin. The mean dominant frequency in pigs is comparable with that found in humans. EGG in experimental pigs is feasible. Experimental EGG is an important basis for further preclinical projects in pharmacology and toxicology.
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12
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Basic rules for the interpretation of atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectra of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3908-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Ryan PW, Li B, Shanahan M, Leister KJ, Ryder AG. Prediction of Cell Culture Media Performance Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1311-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902337c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Ryan
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland, Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland, and Process Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Syracuse, New York
| | - Boyan Li
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland, Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland, and Process Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Syracuse, New York
| | - Michael Shanahan
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland, Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland, and Process Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Syracuse, New York
| | - Kirk J. Leister
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland, Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland, and Process Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Syracuse, New York
| | - Alan G. Ryder
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland, Centre for Bioanalytical Sciences, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland, and Process Analytical Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Syracuse, New York
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Srinivas NR. Applicability of LC/MS/MS assay for 6-methoxy-2-napthylacetic acid to support the bioequivalence study of nabumetone-comments on the research work of Patel et al. (2008). Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:674-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Turpeinen M, Hofmann U, Klein K, Mürdter T, Schwab M, Zanger UM. A predominate role of CYP1A2 for the metabolism of nabumetone to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1017-24. [PMID: 19204080 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.025700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nabumetone, a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, requires biotransformation into 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA), a close structural analog to naproxen, to achieve its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite its wide use, the enzymes involved in metabolism have not been identified. In the present study, several in vitro approaches were used to identify the cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme(s) responsible for 6-MNA formation. In human liver microsomes (HLMs) 6-MNA formation displayed monophasic Michaelis-Menten kinetics with apparent K(m) and V(max) values (mean +/- S.D.) of 75.1 +/- 15.3 microM and 1304 +/- 226 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively, and formation rate of 6-MNA varied approximately 5.5-fold (179-983 pmol/min/mg protein). 6-MNA activity correlated strongly with both CYP1A2-mediated phenacetin O-deethylation activity and CYP1A2 protein content (r = 0.85 and 0.74, respectively; p < 0.0001 for both). Additional correlations were found with model activities of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Of 11 cDNA-expressed recombinant P450s used, recombinant CYP1A2 was the major form catalyzing the 6-MNA formation with an apparent K(m) of 45 microM and V(max) of 8.7 pmol/min/pmol P450. Minor fractions were catalyzed by recombinant P450s CYP1A1, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1. Experiments with P450-selective chemical inhibitors and monoclonal anti-P450 antibodies showed that furafylline, a mechanism-based inhibitor CYP1A2, and anti-CYP1A2 antibody markedly inhibited 6-MNA formation, whereas inhibitors for other P450s did not show significant inhibitory effects. Taken together, these studies indicate that the formation of the active metabolite of nabumetone, 6-MNA, is predominantly catalyzed by CYP1A2 in HLMs with only minor contribution of other P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia Turpeinen
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstrasse 112, D-70376 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Patel BN, Sharma N, Sanyal M, Prasad A, Shrivastav PS. High-throughput LC-MS/MS assay for 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, an active metabolite of nabumetone in human plasma and its application to bioequivalence study. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:1213-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Musa KAK, Eriksson LA. Theoretical study of the phototoxicity of naproxen and the active form of nabumetone. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10921-30. [PMID: 18834087 DOI: 10.1021/jp805614y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory using the hybrid functional B3LYP has been employed in order to study the mechanisms of photoinduced decomposition of the closely related nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs naproxen (NP) and 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (MNAA; the active form of nabumetone). The photochemical properties and computed energies of various species obtained in this study show that both drugs dominate in their deprotonated forms at physiological pH. The deprotonated acids are unable to decarboxylate from their excited singlets; instead, they decarboxylate from their first excited triplet states with high efficiency, overcoming energy barriers less than 3 and 1 kcal/mol for MNAA and NP, respectively. The ultraviolet and visible spectra of the neutral, deprotonated, and decarboxylated moieties of MNAA and NP are more-or-less similar but with higher probabilites (oscillator strength) for the latter. This fact, as well as the higher reactivity of NP, is explained in terms of the electron-donating effect of the additional methyl group present in NP. Singlet oxygen, superoxide radical anion, and corresponding peroxyl radical species are expected to be formed in different steps throughout the proposed photodegradation pathways of both drugs, which give rise to their effects on biomolecules, for example, lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klefah A K Musa
- Department of Natural Sciences and Orebro Life Science Center, Orebro University, 701 82 Orebro, Sweden
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Holcapek M, Kolárová L, Nobilis M. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:59-78. [PMID: 18345532 PMCID: PMC2359828 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Applications of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites are reviewed with an emphasis on recent papers published predominantly within the last 6 years (2002–2007) reporting the employment of atmospheric pressure ionization techniques as the most promising approach for a sensitive detection, positive identification and quantitation of metabolites in complex biological matrices. This review is devoted to in vitro and in vivo drug biotransformation in humans and animals. The first step preceding an HPLC-MS bioanalysis consists in the choice of suitable sample preparation procedures (biomatrix sampling, homogenization, internal standard addition, deproteination, centrifugation, extraction). The subsequent step is the right optimization of chromatographic conditions providing the required separation selectivity, analysis time and also good compatibility with the MS detection. This is usually not accessible without the employment of the parent drug and synthesized or isolated chemical standards of expected phase I and sometimes also phase II metabolites. The incorporation of additional detectors (photodiode-array UV, fluorescence, polarimetric and others) between the HPLC and MS instruments can result in valuable analytical information supplementing MS results. The relation among the structural changes caused by metabolic reactions and corresponding shifts in the retention behavior in reversed-phase systems is discussed as supporting information for identification of the metabolite. The first and basic step in the interpretation of mass spectra is always the molecular weight (MW) determination based on the presence of protonated molecules [M+H]+ and sometimes adducts with ammonium or alkali-metal ions, observed in the positive-ion full-scan mass spectra. The MW determination can be confirmed by the [M-H]- ion for metabolites providing a signal in negative-ion mass spectra. MS/MS is a worthy tool for further structural characterization because of the occurrence of characteristic fragment ions, either MSn analysis for studying the fragmentation patterns using trap-based analyzers or high mass accuracy measurements for elemental composition determination using time of flight based or Fourier transform mass analyzers. The correlation between typical functional groups found in phase I and phase II drug metabolites and corresponding neutral losses is generalized and illustrated for selected examples. The choice of a suitable ionization technique and polarity mode in relation to the metabolite structure is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Natishan TK. Recent Developments of Achiral HPLC Methods in Pharmaceuticals Using Various Detection Modes. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa K. Natishan
- a Merck & Co., Inc., Merck Research Laboratories , RY818‐C215, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway , New Jersey , 07065 , USA
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Huttunen KM, Mähönen N, Leppänen J, Vepsäläinen J, Juvonen RO, Raunio H, Kumpulainen H, Järvinen T, Rautio J. Novel Cyclic Phosphate Prodrug Approach for Cytochrome P450-activated Drugs Containing an Alcohol Functionality. Pharm Res 2007; 24:679-87. [PMID: 17372695 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A cyclic phosphate prodrug of a descriptive molecule containing an alcohol functionality was designed, synthesized and characterized in vitro as a cytochrome P450 (CYP) -selective prodrug. MATERIALS AND METHODS To achieve efficient CYP-oxidation and prodrug bioconversion, 1,3-cyclic propyl ester of phosphate was designed to have a C4-aryl substituent and synthesized using phosphorus(III) chemistry. The two-step bioconversion of the cyclic phosphate prodrug was evaluated in vitro using human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP enzymes. RESULTS This cyclic phosphate prodrug underwent initial CYP-catalyzed oxidation and was mainly catalyzed by the CYP3A4 form. The hydroxylated product was slowly converted to a ring-opened intermediate, which subsequently transformed by beta-elimination reaction to a free phosphate. The free phosphate was further dephosphorylated by microsomal phosphatases, releasing the parent molecule with a free hydroxyl group. The cyclic phosphate was reasonably stable in buffer solutions at the pH range 1.0-9.0. CONCLUSIONS Since CYP enzymes reside predominantly in the liver and secondarily in the small intestine, the results indicate that cyclic phosphate prodrugs represent a very feasible liver- or intestinal-targeted drug delivery strategy for drug molecules containing an alcohol functionality. This may potentially improve the efficacy and the safety profile of the alcoholic parent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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21
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Zerzanová A, Císar P, Klimes J. Comparison of different stationary phases for bioanalytical studies of biologically active compounds. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2126-35. [PMID: 17069241 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the chromatographic behaviour of four mixtures of compounds was tested on columns possessing various surface properties. Cocaine, dimefluron, nabumetone, and tramadol were chosen as the test compounds. Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid, which is relatively often abused as a drug. This is why many papers have already been written about its determination in human biological samples. Dimefluron, a derivative of benzo[c]fluorene, is a new perspective drug being investigated for its potential antineoplastic effects. Nabumetone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory prodrug used for treatment of inflammatory and degenerative rheumatic diseases. Tramadol, derived from an opioid structure is used as an anodyne for treatment of severe pain. As a medicament it is usually determined either in biological samples or in pharmaceuticals. The above-mentioned model drugs were separated using chromatographic columns with C18, C8, palmitamidopropyl, and pentafluorophenylpropyl chains. The best conditions for separation of the individual compounds and their metabolites were chosen on the basis of resolution, retention times, and peak symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zerzanová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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22
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Chen PS, Huang SD. Coupled two-step microextraction devices with derivatizations to identify hydroxycarbonyls in rain samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1118:161-7. [PMID: 16643930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coupling a two-step liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine/bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (PFBHA)/(BSTFA) derivatization was developed to detect hydroxycarbonyls in rainwater samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). LPME provides a fast and inexpensive pre-concentration, and miniaturized extraction to analyze the target compounds rainwater samples. Derivatization techniques offer a clear method to identify target compounds. The hydroxycarbonyls were determined using two-step derivatizations. Dynamic-LPME was applied in the first derivatization, and head-space single drop derivatization was employed in the second reaction. The LODs varied from 0.023 to 4.75 microg/l. The calibration curves were linear for at least two orders of magnitude with R2>or=0.994. The precision was within 6.5-12%, and the relative recoveries in rainwater were more than 89% (the amount added ranged from 0.3 to 15 microg/l). A field sample was found to contain 2.54 microg/l of hydroxyacetone and 0.110 microg/l of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone. Hydroxyacetone was also detected in one of the tested samples at a concentration of 2.39 microg/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Shan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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23
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Escandar GM, Damiani PC, Goicoechea HC, Olivieri AC. A review of multivariate calibration methods applied to biomedical analysis. Microchem J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Simple and rapid determination of the active metabolite of nabumetone in biological fluids by heavy atom-induced room temperature phosphorescence. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Císar P, Nobilis M, Vybíralová Z, Holcapek M, Kolárová L, Pour M, Kunes J, Klimes J. Disposition study of a new potential antineoplastic agent dimefluron in rats using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:1059-71. [PMID: 15862686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The disposition of a new potential antineoplastic drug dimefluron after an oral administration to rats was investigated. Dimefluron, 3,9-dimethoxy-5-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)-7H-benzo[c]fluoren-7-one hydrochloride, was administered in a single oral dose (250 mg kg(-1) of body weight) in the form of an aqueous solution via a gastric probe. Dimefluron metabolites were being searched for in rat faeces. Synthetic standards of the expected phase I metabolites (the products of O- and N-desmethylation, N-oxidation and carbonyl reduction of dimefluron) were prepared and used together with dimefluron and internal standard in the development of two HPLC bioanalytical methods based on different separation principles. The first separation of dimefluron and the phase I metabolites was tested on a 250 mm x 4 mm chromatographic column with LiChrospher 60 RP-selectB 5 microm (Merck) using an isocratic mobile phase containing 0.01 M nonylamine buffer (pH 7.4) and acetonitrile in the 1:2 ratio (v/v). The second separation was performed on a 250 mm x 4 mm chromatographic column Discovery HS F5, 5 microm (Supelco) using a linear gradient mode with the mobile phase containing acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (0.05 M KH2PO4, pH 3). The flow rate was 1 ml min(-1) in both cases. UV detection was performed in the dual wavelength mode, with 317 nm having been used for dimefluron and all 7H-benzo[c]fluoren-7-one metabolites, 367 nm for 7H-benzo[c]fluoren-7-ol metabolites. A higher homologue of dimefluron served as an internal standard. The identity of the dimefluron metabolites in biological samples was confirmed using HPLC-MS experiments. The elimination study showed that the concentration maximum for dimefluron and its metabolites in rat faeces was reached 48 h after the administration of the parent drug. O-Desmethylated derivatives of dimefluron prevailed among the phase I metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Císar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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26
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Sheen JF, Her GR. Application of pentafluorophenyl hydrazine derivatives to the analysis of nabumetone and testosterone in human plasma by liquid chromatography?atmospheric pressure chemical ionization?tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 380:891-7. [PMID: 15700167 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2877-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Revised: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two carbonyl compounds, nabumetone and testosterone, were derivatized with pentafluorophenyl hydrazine (PFPH) and analyzed by atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. The PFPH derivatives underwent dissociative electron capture in negative-ion APCI (ECAPCI) and gave intense [M-20](-) ions in the mass spectra. In positive-ion APCI, the PFPH derivatives underwent efficient protonation and gave intense [M + H](+) ions in the mass spectra. In CID, the major product ions of the [M-20](-) ions in ECAPCI corresponded to the partial moiety of PFPH. In contrast, the major product ions of [M + H](+) corresponded to the partial moiety of the analyte. By using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) detection, low pg of nabumetone (1 pg) and testosterone (7 pg) could be detected in both ECAPCI and positive-ion APCI. In comparison with the detection limits (SRM) of the underivatized analytes, use of the PFPH derivatives resulted in 2500-fold and 35-fold sensitivity enhancements for nabumetone and testosterone, respectively. The PFPH derivatives were applied to the analysis of nabumetone and testosterone in human plasma by both ECAPCI and positive-ion APCI and were found to enable detection of 0.1 ng mL(-1) nabumetone in spiked plasma. For testosterone, endogenous testosterone in female plasma was detected in both ECAPCI and positive-ion APCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Sheen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Rosemond MJC, Walsh JS. Human Carbonyl Reduction Pathways and a Strategy for Their Study In Vitro. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36:335-61. [PMID: 15237858 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120034154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl reduction plays a significant role in physiological processes throughout the body. Although much is known about endogenous carbonyl metabolism, much less is known about the roles of carbonyl-reducing enzymes in xenobiotic metabolism. Multiple pathways exist in humans for metabolizing carbonyl moieties of xenobiotics to their corresponding alcohols, readying these molecules for subsequent conjugation and/or excretion. When exploring carbonyl reduction clearance pathways for a drug development candidate, it is possible to assess the relative contributions of these enzymes due to their differences in subcellular locations, cofactor dependence, and inhibitor profiles. In addition, the contributions of these enzymes may be explored by varying incubation conditions, such as pH. Presently, individual isoforms of carbonyl-reducing enzymes are not widely available, either in recombinant or purified form. However, it is possible to study carbonyl reduction clearance pathways from simple experiments with commercially available reagents. This article provides an overview of carbonyl-reducing enzymes, including some kinetic data for substrates and inhibitors. In addition, an experimental strategy for the study of these enzymes in vitro is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jane Cox Rosemond
- Worldwide Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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28
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Nobilis M, Holcapek M, Kolárová L, Kopecký J, Kunes M, Svoboda Z, Kvetina J. Identification and determination of phase II nabumetone metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1031:229-36. [PMID: 15058587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic analyses play an important role in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites. While the chemical standards of phase I metabolites are usually available from commercial sources or by various synthetic, degradation or isolation methods, the phase II drug metabolites have usually more complicated structures, their standards are in general inaccessible and their identification and determination require a comprehensive analytical approach involving the use of xenobiochemical methods and the employment of hyphenated analytical techniques. In this work, various high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were employed in the evaluation of xenobiochemical experiments leading to the identification and determination of phase II nabumetone metabolites. Optimal conditions for the quantitative enzymatic deconjugation of phase II metabolites were found for the samples of minipig bile, small intestine contents and urine. Comparative HPLC analyses of the samples of above-mentioned biomatrices and of the same biomatrices after their enzymatic treatment using beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase afforded the qualitative and quantitative information about phase II nabumetone metabolites. Hereby, three principal phase II nabumetone metabolites (ether glucuronides) were discovered in minipig's body fluids and their structures were confirmed using liquid chromatography (LC)-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nobilis
- Institute of Experimental Biopharmaceutics, Joint Research Center of PRO.MED.CS Praha a.s. and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského 1207, CZ-500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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