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First Phytochemical Profiling and In-Vitro Antiprotozoal Activity of Essential Oil and Extract of Plagiochila porelloides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020616. [PMID: 36677674 PMCID: PMC9860869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatiles metabolites from the liverwort Plagiochila porelloides harvested in Corsica were investigated by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. In addition to already reported constituents, three new compounds were isolated by preparative chromatography and their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry (MS) and NMR experiments. Hence, an atypic aliphatic compound, named 1,2-dihydro-4,5-dehydronerolidol and two isomers, (E) and (Z), possessing an unusual humbertiane skeleton (called p-menth-1-en-3-[2-methylbut-1-enyl]-8-ol) are newly reported and fully characterized in this work. The in vitro antiprotozoal activity of essential oil and extract of P. porelloides against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Leishmania mexicana mexicana and cytotoxicity were determined. Essential oil and Et2O extract showed a moderate activity against T. brucei with IC50 values: 2.03 and 5.18 μg/mL, respectively. It is noteworthy that only the essential oil showed a high selectivity (SI = 11.7). Diethyl oxide extract exhibited moderate anticancer (cancerous macrophage-like murine cells) activity and also cytotoxicity (human normal fibroblast) with IC50 values: 1.25 and 2.96 μg/mL, respectively.
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Smart IM-MS and NMR study of natural diastereomers: the study case of the essential oil from Senecio transiens. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6695-6705. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kambiré DA, Boti JB, Yapi TA, Ouattara ZA, Bighelli A, Casanova J, Tomi F. New Natural Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes and Chemical Composition of Leaf Essential Oil from Ivoirian Isolona dewevrei (De Wild. & T. Durand) Engl. & Diels. Molecules 2020; 25:E5613. [PMID: 33260296 PMCID: PMC7731318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the leaf essential oil from Ivoirian Isolona dewevrei. A combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques (GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C-NMR) was used to analyze two oil samples (S1 and S2). Detailed analysis by repetitive column chromatography (CC) of essential oil sample S2 was performed, leading to the isolation of four compounds. Their structures were elucidated by QTOF-MS, 1D and 2D-NMR as (10βH)-1β,8β-oxido-cadin-4-ene (38), 4-methylene-(7αH)-germacra-1(10),5-dien-8β-ol (cis-germacrene D-8-ol) (52), 4-methylene-(7αH)-germacra-1(10),5-dien-8α-ol (trans-germacrene D-8-ol) (53) and cadina-1(10),4-dien-8β-ol (56). Compounds 38, 52 and 53 are new, whereas NMR data of 56 are reported for the first time. Lastly, 57 constituents accounting for 95.5% (S1) and 97.1% (S2) of the whole compositions were identified. Samples S1 and S2 were dominated by germacrene D (23.6 and 20.5%, respectively), followed by germacrene D-8-one (8.9 and 8.7%), (10βH)-1β,8β-oxido-cadin-4-ene (7.3 and 8.7), 4-methylene-(7αH)-germacra-1(10),5-dien-8β-ol (7.8 and 7.4%) and cadina-1(10),4-dien-8β-ol (7.6 and 7.2%). Leaves from I. dewevrei produced sesquiterpene-rich essential oil with an original chemical composition, involving various compounds reported for the first time among the main components. Integrated analysis by GC(RI), GC-MS and 13C-NMR appeared fruitful for the knowledge of such a complex essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didjour Albert Kambiré
- Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR-SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan 01 BP V34, Ivory Coast; (D.A.K.); (J.B.B.); (T.A.Y.)
| | - Jean Brice Boti
- Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR-SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan 01 BP V34, Ivory Coast; (D.A.K.); (J.B.B.); (T.A.Y.)
| | - Thierry Acafou Yapi
- Laboratoire de Constitution et Réaction de la Matière, UFR-SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan 01 BP V34, Ivory Coast; (D.A.K.); (J.B.B.); (T.A.Y.)
| | - Zana Adama Ouattara
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique et de Substances Naturelles, UFR SFA, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan 02 BP 801, Ivory Coast;
| | - Ange Bighelli
- Laboratoire Sciences Pour l’Environnement, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Université de Corse—CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; (A.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Joseph Casanova
- Laboratoire Sciences Pour l’Environnement, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Université de Corse—CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; (A.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Félix Tomi
- Laboratoire Sciences Pour l’Environnement, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Université de Corse—CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; (A.B.); (J.C.)
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Boué GB, Boti JB, Tonzibo ZF, Paoli M, Bighelli A. New trans-β-bergamotene derivatives in the root and the flower essential oils of Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. from Côte d'Ivoire. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:2795-2800. [PMID: 30470135 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1502766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Root and flower essential oils of Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. (Synonym Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.) (Asteraceae) collected in Southern Côte d'Ivoire was investigated using a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The root oil composition was dominated by trans-β-bergamotene (20.7%), β-elemene (19.0%), cyperene (10.6%), germacrene A (7.1%) and β-pinene (3.8%), whereas γ-humulene (31.0%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (17.0%), trans-β-bergamotene (7.7%), β-pinene (7.5%) and (E)-β-farnesene (6.0%) were the major components of flower oil. Two new compounds bearing the trans-β-bergamotene framework were identified: trans-β-bergamotenone and (E)-trans-β-bergamotenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Blanchard Boué
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Biologique, UFR-SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jean Brice Boti
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Biologique, UFR-SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Zanahi Félix Tonzibo
- a Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Biologique, UFR-SSMT, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mathieu Paoli
- b Équipe Chimie et Biomasse, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse-CNRS , Ajaccio , France
| | - Ange Bighelli
- b Équipe Chimie et Biomasse, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse-CNRS , Ajaccio , France
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Pannequin A, Tintaru A, Desjobert JM, Costa J, Muselli A. New advances in the volatile metabolites of Frullania tamarisci. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Pannequin
- Laboratoire Chimie des Produits Naturels, BP 52; Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134; 20250 Corte France
| | - Aura Tintaru
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273; 13397 Marseille France
| | - Jean-Marie Desjobert
- Laboratoire Chimie des Produits Naturels, BP 52; Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134; 20250 Corte France
| | - Jean Costa
- Laboratoire Chimie des Produits Naturels, BP 52; Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134; 20250 Corte France
| | - Alain Muselli
- Laboratoire Chimie des Produits Naturels, BP 52; Université de Corse, UMR CNRS 6134; 20250 Corte France
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Bazzali O, Thai TH, Hoi TM, Khang NS, Hien NT, Casanova J, Bighelli A, Tomi F. Integrated Analysis of the Wood Oil from Xanthocyparis vietnamensis Farjon & Hiep. by Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Techniques. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070840. [PMID: 27355937 PMCID: PMC6273169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to get better knowledge about the volatiles produced by Xanthocyparis vietnamensis, a species recently discovered in Vietnam, its wood oil has been analyzed by a combination of chromatographic (GC, CC) and spectroscopic (GC-MS, (13)C-NMR) techniques. Forty components that accounted for 87.9% of the oil composition have been identified. The composition is dominated by nootkatene (20.7%), 11,12,13-tri-nor-eremophil-1(10)-en-7-one (17.2%), γ-eudesmol (5.1%), nootkatone (4.7%), valencene (3.5%) and 13-nor-eremophil-1(10)-en-11-one (2.6%). The structure of two new compounds-10-epi-nor-γ-eudesmen-11-one and 12-hydroxy-isodihydroagarofuran-has been elucidated, while 11,12,13-tri-nor-eremophil-1(10)-en-7-ol is reported as a natural product for the first time. The composition of X. vietnamensis wood oil varied drastically from those of leaf oils, dominated by hedycaryol (34.4%), phyllocladene (37.8%) or by pimara-6(14)-15-diene (19.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Bazzali
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France.
| | - Tran Huy Thai
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Tran Minh Hoi
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Sinh Khang
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Thi Hien
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Joseph Casanova
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France.
| | - Ange Bighelli
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France.
| | - Félix Tomi
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Equipe Chimie et Biomasse, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France.
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Sutour S, Bradesi P, Luro F, Casanova J, Tomi F. Germacra-1(10),5-dien-4α-ol inFortunellasp. leaf oils. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Sutour
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE; Equipe Chimie et Biomasse; Route des Sanguinaires 20000 Ajaccio France
| | - Pascale Bradesi
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE; Equipe Chimie et Biomasse; Route des Sanguinaires 20000 Ajaccio France
| | | | - Joseph Casanova
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE; Equipe Chimie et Biomasse; Route des Sanguinaires 20000 Ajaccio France
| | - Félix Tomi
- Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE; Equipe Chimie et Biomasse; Route des Sanguinaires 20000 Ajaccio France
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Ojima I. Exploration of fluorine chemistry at the multidisciplinary interface of chemistry and biology. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6358-83. [PMID: 23614876 PMCID: PMC3752428 DOI: 10.1021/jo400301u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last three decades, my engagement in "fluorine chemistry" has evolved substantially because of the multidisciplinary nature of the research programs. I began my research career as a synthetic chemist in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis directed toward organic synthesis. Then, I was brought into a very unique world of "fluorine chemistry" in the end of 1970s. I started exploring the interface of fluorine chemistry and transition metal homogeneous catalysis first, which was followed by amino acids, peptides, and peptidomimetics for medicinal chemistry. Since then, I have been exploring the interfaces of fluorine chemistry and multidisciplinary fields of research involving medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, cancer biology, and molecular imaging. This perspective intends to cover my fruitful endeavor in the exploration of fluorine chemistry at the multidisciplinary interface of chemistry and biology in a chronological order to show the evolution of my research interest and strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Ojima
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA.
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Yapi TA, Boti JB, Attioua BK, Ahibo AC, Bighelli A, Casanova J, Tomi F. Three new natural compounds from the root bark essential oil from Xylopia aethiopica. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:651-656. [PMID: 22585598 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the course of on-going work on the characterisation of aromatic plants from the Ivory Coast we investigated the composition of the root oil from Xylopia aethiopica. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to investigate the chemical composition of X. aethiopica root oil and elucidate the structure of two new compounds. METHODOLOGY Analysis of the essential oil was carried out using a combination of chromatographic (CC, GC with retention indices) and spectroscopic techniques (MS, (13)C-NMR, 2D-NMR). RESULTS Twenty seven components, accounting for 95.6% of the whole composition, were identified including various compounds for which spectroscopic data were absent on commercial computerised MS libraries. Three compounds are reported for the first time as natural compounds and the structure of two new compounds, 4,4-dimethyl-2-vinylcyclohexene and endo-5-methoxy-3-patchoulene, has been elucidated using extensive two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. CONCLUSION The composition of X. aethiopica root oil is dominated by two dimethylvinylcyclohexene isomers. It differs drastically from the composition of leaf and fruit oils of the same plant. The combination of analytical techniques appeared crucial for a fruitful analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Acafou Yapi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Biologique, UFR-SSMT, Université de Cocody-Abidjan, BPV 34, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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Lenz EM, D'Souza RA, Jordan AC, King CD, Smith SM, Phillips PJ, McCormick AD, Roberts DW. HPLC–NMR with severe column overloading: Fast-track metabolite identification in urine and bile samples from rat and dog treated with [14C]-ZD6126. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1065-77. [PMID: 17030109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The subject of this study was the determination of the major urinary and biliary metabolites of [(14)C]-ZD6126 following i.v. administration to female and male bile duct cannulated rats at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively, and male bile duct cannulated dogs at 6 mg/kg by HPLC-NMR spectroscopy. ZD6126 is a phosphorylated pro-drug, which is rapidly hydrolysed to the active metabolite, ZD6126 phenol. The results presented here demonstrate that [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol is subsequently metabolised extensively by male dogs and both, male and female rats. Recovery of the dose in bile and urine was determined utilising the radiolabel, revealing biliary excretion as the major route of excretion (93%) in dog, with the majority of the radioactivity recovered in both biofluids in the first 6 h. In the rat, greater than 92% recovery was obtained within the first 24 h. The major route of excretion was via the bile 51-93% within the first 12 h. The administered phosphorylated pro-drug was not observed in any of the excreta samples. Metabolite profiles of bile and urine samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with radiochemical detection (HPLC-RAD), which revealed a number of radiolabelled components in each of the biofluids. The individual metabolites were subsequently identified by HPLC-NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-MS. In the male dog, the major component in urine and bile was the [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol glucuronide, which accounted for 3% and 77% of the dose, respectively. [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol was observed in urine at 1% of dose, but was not observed in bile. A sulphate conjugate of demethylated [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol was identified in bile by HPLC-NMR and confirmed by HPLC-MS. In the rat, the bile contained two major radiolabelled components. One was identified as the [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol glucuronide, the other as a glucuronide conjugate of demethylated [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol. However, a marked difference in the proportions of these two components was observed between male and female rats, either due to a sex difference in metabolism or a difference in dose level. The glucuronide conjugate of the demethylated [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol was present at higher concentration in the bile of male rats (4-34%), while the phenol glucuronide was present at higher concentration in the bile of female rats (8-70%) over a 0-6 h collection period. A third component was only observed in the bile samples (0-6 h and 6-12 h) of male rats. This was identified as being the same sulphate conjugate of demethylated [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol as the one observed in dog bile. The rat urines contained two main metabolites in greatly varying concentrations, namely the demethylated [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol glucuronide and the glucuronide of [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol. Again, the differences in relative amounts between male and female rats were observed, the major metabolite in the urines from male rats being the demethylated [(14)C]-ZD6126 phenol (0-17% in 0-24 h), whilst the phenol glucuronide, accounting for 0.5-50% of the dose over 0-24 h, was the major metabolite in females. Methanolic extracts of the pooled biofluid samples were submitted for HPLC-NMR for the quick identification of the major metabolites. Following a single injection of the equivalent of 6-28 ml of the biofluids directly onto the HPLC-column with minimal sample preparation, the metabolites could be largely successfully isolated. Despite severe column overloading, the major metabolites of [(14)C]-ZD6126 could be positively identified, and the results are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Lenz
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
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Nassar AEF, Talaat RE. Strategies for dealing with metabolite elucidation in drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today 2004; 9:317-27. [PMID: 15037231 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(03)03018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural information on metabolites can be a considerable asset for enhancing and streamlining the process of developing new drug candidates. Modern approaches that generate and use metabolite structural information can accelerate the drug discovery and development process by eliminating potentially harmful candidates earlier in the process and improving the safety of new drugs. This review examines the relative merits of current and potential strategies for dealing with metabolite characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa-Eldin F Nassar
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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Kuznetsova L, Ungureanu IM, Pepe A, Zanardi I, Wu X, Ojima I. Trifluoromethyl- and difluoromethyl-β-lactams as useful building blocks for the synthesis of fluorinated amino acids, dipeptides, and fluoro-taxoids. J Fluor Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) is the process of testing a large number of diverse chemical structures against disease targets to identify 'hits'. Compared to traditional drug screening methods, HTS is characterized by its simplicity, rapidness, low cost, and high efficiency, taking the ligand-target interactions as the principle, as well as leading to a higher information harvest. As a multidisciplinary field, HTS involves an automated operation-platform, highly sensitive testing system, specific screening model (in vitro), an abundant components library, and a data acquisition and processing system. Various technologies, especially the novel technologies such as fluorescence, nuclear-magnetic resonance, affinity chromatography, surface plasmon resonance, and DNA microarray, are now available, and the screening of more than 100,000 samples per day is already possible. Fluorescence-based assays include the scintillation proximity assay, time-resolved energy transfer, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy. Fluorescence-based techniques are likely to be among the most important detection approaches used for HTS due to their high sensitivity and amenability to automation, giving the industry-wide drive to simplify, miniaturize, and speed up assays. The application of NMR technology to HTS is another recent trend in drug research. One advantage afforded by NMR technology is that it can provide direct information on the affinity of the screening compounds and the binding location of protein. The structure-activity relationship acquired from NMR analysis can sharpen the library design, which will be very important in furnishing HTS with well-defined drug candidates. Affinity chromatography used for library screening will provide the information on the fundamental processes of drug action, such as absorption, distribution, excretion, and receptor activation; also the eluting curve can give directly the possibility of candidate drug. SPR can measure the quantity of a complex formed between two molecules in real-time without the need for fluorescent or radioisotopic labels. SPR is capable of characterizing unmodified biopharmaceuticals, studying the interaction of drug candidates with macromolecular targets, and identifying binding partners during ligand fishing experiments. DNA microarrays can be used in HTS be used to further investigate the expression of biological targets associated with human disease, which then opens new and exciting opportunities for drug discovery. Without doubt, the addition of new technologies will further increase the application of HTS in drug screening and its related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Peoples Republic of China.
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