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Solid-Phase Fluorimetric Determination of Tetracyclines in Medicinal Preparations on Cellulose Paper and in Thin-Layer Silica Gel Using a Smartphone. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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2
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Electrooxidation of tetracycline antibiotic demeclocycline at unmodified boron-doped diamond electrode and its enhancement determination in surfactant-containing media. Talanta 2020; 223:121695. [PMID: 33303147 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time, the study of voltammetric determination of tetracycline antibiotic demeclocycline was conducted. The oxidation of compound was investigated using a commercially available boron-doped diamond electrode pretreated electrochemically (anodic and subsequent cathodic). Addition of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to the demeclocycline-containing electrolyte solution at pH 2.0 and 9.0, respectively, was found to improve the sensitivity of the stripping voltammetric measurements. Employing square-wave stripping mode (after 30 s accumulation at open-circuit condition) in Britton-Robinson buffer, the limits of detection were found to be 1.17 μg mL-1 (2.3 × 10-6 M) for 4 × 10-4 SDS-containing buffer solution at pH 2, and 0.24 μg mL-1 (4.8 × 10-7 M) for 1 × 10-4 CTAB-containing buffer solution at pH 9.0. The feasibility of the developed approach for the quantification of demeclocycline was tested in urine samples.
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3
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Paul P, Reynaert J, Sänger-van de Griend C, Adams E, Van Schepdael A. Development and Validation of a CE Method for the Determination of Tetracyclines with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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Sversut RA, da Silva AA, Cardoso TFM, Kassab NM, do Amaral MS, Salgado HRN. A Critical Review of Properties and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Oxytetracyline in Biological and Pharmaceutical Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 47:154-171. [PMID: 27650368 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1236673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have an unquestionable importance in the treatment of many infections. Oxytetracycline is an antibiotic belonging to the class of tetracyclines, available for use in human and veterinary medicine. Development of analytical methods that prove the quality and efficacy of these drugs is fundamentally important to the pharmaceutical industry. In this context, the research presents an overview of the analytical profile of oxytetracycline, describing its chemical and pharmacological properties, and analytical methods for quantification of this drug in biological samples and pharmaceutical products. Oxytetracycline can be analyzed in these matrices by many types of methodologies. However, high-performance liquid chromatography is the most widely used, being recommended by official compendia. This kind of study can be useful to support the development of new efficient and sustainable analytical methods that may be utilized in the quality control routine of oxytetracycline in pharmaceutical products and pharmacokinetic monitoring in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúbia Adrieli Sversut
- a Department of Pharmaceuticals , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University , Araraquara, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Adriane Andrade da Silva
- b Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Pharmacy Course, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande-MS , Brazil
| | - Teófilo Fernando Mazon Cardoso
- b Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Pharmacy Course, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande-MS , Brazil
| | - Nájla Mohamad Kassab
- b Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Pharmacy Course, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande-MS , Brazil
| | | | - Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
- a Department of Pharmaceuticals , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University , Araraquara, São Paulo , Brazil
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5
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Bol’shakov DS, Amelin VG, Nikeshina TB. Determination of antibiotics in drugs and biological fluids using capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Jouyban A, Kenndler E. Impurity analysis of pharmaceuticals using capillary electromigration methods. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3531-51. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Kowalski P. Capillary electrophoretic method for the simultaneous determination of tetracycline residues in fish samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:487-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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12 CE in impurity profiling of drugs. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS METHODS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Injac R, Kocevar N, Kreft S. Precision of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in the determination of seven antibiotics in pharmaceuticals and feedstuffs. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 594:119-27. [PMID: 17560393 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Validation of analytical procedures is important for their efficient and reliable application. The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and pharmacopoeia guidelines achieved a great deal in harmonising the definitions of the required validation characteristics. It is well known that poor reproducibility limits the practical implementation of capillary electrophoresis (CE). A precision study on four different MEKC methods was performed with 11 samples, containing seven antibiotics, by two analysts, in few days, on two capillary electrophoresis instruments. Five pharmaceutical preparations and three animal feeds were used. Precision was statistically analysed using migration time, peak area and height of each compound, as well as electroosmotic front (EOF). In 25 of 31 cases, the reproducibility of peak area, peak height and migration time was good (<5%). In most cases the reproducibility of peak area was much better than the reproducibility of peak height. The worst reproducibility that we observed was 12.7% for peak height and 7.6% for peak area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rade Injac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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O’Connor S, Locke J, Aga DS. Addressing the challenges of tetracycline analysis in soil: extraction, clean-up, and matrix effects in LC-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:1254-62. [DOI: 10.1039/b711731k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Diana J, Vandenbosch L, De Spiegeleer B, Hoogmartens J, Adams E. Evaluation of the stability of chlortetracycline in granular premixes by monitoring its conversion into degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:523-30. [PMID: 15939563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A methodology for the evaluation of the stability of chlortetracycline (CTC) in granular premixes is described. This methodology is based on the monitoring of the conversion of CTC into its degradation products by an improved gradient liquid chromatography (LC) method, based on one previously described by our laboratory. Sample preparation involves the extraction of CTC and its degradation products prior to LC analysis, using acidified methanol as extraction solvent. The gradient elution LC method proved to be very sensitive, especially towards the late eluting anhydro derivatives. The use of a Hypersil C8 BDS, 5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d. column is recommended since this column allowed a complete separation of the different impurities from each other and from the main component CTC. The applicability of this approach was demonstrated by the analysis of stability samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Diana
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, K.U. Leuven, Van Evenstraat 4, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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Peri-Okonny UL, Wang SX, Stubbs RJ, Guzman NA. Determination of caffeine and its metabolites in urine by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2652-63. [PMID: 15948212 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The caffeine content of foods and beverages varies considerably, interfering with our ability to obtain valid interpretations in many human studies with regard to the mechanism of action(s) of caffeine and/or its metabolites. The rate of metabolism of caffeine and other xanthine drugs also varies greatly from one individual to another. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop accurate, reliable analytical methods to quantify caffeine and its metabolites in simple and complex matrixes. A simple method is described for the separation and characterization of caffeine and its major metabolites employing capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to ultraviolet-absorption and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. After optimization of the electrophoresis separation conditions, a reliable separation of caffeine and 11 of its major metabolites was achieved in 50 mM ammonium carbonate buffer, pH 11.0. The volatile aqueous electrolyte system used with a normal electroosmotic flow polarity also provided an optimal separation condition for the characterization of the analytes by MS. The CE method achieved baseline resolution for all 12 compounds in less than 30 min. The CE-MS method is suitable for use as a routine procedure for the rapid separation and characterization of caffeine and its metabolites. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by the extraction, separation, and identification of caffeine and its 11 metabolites from normal urine samples. The urine specimens were first acidified to obtain optimum binding efficiency to the sorbents of the off-line, solid-phase extraction procedure employed here, and an acidified eluent solvent was employed for the desorption step to maximize the recovery of the bound analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unita L Peri-Okonny
- Bioanalytical Drug Metabolism, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
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Nozal L, Arce L, Simonet B, Rı́os A, Valcárcel M. Rapid determination of trace levels of tetracyclines in surface water using a continuous flow manifold coupled to a capillary electrophoresis system. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Lykkeberg AK, Halling-Sørensen B, Cornett C, Tjørnelund J, Honoré Hansen S. Quantitative analysis of oxytetracycline and its impurities by LC-MS-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 34:325-32. [PMID: 15013146 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2003] [Revised: 09/04/2003] [Accepted: 09/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method using an Xterra MS C(18) chromatographic column ( 100 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5microm) that allows complete separation of oxytetracycline (OTC) and the impurities: 4-epi-oxytetracycline (EOTC), tetracycline (TC), 4-epi-tetracycline (ETC), 2-acetyl-2-decarboxamido-oxytetracycline (ADOTC), alpha-apo-oxytetracycline (alpha-AOTC) and beta-apo-oxytetracycline (beta-AOTC) was developed. Gradient elution was used and calibration curves were obtained using the scan mode selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Acceptable correlations were obtained for OTC, TC, EOTC and ADOTC whereas the correlations of alpha-AOTC and beta-AOTC were less accurate resulting in higher limits of quantification (LOQ) and limits of detection (LOD) relative to the other compounds. The intraday and interday accuracy varied for all the compounds from 90 to 112% and the intraday and interday precision were lower than 7.1%. The method was applied for analysis of commercial available ointments containing OTC resulting in an acceptable quantification of OTC and the impurities in the drug preparations. The advantage of this method compared to the other separation methods is an empty separation window right after the large peak corresponding to OTC in the chromatogram, which facilitates an accurate determination of ADOTC and the other impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kruse Lykkeberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zhu C, Lin X, Wei Y. Chiral separation of pemoline enantiomers by cyclodextrin-modified micellar capillary chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:293-8. [PMID: 12191715 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was successfully applied to the chiral separation with the addition of cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selector to running buffer. Chiral separation depended on the type of CDs. Mono-3-O-phenylcarbamoyl-beta-CD was effective for the chiral separation of pemoline. We investigated the type and concentration of CD and other parameters such as buffer pH, the concentration of SDS and the effect of organic modifier. The conditions for enantiomeric separation of pemoline were as follows: 40 mmol/l borate buffer at pH 9.0 with 40 mmol/l SDS, 20 mmol/l mono-3-O-phenylcarbamoyl-beta-CD and 10% 2-propanol. Baseline separation (Rs=2.21) of pemoline can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfu Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Development and validation of an improved liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of oxytetracycline. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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19
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Hernández M, Borrull F, Calull M. Capillary zone electrophoresis determination of oxytetracycline in pig tissue samples at maximum residue limits. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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García-Ruiz C, Crego AL, Lavandera JL, Marina ML. Rapid separation of tetracycline derivatives and their main degradation products by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2775-81. [PMID: 11545407 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200108)22:13<2775::aid-elps2775>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A mixture of five tetracycline (TC) derivatives: minocycline (MC), demeclocycline (DMCTC), doxycycline (DC), and sancycline (SC), as well as each TC derivative from its main degradation product were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The influence of the pH and the concentration and nature of the background electrolyte (BGE) on the separations was investigated. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; 1 mM) was used as additive in a 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.3) because this BGE enabled the rapid separation of the TC derivatives and of each TC derivative from its respective degradation product in less than 6 min. After optimization of the separation conditions, the analytical characteristics of the method were investigated. The parameters involved were linearity, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), and limits of detection (LODs). LODs obtained for the five TC derivatives studied were about 3 microg/mL. Finally, the CZE method developed was applied to study the stability of TC derivatives and to analyze the TC derivative content in three different pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The development and validation of an optimized capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of metacycline in the presence of its related substances by capillary electrophoresis is shown. The influence of methanol as organic modifier, buffer pH, buffer concentration, capillary length, column temperature, Triton X-100 and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin was investigated. A central composite design was performed in order to optimize the method. The optimal separation conditions were: uncoated fused-silica capillary (39 cm total length, 31 cm effective length, 50 microm ID); as background electrolyte a solution of 160 mM sodium carbonate and 1 mM EDTA (pH 10.35)/methanol (89:13 v/v); temperature, 15 degrees C; voltage, 12 kV. The method showed good selectivity, repeatability, linearity, and sensitivity. The limits of detection and quantitation are 0.024% and 0.06%, respectively, relative to a 2.5 mg/mL solution. Six commercial samples were analyzed quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Gil
- Centro de Química Farmacéutica, Atabey, Playa, Havana, Cuba
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22
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Determination of oxytetracycline and some impurities in plasma by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis using solid-phase extraction. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The broad category of antibiotics encompasses some of the most widely prescribed pharmaceuticals in the world. As is the case with any pharmaceutical, an antibiotic must be characterized in terms of its potency and the presence and quantity of impurities. Additionally, any residue or metabolite that may be present as a result of its use must be monitored. Many capillary electrophoretic techniques have been utilized in the analysis of antibiotics, addressing the various aspects of quantifying, profiling, and monitoring. Some of the more recent applications are summarized in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Flurer
- Forensic Chemistry Center, US Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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24
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Abstract
The current status of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in pharmaceutical analyses is reviewed with about 300 references, mainly from 1996 until 1999. This article covers the use of CE for assay and purity determination of the main component, analysis of natural medicines, antisense DNA, peptides, and proteins. Analysis of hydrophobic and/or electrically neutral drugs by electrokinetic chromatography, capillary electrochromatography and nonaqueous CE is critically evaluated. Detailed techniques for the separation of enantiomers are given in the text with some actual applications. Furthermore, this review includes sensitivity and regulatory aspects for the actual use of CE in new drug applications (NDA). The analytical validation required for CE in NDA is also treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Osaka, Japan.
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25
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Lehtonen P, Mälkki-Laine L, Wikberg T. Separation of the glucuronides of entacapone and its (Z)-isomer in urine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 721:127-34. [PMID: 10027643 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) method was developed for the separation of the 3-O-glucuronides of entacapone and its (Z)-isomer, the two main urinary metabolites of entacapone in humans. Entacapone is a novel, potent inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) intended for use as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Urine samples spiked with synthetic 3-O-glucuronides were used to study the effects of running buffer pH, composition and applied voltage on separation of the closely migrating glucuronides. The 3-O-glucuronide of nitecapone, was used as internal standard. The greatest improvement in separation was achieved by increasing the running buffer ionic concentration. Changes in pH had little effect on the separation, whereas increase in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration slightly improved resolution. Baseline separation and good selectivity relative to urine components were achieved by using a phosphate (25 mM)-borate (50 mM)-SDS (20 mM) running buffer, pH 7.0, in a 75 microm x 60/67 cm fused-silica capillary at 15 kV and a 335 nm cut-off filter in the UV detector. The limits of detection (LOD) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were about 0.25 microg/ml (5.2 x 10(-7) M) (injection 0.5 p.s.i./8 s). The linear detection range was 2-100 microg/ml (r2>0.999). Good repeatability of injection and relative migration times were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lehtonen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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De Braekeleer K, de Juan A, Massart D. Purity assessment and resolution of tetracycline hydrochloride samples analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Li YM, Moons H, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, Hoogmartens J. Analysis of chlortetracycline and related substances by capillary zone electrophoresis: Development and validation. Chromatographia 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02466652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Li Y, Van Schepdael A, Zhu Y, Roets E, Hoogmartens J. Development and validation of amoxicillin determination by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Saevels J, Wuyts M, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, Hoogmartens J. Separation of tetracycline and its related substances: comparison of liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 1998; 12:149-50. [PMID: 9646919 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199805/06)12:3<149::aid-bmc790>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Saevels
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
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