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Aref HA, Salama I, Aboukhatwa SM, Helal MA, Kishk SM, Elgawish MS. Novel fluorescence approach for trace quantification of levonorgestrel in breast milk based on click reaction with benzonitrofurazan azide (NBD-AZ). Methods Appl Fluoresc 2023; 12:015009. [PMID: 37992321 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ad0ee0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the great importance of oral contraceptive agents in birth control, their existence in breast milk became a cause for concern, since infant exposure to these hormones is associated with many health problems. Consequentially, developing a sensitive bioanalytical method for monitoring their concentrations in breast milk is an urgent demand to examine the safety or the risk of these compounds on infants. Levonorgestrel is one of the most common contraceptive hormones under concern. Despite the high sensitivity of the fluorometric methods, detection of Levonorgestrel by them is confined because its structure does not exhibit any fluorescence. For the first time, we proposed a promising click fluorescent probe, 4-azido-7-nitrobenzoxadiazole to react with the alkyne group of Levonorgestrel, to give a highly fluorescent triazole derivative that exhibited strong signal at wavelength of 544 nm after excitation at 470 nm. Reaction parameters impacting the fluorescence were cautiously studied and optimized. The suggested approach has been successfully applied in Levonorgestrel estimation in breast milk samples with linearity of (0.4-80 ng.ml-1) and low detection limit of 0.12 ng.ml-1without interferences from any biological components and with mean % recovery of 97.84 ± 2.73. Accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity, and low-cost makes this approach a convincing, promising, and appealing alternative over reported analytical methods for Levonorgestrel bioanalysis in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Aref
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Mounufia University, El Mounufia ,32511, Egypt
| | - Ismail Salama
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed A Helal
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12587, Egypt
| | - Safaa M Kishk
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Saleh Elgawish
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Silva CF, Nascimento CS, Borges KB. Restricted access polypyrrole employed in pipette-tip solid-phase extraction for determination of nimodipine and nicardipine in breast milk. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:2073-2081. [PMID: 37070706 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A HPLC-UV method for the determination of nimodipine and nicardipine in breast milk using restricted access polypyrrole as an adsorbent in pipette-tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) has been developed. The chromatographic conditions were a C18 column (150 mm × 4.60 mm, 5 μm) using methanol : acetonitrile : ultrapure water (55 : 30 : 15, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 and detection at 236 nm. The adsorbents have been synthesized and characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, surface analysis, wettability and point zero charge, and were then applied in sample preparation. The main parameters that affect analyte recovery from breast milk by PT-SPE were optimized and the analytical method showed recoveries around 100%, linearity from 3 to 3000 ng mL-1, and correlation coefficients (r) ≥ 0.99 for the two analytes, in addition to adequate precision, accuracy and robustness. Finally, the validated method has been successfully applied in analyses of breast milk from volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla F Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Clebio Soares Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Zuma P, Joubert A, van der Merwe M, Norman J, Waitt C, Court R, Loveday M, Castel S, Wiesner L. Validation and application of a quantitative LC-MS/MS assay for the analysis of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, rifabutin and their metabolites in human breast milk. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1211:123489. [PMID: 36215877 PMCID: PMC9652742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk is the preferred method of infant nutrition. Breastfeeding infants born to mothers treated for TB may be at risk of drug toxicity through breast milk exposure, or potentially be vulnerable to select for drug resistance with low level drug exposure. Except for isoniazid, the quantification of first-line TB drugs including rifabutin in breast milk has not been previously described and will provide much-needed insight to TB drug exposure in breastfeeding infants. We developed and validated a novel method to quantify several first-line TB drugs and their major metabolites in breast milk. Accuracy and precision were assessed during three consecutive, independent validation batches over a calibration range of 0.300-30.0 µg/mL for isoniazid and ethambutol, 0.150-15.0 µg/mL for acetyl isoniazid, desacetyl rifampicin, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide, 0.0150-1.50 µg/mL for rifabutin, and 0.00751-0.751 µg/mL for deacetyl rifabutin in breast milk. The method was reproducible for all analytes when using breast milk from six different sources and was not influenced by matrix effects with a mean regression precision (CV(%)) ranging between 1.0 and 2.8. The average recovery of analytes from the matrix was 76.7-99.1%, with a CV(%) between 0.4 and 4.4, while the average process efficiency was between 74.4 and 93.1% with a CV(%) between 1.9 and 8.3. Although only acetyl isoniazid, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide were successfully assayed in breast milk, samples taken from mothers treated for rifampicin-resistant TB and the inclusion of all first-line TB drugs, including rifabutin in the assay development and validation process will allow future quantification of these analytes in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiwe Zuma
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anton Joubert
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marthinus van der Merwe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Norman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Catriona Waitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard Court
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marian Loveday
- HIV and other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; CAPRISA-MRC HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sandra Castel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Psychoactive substances in human breast milk: a review of analytical strategies for their investigation. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1263-1274. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO recommends breastfeeding for the first 6 months of newborn's life. Due to its physicochemical properties, breast milk may contain undesirable components originated from mother's feeding, medication and illicit drugs consumption. Some of these substances transferred from bloodstream to milk and delivered to the infant can cause harmful effects. For the last decades, analytical advances enabled the analysis of several substances in milk using different techniques. Thereby, it is possible to evaluate infant's level of exposure to these substances. This review presents the information published in the main scientific dissemination media about psychoactive drugs investigation in human breast milk, involving the sample preparation techniques and chromatographic validated methods developed in the past 10 years.
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Zhao Y, Couchman L, Kipper K, Arya R, Patel JP. A UHPLC-MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban in human plasma and breast milk: For emerging lactation studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1144:122095. [PMID: 32251991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies are needed to clarify the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in breastfeeding women. To support emerging clinical studies on investigating DOAC's transfer into breast milk, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for quantifying three DOACs - apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban in human plasma and breast milk. Protein precipitation with methanol was performed for sample preparation. Chromatographic analysis was performed using a C18 column. The MS detection was performed in MRM mode. The method was validated in accordance with the European Guideline (EMA). The calibration range was 5-500 ng/mL in plasma and 5-250 ng/mL in breast milk. The within-batch and between-batch variability remained <9%. Recoveries ranged from 106.13% to 109.05% in plasma and from 93.40% to 107.91% in breast milk. The lot-to-lot matrix variability was within ±15% among a range of samples originating from many different subjects. All analytes were stable when stored for 24 h at room temperature, 7 days at 2-8 °C, and at least 5 weeks at -20 °C in both plasma and breast milk. The developed method fulfilled the EMA bioanalytical method validation guideline and was shown to be simple, fast, accurate and will now be used in a clinical trial evaluating the transfer of apixaban and rivaroxaban into human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK; King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Analytical Services International Ltd, UK.
| | | | - Karin Kipper
- Analytical Services International Ltd, UK; University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Estonia
| | - Roopen Arya
- King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Jignesh P Patel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK; King's Thrombosis Centre, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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Abstract
The sample preparation is the most critical step involved in the bioanalytical process. When dealing with green analytical chemistry, sample preparation can be even more challenging. To fit the green analytical chemistry principles, efforts should be made toward the elimination or reduction of the use of toxic reagents and solvents, minimization of energy consumption and increased operator safety. The simplest sample preparations are more appropriate for liquid biological matrices with little interfering compounds such as urine, plasma and oral fluid. The same does not usually occur with complex matrices that require more laborious procedures. The present review discusses green analytical approaches for the analyses of drugs of abuse in complex biological matrices, such as whole blood, breast milk, meconium and hair.
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Van Eeckhaut A, Vanfleteren P, Van Schoors J, Van Wanseele Y, Poelaert J, Michotte Y. Quantification of piritramide in human colostrum. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 42:306-310. [PMID: 28295465 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE In our university hospital (UZBrussel), one of the options to control post-operative pain after a Caesarean section under general anaesthesia is to administer piritramide by patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA). As no information is available about the possible transfer of this synthetic narcotic analgesic into breastmilk, women are frequently advised not to breastfeed their newborn. A sensitive liquid chromatographic (LC) method coupled with UV detection will therefore be developed and validated for the quantification of piritramide in colostrum samples to evaluate the presence of the analgesic in the first milk. METHODS The method included the isolation and concentration of piritramide from colostrum using protein precipitation and solid-phase extraction (SPE) using a mixed-mode cation exchange sorbent. Subsequently, the extracted samples were analysed on a microbore C18 column (1 mm id) and a mobile phase consisting of 15 mm ammonium hydroxide in methanol/tetrahydrofuran/water 50 : 10 : 40 V/V/V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As colostrum contains a high amount of proteins, mixed-mode cation exchange SPE was preceded by a 1 : 2 dilution and protein precipitation with phosphoric acid followed by double centrifugation of the samples. The reversed-phase LC-UV method used a mobile phase at alkaline pH to obtain a selective method for piritramide and the internal standard pipamperone. After investigating the validation characteristics (linearity, accuracy, precision and stability), samples from ten patients who had received piritramide via PCIA during the first 48 h post-partum were analysed. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method described for the quantification of the synthetic narcotic analgesic piritramide in colostrum samples. The obtained results suggest that after the administration of this opioid by PCIA to nursing mothers low concentrations of piritramide can be found in the first milk, but are mostly below the limit of quantification of 30 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhar), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Vanfleteren
- Department Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, UZBrussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Van Schoors
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhar), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Van Wanseele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhar), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Poelaert
- Department Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, UZBrussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Michotte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhar), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Silveira GDO, Loddi S, de Oliveira CDR, Zucoloto AD, Fruchtengarten LVG, Yonamine M. Headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry for determination of cannabinoids in human breast milk. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fed-state gastric media and drug analysis techniques: Current status and points to consider. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:234-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Carasek E, Merib J. Membrane-based microextraction techniques in analytical chemistry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 880:8-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Padró JM, Pellegrino Vidal RB, Echevarria RN, Califano AN, Reta MR. Development of an ionic-liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of antichagasic drugs in human breast milk: Optimization by central composite design. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1591-600. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Padró
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP); La Plata Bs. As. Argentina
| | - Rocío B. Pellegrino Vidal
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP); La Plata Bs. As. Argentina
| | - Romina N. Echevarria
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP); La Plata Bs. As. Argentina
| | - Alicia N. Califano
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA); CONICET; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP); La Plata Bs. As. Argentina
| | - Mario R. Reta
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo en Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP); La Plata Bs. As. Argentina
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Olagunju A, Bolaji OO, Amara A, Waitt C, Else L, Soyinka J, Adeagbo B, Adejuyigbe E, Siccardi M, Back D, Owen A, Khoo S. Development, validation and clinical application of a novel method for the quantification of efavirenz in dried breast milk spots using LC-MS/MS. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:555-61. [PMID: 25326089 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This manuscript describes the development, validation and clinical application of a novel method for the quantification of the antiretroviral drug efavirenz in dried breast milk spots using LC-MS. METHODS Dried breast milk spots were prepared by spotting 30 μL of human breast milk on each circle of Whatman 903 Protein Saver cards. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reverse-phase C18 column with 1 mM ammonium acetate in water/acetonitrile using a solvent gradient at a flow rate of 400 μL/min and detection was by TSQ Quantum Access triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a heated electrospray ionization source. The method was applied to characterize the breast milk pharmacokinetic profile of efavirenz in HIV-positive nursing mothers receiving regimens containing 600 mg of efavirenz once daily. RESULTS The assay was validated over the concentration range 50-7500 ng/mL. Accuracy ranged between 95.2% and 102.5% and precision ranged between 1.05% and 9.53%. The average recovery of efavirenz from dried breast milk spots was 106.4% and the matrix effect was 8.14%. Stability of efavirenz in dried breast milk spots and processed samples at room temperature, -40°C and -80°C was demonstrated. In the pharmacokinetic study, the mean (SD) AUC0-24, Cmax and Cmin of efavirenz in breast milk were 59,620 ng·h/mL (17,440), 4527 ng/mL (1767) and 1261 ng/mL (755.9), respectively. The mean (range) milk-to-plasma concentration ratio over the dosing interval was 0.78 (0.57-1.26). CONCLUSIONS The dried breast milk spot method is simple, robust, accurate and precise, and can be used in settings with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeniyi Olagunju
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Oluseye O Bolaji
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Alieu Amara
- Liverpool Bioanalytical Facility, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Catriona Waitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
| | - Laura Else
- Liverpool Bioanalytical Facility, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Julius Soyinka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Ebunoluwa Adejuyigbe
- Department of Paediatric and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Marco Siccardi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
| | - David Back
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
| | - Saye Khoo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, 70 Pembroke Place, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
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Raju KSR, Taneja I, Singh SP, Wahajuddin. Utility of noninvasive biomatrices in pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1354-66. [PMID: 23939915 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Blood and plasma are the biomatrices traditionally used for drug monitoring and their pharmacokinetic profiling. Blood is the circulating fluid in contact with all organs and tissues of body and thus is the most representative fluid for measuring systemic drug levels. However, venipuncture suffers from the caveat of being an invasive technique which often makes people reluctant to participate in clinical studies. Thus, there is a need for noninvasive bio-fluids that are ethically appropriate, cost-efficient and toxicologically relevant. These alternate bio-fluids may prove clinically useful as alternatives to plasma/serum in therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies, doping control in sports medicine and to monitor local adverse effects. These may be of particular interest in the case of special population groups such as neonates, children, the elderly, terminally ill patients and pregnant or lactating women, and offer the advantage of circumvention of the demand for specialized personnel for sample collection. This review describes such noninvasive bio-fluids (saliva, sweat, tears and milk) that have been considered for pharmacokinetic drug analysis, emphasizing their sample preparation, its associated difficulties and their correlation with plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanumuri Siva Rama Raju
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226021, India
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Determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in urine by hollow-fiber liquid membrane-protected solid-phase microextraction based on sol–gel fiber coating. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 908:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Antiretroviral pharmacology in breast milk. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 22454345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2251-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Salado-Rasmussen K, Theilgaard ZP, Chiduo M, Pedersen C, Gerstoft J, Katzenstein TL. Good performance of an immunoassay based method for nevirapine measurements in human breast milk. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1171-5. [PMID: 21504374 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the distribution of antiretro-virals in breastfeeding HIV-positive mothers is essential, both for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission and for research on the development of drug resistance. The ARK nevirapine (NVP)-test is an immunoassay method for nevirapine measurements, developed and validated for plasma use. In this study, the ARK NVP-test was evaluated for measurement of nevirapine concentrations in breast milk. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the method currently used to determine nevirapine in breast milk. This method, however, requires complicated extraction techniques. The ARK method employs an immunoassay technology and requires a small sample volume (40 μL) and no pre-treatment of the samples. METHODS Commercial enzyme and antibody were used and calibration standards and quality controls were prepared from pooled breast milk from HIV-uninfected women. Clinical samples from HIV-infected women receiving a single-dose of nevirapine were analyzed. RESULTS Precision and accuracy were evaluated with two concentrations of quality control materials analyzed in three replicates on four different days and was <4%, and between 96.5% and 104.6%, respectively. Clinical samples were analyzed and CVs ranged from 0.0% to 11.1%. The median nevirapine concentration in breast milk 1 week post-partum was 0.29 μg/mL (range 0.11-0.90 μg/mL) in women treated with a single-dose of nevirapine. CONCLUSIONS The ease of use and small sample volume makes the ARK assay an attractive alternative to HPLC analyses for determinations of nevirapine concentrations in breast milk.
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Studies on antiretroviral drug concentrations in breast milk: validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of 7 anti-human immunodeficiency virus medications. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 30:611-9. [PMID: 18758393 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318186e08e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studying the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in breast milk has important implications for the health of both the mother and the infant, particularly in resource-poor countries. Breast milk is a highly complex biological matrix, yet it is necessary to develop and validate methods in this matrix, which simultaneously measure multiple analytes, as women may be taking any number of drug combinations to combat human immunodeficiency virus infection. Here, we report a novel extraction method coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the accurate, precise, and specific measurement of 7 antiretroviral drugs currently prescribed to infected mothers. Using 200 microL of human breast milk, simultaneous quantification of lamivudine (3TC), stavudine (d4T), zidovudine (ZDV), nevirapine (NVP), nelfinavir (NFV), ritonavir, and lopinavir was validated over the range of 10-10,000 ng/mL. Intraday accuracy and precision for all analytes were 99.3% and 5.0 %, respectively. Interday accuracy and precision were 99.4 % and 7.8%, respectively. Cross-assay validation with UV detection was performed using clinical breast milk samples, and the results of the 2 assays were in good agreement (P = 0.0001, r = 0.97). Breast milk to plasma concentration ratios for the different antiretroviral drugs were determined as follows: 3TC = 2.96, d4T = 1.73, ZDV = 1.17, NVP = 0.82, and NFV = 0.21.
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El-Rabbat NA, Abdel-Wadood HM, Sayed M, Mousa HS. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination and pharmacokinetic study of cefepime in goat plasma and milk after pre-column derivatization with Hg(I). J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2599-609. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Latini G, Wittassek M, Del Vecchio A, Presta G, De Felice C, Angerer J. Lactational exposure to phthalates in Southern Italy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:236-239. [PMID: 18684505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates, reproductive toxicants in animals, are synthetic chemicals with ubiquitous human exposures because of their extensive use, with potential detrimental health effects. Infants are considered to represent a population at increased risk, as they are exposed early in life to several different sources of exposure to phthalates. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Little information exists on phthalate exposure through breast milk from different geographic areas. By means of a LC/LC-MS/MS method we tested the presence of several different phthalate metabolites in breast milk from 62 healthy mothers living in Southern Italy. RESULTS The simple monoesters mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) (median 18.8 microg/l) and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) (median 8.4 microg/l) were present in all milk samples, whereas mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) (median 1.5 microg/l) and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) (median <0.3 microg/l) were found in 64.5% and 43.5% of the samples, respectively. Among the oxidative metabolites of DEHP and DiNP only mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (5cx-MEPP) and monoisononyl phthalate with one hydroxyl group (OH-MiNP) were detectable in one and 13 samples (21%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that exposure to phthalates through breast milk in Southern Italian infants is comparable to that of other countries, thus confirming that human milk may represent an additional potential source of phthalate exposure in a population at increased risk. However, different milk concentrations of MiBP may suggest a different pattern of usage of di-iso-butyl phthalate in Europe, as compared to USA, whereas for the first time, we detected an oxidative DiNP metabolite, whose significance remains unclear.
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Rezk NL, Abdel-Megeed MF, Kashuba ADM. Development of a highly efficient extraction technique and specific multiplex assay for measuring antiretroviral drug concentrations in breast milk. Ther Drug Monit 2008; 29:429-36. [PMID: 17667797 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318074db39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the pharmacology of drugs in breast milk is important for the health of both mother and baby. Current methods to measure drug concentrations in breast milk are not easily validated for precision or accuracy, primarily because of suboptimal sample clean-up. We report here an optimized clean-up method to remove both proteins and fat from milk, thereby enhancing the extraction efficiency of antiretroviral drugs. Recoveries were consistently above 91% for all drugs, demonstrating that this method successfully and reliably released drugs from fat globules. With use of 200 muL of human breast milk, an high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet method for simultaneously detecting lamivudine, stavudine, zidovudine, and nevirapine was validated over the range of 20 to 20,000 ng/mL. Intra- and interday precision (average percent relative standard deviation) and accuracy (average percent deviation from nominal) was less than 3.6% and 7.5%, respectively. Intra- and interday accuracy (average percent deviation from nominal) was less than 0.25% and 1.3%, respectively. This novel method efficiently, reliably, and accurately measured antiretroviral drugs in breast milk and can be applied to any matrix containing fat and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser L Rezk
- Clinical Pharmacology/Analytical Chemistry Core, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Yeniceli D, Dogrukol-Ak D, Tuncel M. A Validated HPLC Method with Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Droperidol in Pharmaceutical Tablets, Human Serum, and Human Milk. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Hg and Pb are of public health concern due to their toxic effects on vulnerable fetuses, persistence in pregnant and breast-feeding mothers, and widespread occurrence in the environment. To diminish maternal and infant exposure to Hg and Pb, it is necessary to establish guidelines based on an understanding of the environmental occurrence of these metals and the manner in which they reach the developing human organism. In the present review, environmental exposure, acquisition and storage of these metals via maternal–infant interaction are systematically presented. Though Hg and Pb are dispersed throughout the environment, the risk of exposure to infants is primarily influenced by maternal dietary habits, metal speciation and interaction with nutritional status. Hg and Pb possess similar adverse effects on the central nervous system, but they have environmental and metabolic differences that modulate their toxicity and neurobehavioural outcome in infant exposure during fetal development. Hg is mainly found in protein matrices of animal flesh (especially fish and shellfish), whereas Pb is mainly found in osseous structures. The potential of maternal acquisition is higher and lasts longer for Pb than for Hg. Pb stored in bone has a longer half-life than monomethyl-mercury acquired from fish. Both metals appear in breast milk as a fraction of the levels found in maternal blood supplied to the fetus during gestation. Habitual diets consumed by lactating mothers pose no health hazard to breast-fed infants. Instead, cows' milk-based formulas pose a greater risk of infant exposure to neurotoxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Dorea
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Nutricional, Departamento de Nutrição, C.P. 04322, Universidade de Brasilia, 70919.970 Brasilia, Brazil.
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Markopoulou CK, Koundourellis JE. Development of a Validated Liquid Chromatography Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Ethinyl Estradiol, Cyproterone Acetate, and Norgestrel in Breast Milk Following Solid‐Phase Extraction. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500509249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K. Markopoulou
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis , School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John E. Koundourellis
- a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis , School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University , Thessaloniki, Greece
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Calafat AM, Slakman AR, Silva MJ, Herbert AR, Needham LL. Automated solid phase extraction and quantitative analysis of human milk for 13 phthalate metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 805:49-56. [PMID: 15113539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While the demonstrated benefits associated with breastfeeding are well recognized, breast milk is one possible route of exposure to environmental chemicals, including phthalates, by breastfeeding infants. Because of the potential health impact of phthalates to nursing children, determining whether phthalates are present in breast milk is important. We developed a sensitive method for measuring 13 phthalate metabolites in breast milk using automated solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to isotope dilution-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-negative ion electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. We used D(4)-phthalate diesters to unequivocally establish the presence in human breast milk of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing the ubiquitous phthalate diesters to their respective monoesters. The analytical method involves acid-denaturation of the enzymes after collection of the milk to avoid hydrolysis of contaminant phthalate diesters introduced during sampling, storage, and analysis. The method shows good reproducibility (average coefficient of variations range between 4 and 27%) and accuracy (spiked recoveries are approximately 100%). The detection limits are in the low ng/ml range in 1ml of breast milk. We detected several phthalate metabolites in pooled human breast milk samples, suggesting that phthalates can be incorporated into breast milk and transferred to the nursing child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Zhang M, Moore GA, Gardiner SJ, Begg EJ. Determination of rofecoxib in human plasma and breast milk by high-performance liquid chromatographic assay. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 807:217-21. [PMID: 15203032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple HPLC assay was developed for the determination of rofecoxib in human plasma and breast milk. After solid-phase extraction, rofecoxib was resolved on a C18 column and detected by UV detection at 272 nm. Standard curves were linear over the concentration range 10-2000 microg/L (r2 >0.99). Intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation for both matrices were <10% and the limit of quantification was around 10 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Bjørhovde A, Halvorsen TG, Rasmussen KE, Pedersen-Bjergaard S. Liquid-phase microextraction of drugs from human breast milk. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic used for prevention and treatment of moderate to severe pain. It is estimated that 0.1% of the administered dose passes into breast milk causing potentially unwanted effects in nursing babies. Pharmacokinetically, breast milk is supposed to be a separate compartment into which the drug is excreted-mainly by passive diffusion. Due to a complex composition of breast milk, a suitable sample preparation procedure is needed with a subsequent chromatographic analysis for drug determination. Among several sample cleanup procedures tested we chose the liquid-liquid extraction procedure using n-hexane as an organic phase with back extraction into aqueous phase since it was considered the most suitable and the most compatible with the subsequent HPLC analysis. The precision and the reproducibility of the method were improved approximately two times by using metoprolol as an internal standard thus making the method also more robust with regard to a variable composition of milk samples. These characteristics, together with low detection limit and short analysis time, proved that the developed method is suitable for monitoring of tramadol in human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojko Kmetec
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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30
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Roskar R, Kmetec V. Liquid chromatographic determination of diclofenac in human synovial fluid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 788:57-64. [PMID: 12668071 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)01015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive HPLC method for the determination of diclofenac in synovial fluid is described. Special attention was paid to the procedure of sample preparation since gel formation may sometimes occur in synovial samples. With a one-step extraction procedure good and reproducible recovery of diclofenac was obtained. A subsequent HPLC assay was adjusted so as to achieve adequate sensitivity and precision needed for analysis of true samples. The results obtained by the described procedure proved the method to be suitable for monitoring concentrations of diclofenac in synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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Abstract
The trend globally for mothers to breastfeed has highlighted the need for information on drug transfer into breast milk and the extent to which the suckling neonate may be exposed and affected. This review discusses robust study methodologies that will yield high-quality information on all aspects of this process. Methods for assessing drug transfer into breast milk are examined. The place of the milk/plasma ratio, the amount of drug in breast milk, and the volume of milk produced are discussed in the context of their utility in estimating both absolute and relative infant dose. The measurement of plasma drug concentrations and pharmacodynamic effects in the breastfed infant exposed to drugs are identified as important factors that can assist in deciding whether drug present in breast milk is a significant risk for the nursing infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Begg
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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32
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Guzman NA, Stubbs RJ. The use of selective adsorbents in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for analyte preconcentration and microreactions: a powerful three-dimensional tool for multiple chemical and biological applications. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3602-28. [PMID: 11699899 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:17<3602::aid-elps3602>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Much attention has recently been directed to the development and application of online sample preconcentration and microreactions in capillary electrophoresis using selective adsorbents based on chemical or biological specificity. The basic principle involves two interacting chemical or biological systems with high selectivity and affinity for each other. These molecular interactions in nature usually involve noncovalent and reversible chemical processes. Properly bound to a solid support, an "affinity ligand" can selectively adsorb a "target analyte" found in a simple or complex mixture at a wide range of concentrations. As a result, the isolated analyte is enriched and highly purified. When this affinity technique, allowing noncovalent chemical interactions and biochemical reactions to occur, is coupled on-line to high-resolution capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, a powerful tool of chemical and biological information is created. This paper describes the concept of biological recognition and affinity interaction on-line with high-resolution separation, the fabrication of an "analyte concentrator-microreactor", optimization conditions of adsorption and desorption, the coupling to mass spectrometry, and various applications of clinical and pharmaceutical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Guzman
- Bioanalytical Drug Metabolism, The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA.
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Caubet MS, Millaret A, Elbast W, Brazier JL. SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION WITH HPLC-DAD SELECTIVE DETECTION OF AMITRIPTYLINE AND NORTRIPTYLINE IN HUMAN BREAST MILK. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Caubet
- a Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal , Chaire Pharmaceutique Famille Louis Boivin, Médicaments, Grossesse et Allaitement, Faculté de Pharmacie, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Quebec), H3C 1J7, Canada
| | - A. Millaret
- a Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal , Chaire Pharmaceutique Famille Louis Boivin, Médicaments, Grossesse et Allaitement, Faculté de Pharmacie, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Quebec), H3C 1J7, Canada
| | - W. Elbast
- a Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal , Chaire Pharmaceutique Famille Louis Boivin, Médicaments, Grossesse et Allaitement, Faculté de Pharmacie, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Quebec), H3C 1J7, Canada
| | - J. L. Brazier
- a Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal , Chaire Pharmaceutique Famille Louis Boivin, Médicaments, Grossesse et Allaitement, Faculté de Pharmacie, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Quebec), H3C 1J7, Canada
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Shimoyama R, Ohkubo T, Sugawara K. Monitoring of zonisamide in human breast milk and maternal plasma by solid-phase extraction HPLC method. Biomed Chromatogr 1999; 13:370-2. [PMID: 10425030 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199908)13:5<370::aid-bmc900>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC method was developed for the determination of zonisamide in human breast milk and plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Develosil CN analytical column with potassium dihydrogenphosphate buffer (pH 3.5 with milk, pH 2.5 with plasma)-acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Zonisamide and 1, 2-benzisoxazole-3-methansulfonamine acetate as internal standard were detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 240 nm. Zonisamide in breast milk and plasma was extracted by a rapid and simple procedure based on C(18) bonded-phase extraction. Determination of zonisamide in human breast milk and plasma was possible in the concentration range 0.05-20.0 microg/mL. The recoveries of zonisamide added to human breast milk and plasma were 79.5-85.0% and 86.3-93.1%, respectively, with coefficients of variation of less than 8.3% and 11.4% respectively. The mean concentrations of zonisamide in breast milk and plasma were 9.41 +/- 0.95 and 10.13 +/- 0.45 microg/mL, respectively. The average ratio between the breast milk concentration and plasma concentration (M/P ratio) was 0.93 +/- 0.09.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shimoyama
- Department of Pharmacy, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki 036, Japan
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Hoffman KL, Feng MR, Rossi DT. Quantitation of a novel metalloporphyrin drug in plasma by atomic absorption spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 19:319-26. [PMID: 10704097 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A bioanalytical method to quantify cobalt mesoporphyrin (CoMP), a novel therapeutic agent, in plasma has been developed and validated. The approach involves atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine total cobalt in a sample and a back-calculation of the amount of compound present. Endogenous plasma cobalt concentrations were small ( <0.2 ng/ml(-1) Co in rat plasma) in comparison to the quantitation limit (4.5 ng/ml(-1) Co). The inter-day imprecision of the method was 10.0% relative standard deviation (RSD) and the inter-day bias was +/- 8.0% relative error (RE) over a standard curve range of 4.5- 45.0 ng/ml(-1) Co. Because it quantifies total cobalt, the method cannot differentiate between parent drug and metabolites, but negligible metabolism allows reliable estimates of the actual parent drug concentration. A correlation study between the atomic absorption method and 14C-radiometry demonstrated excellent agreement (r = 0.9868, slope = 1.041 +/- 0.028, intercept = 223.7 +/- 190.0) and further substantiated the accuracy of the methods. Methodology was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of CoMP in rat, with pharmacokinetic parameter estimation. The elimination half-lives, after intra-muscular and subcutaneous administration, were 7.7 and 8.8 days, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Hoffman
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Luque de Castro MD, Fernández-Romero JM. Synergistic approaches based on nonchromatographic continuous separation techniques (solid-phase extraction and pervaporation) and chromatography couplings. J Chromatogr A 1998; 819:25-33. [PMID: 9781414 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Approaches based on continuous separation units coupled to either liquid or gas chromatography for improving the features of analytical methods are proposed. Examples of solid-phase separation-liquid chromatography for the determination of fat-soluble vitamins and their metabolites in clinical samples, and pervaporation-gas chromatography for the determination of volatile compounds in solid environmental samples are described. The clean-up and preconcentration effect achieved by the former coupling and the easy and effective solid-sample pretreatment in the latter clearly show their utility. The use of pervaporation as an advantageous alternative to headspace is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, Spain
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Shimoyama R, Ohkubo T, Sugawara K, Ogasawara T, Ozaki T, Kagiya A, Saito Y. Monitoring of phenytoin in human breast milk, maternal plasma and cord blood plasma by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 17:863-9. [PMID: 9682171 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A rapid liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of phenytoin in human breast milk, maternal plasma and cord blood plasma was developed using a Develosil C85 micron reverse phase column and a potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer/acetonitrile mobile phase. Phenytoin and mephenytoin as an internal standard were detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 240 nm. The sample preparation method involves a rapid and simple procedure based on solid-phase extraction using a C18-bonded phase. Phenytoin could be determined in the concentration range of 0.05-3 micrograms ml-1. The recovery of phenytoin added to human breast milk and plasma were 91.6-94.7 and 91.6-96.0%, respectively, with coefficient of variation less than 4.2 and 8.7%. The method has been used for drug level monitoring in the human breast milk, maternal plasma and cord blood plasma samples that were taken from patients treated with phenytoin. The average ratio between the breast milk concentrations versus the plasma concentration was 0.28 +/- 0.1, with a rather poor correlation (r = 0.3033).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shimoyama
- Department of Pharmacy, Hirosaki University Hospital, Japan
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