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Weinroth MD, Clawson ML, Harhay GP, Eppinger M, Harhay DM, Smith TPL, Bono JL. Escherichia coli O157:H7 tir 255 T > A allele strains differ in chromosomal and plasmid composition. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1303387. [PMID: 38169669 PMCID: PMC10758439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1303387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 strains with the T allele in the translocated intimin receptor polymorphism (tir) 255 A > T gene associate with human disease more than strains with an A allele; however, the allele is not thought to be the direct cause of this difference. We sequenced a diverse set of STEC O157:H7 strains (26% A allele, 74% T allele) to identify linked differences that might underlie disease association. The average chromosome and pO157 plasmid size and gene content were significantly greater within the tir 255 A allele strains. Eighteen coding sequences were unique to tir 255 A allele chromosomes, and three were unique to tir 255 T allele chromosomes. There also were non-pO157 plasmids that were unique to each tir 255 allele variant. The overall average number of prophages did not differ between tir 255 allele strains; however, there were different types between the strains. Genomic and mobile element variation linked to the tir 255 polymorphism may account for the increased frequency of the T allele isolates in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret D. Weinroth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, USDA ARS Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Michael L. Clawson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, USDA ARS Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Gregory P. Harhay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, USDA ARS Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Mark Eppinger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, USDA ARS Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Dayna M. Harhay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, USDA ARS Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Timothy P. L. Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, USDA ARS Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - James L. Bono
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, USDA ARS Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
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Monteiro R, Chafsey I, Caccia N, Ageorges V, Leroy S, Viala D, Hébraud M, Livrelli V, Pizza M, Pezzicoli A, Desvaux M. Specific Proteomic Identification of Collagen-Binding Proteins in Escherichia coli O157:H7: Characterisation of OmpA as a Potent Vaccine Antigen. Cells 2023; 12:1634. [PMID: 37371104 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a versatile commensal species of the animal gut that can also be a pathogen able to cause intestinal and extraintestinal infections. The plasticity of its genome has led to the evolution of pathogenic strains, which represent a threat to global health. Additionally, E. coli strains are major drivers of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the urgent need for new treatment and prevention measures. The antigenic and structural heterogeneity of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli colonisation factors has limited their use for the development of effective and cross-protective vaccines. However, the emergence of new strains that express virulence factors deriving from different E. coli diarrhoeagenic pathotypes suggests that a vaccine targeting conserved proteins could be a more effective approach. In this study, we conducted proteomics analysis and functional protein characterisation to identify a group of proteins potentially involved in the adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 to the extracellular matrix and intestinal epithelial cells. Among them, OmpA has been identified as a highly conserved and immunogenic antigen, playing a significant role in the adhesion phenotype of E. coli O157:H7 and in bacterial aggregation. Furthermore, antibodies raised against recombinant OmpA effectively reduced the adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 to intestinal epithelial cells. The present work highlights the role of OmpA as a potent antigen for the development of a vaccine against intestinal pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Monteiro
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ingrid Chafsey
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nelly Caccia
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Sabine Leroy
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Viala
- INRAE, Metabolism Exploration Platform, Proteomic Component (PFEMcp), 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRAE, Metabolism Exploration Platform, Proteomic Component (PFEMcp), 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | | | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Nada HG, El-Tahan AS, El-Didamony G, Askora A. Detection of multidrug-resistant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in some food products and cattle faeces in Al-Sharkia, Egypt: one health menace. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:127. [PMID: 37173663 PMCID: PMC10176883 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic pathogen, that is transmitted from a variety of animals, especially cattle to humans via contaminated food, water, feaces or contact with infected environment or animals. The ability of STEC strains to cause gastrointestinal complications in human is due to the production of Shiga toxins (sxt). However, the transmission of multidrug-resistance STEC strains are linked with a severity of disease outcomes and horizontal spread of resistance genes in other pathogens. The result of this has emerged as a significant threat to public health, animal health, food safety, and the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the antibiogram profile of enteric E. coli O157 isolated from food products and cattle faeces samples in Zagazig City, Al-Sharkia, Egypt, and to reveal the presence of Shiga toxin genes stx1 and stx2 as virulence factors in multidrug-resistant isolates. In addition to this, the partial 16S rRNA sequencing was used for the identification and genetic recoding of the obtained STEC isolates. RESULTS There was a total of sixty-five samples collected from different geographical regions at Zagazig City, Al-Sharkia-Egypt, which were divided into: 15 chicken meat (C), 10 luncheon (L), 10 hamburgers (H), and 30 cattle faeces (CF). From the sixty-five samples, only 10 samples (one from H, and 9 from CF) were identified as suspicious E. coli O157 with colourless colonies on sorbitol MacConkey agar media with Cefixime- Telurite supplement at the last step of most probable number (MPN) technique. Eight isolates (all from CF) were identified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) as they showed resistance to three antibiotics with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ≥ 0.23, which were assessed by standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. These eight isolates demonstrated complete resistance (100%) against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and high frequencies of resistance (90%, 70%, 60%,60%, and 40%) against cefoxitin, polymixin, erythromycin, ceftazidime, and piperacillin, respectively. Those eight MDR E. coli O157 underwent serological assay to confirm their serotype. Only two isolates (CF8, and CF13), both from CF, were showed strong agglutination with antisera O157 and H7, as well as resistance against 8 out of 13 of the used antibiotics with the highest MAR index (0.62). The presence of virulence genes Shiga toxins (stx1 and stx2) was assessed by PCR technique. CF8 was confirmed for carrying stx2, while CF13 was carrying both genes stx1, and stx2. Both isolates were identified by partial molecular 16S rRNA sequencing and have an accession number (Acc. No.) of LC666912, and LC666913 on gene bank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CF8, and CF13 were highly homologous (98%) to E. coli H7 strain, and (100%) to E. coli DH7, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of this study provides evidence for the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 that carries Shiga toxins stx1 and/or stx2, with a high frequency of resistance to antibiotics commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, in Zagazig City, Al-Sharkia, Egypt. This has a high extent of public health risk posed by animal reservoirs and food products with respect to easy transmission causing outbreaks and transfer resistance genes to other pathogens in animal, human, and plants. Therefore, environmental, animal husbandry, and food product surveillance, as well as, clinical infection control, must be strengthened to avoid the extra spread of MDR pathogens, especially MDR STEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanady G Nada
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, 11787, Egypt.
| | - Amera Saeed El-Tahan
- Microbiology and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Didamony
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Chicken Meat and Edible Poultry Organs Collected from Retail Shops and Supermarkets of North Western Province in Sri Lanka. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8962698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium that lives in human and animal intestines. Shiga toxin-producing strains of E. coli STECs are responsible for most food-related E. coli infections. Pathogenic E. coli transmits to human bodies due to the consumption of contaminated, raw, or undercooked food. This study was conducted to identify the prevalence of E. coli contamination in edible poultry meat and meat organs in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka. A total of 250 samples consisting of chicken meat (n = 144) and edible organs (n = 106) were collected from retail shops (n = 181) and supermarkets (n = 69), in both Kurunegala and Puttlam districts. The prevalence of E. coli from 250 chicken meat samples was 66.80% (167/250); E. coli prevalence at retail shops (66.85%) was higher than that at supermarkets (66.67%) and was not statistically significant. E. coli prevalence in chicken meat and edible organs was 65.73% and 69.16%, respectively. Molecular confirmation for the positive samples was done through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using previously designed primers. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to CLSI using nine antibiotics: ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. Most isolates were resistant to erythromycin (80.84%) and amoxicillin (76.05%), while the least resistance was observed for gentamicin (4.79%). This study indicates the potential public health risk associated with chicken sold at retail and supermarket levels in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka.
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Jarquin C, Morales O, McCracken JP, Lopez MR, Lopez B, Reyes L, Gómez GA, Bryan JP, Peruski LF, Pattabiraman V, Parsons MB. Burden of Diarrheagenic
Escherichia coli
in Santa Rosa, Guatemala in active health‐services surveillance during 2008‐2009 and 2014‐2015. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:408-417. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jarquin
- Center for Health Studies Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala
| | - Oneida Morales
- Center for Health Studies Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala
| | - John P. McCracken
- Center for Health Studies Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala
| | - Maria R. Lopez
- Center for Health Studies Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala
| | - Beatriz Lopez
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Central America Regional Office Center for Global Health Guatemala
| | - Lisette Reyes
- Guatemalan Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare Guatemala
| | - Gerardo A. Gómez
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta USA
| | - Joe P. Bryan
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Central America Regional Office Center for Global Health Guatemala
| | - Leonard F. Peruski
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Central America Regional Office Center for Global Health Guatemala
| | - Vaishnavi Pattabiraman
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta USA
| | - Michele B. Parsons
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta USA
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Eid R, Bakr A, Elmougy A, Zedan MM, Allam NA, Sarhan A, Hammad A, El-Refaey AM, Hamdy N. Postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome in Egyptian children: An 11-year single-center experience. SAUDI JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES AND TRANSPLANTATION 2021; 31:1376-1387. [PMID: 33565450 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.308349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a leading cause of childhood acute kidney injury (AKI) worldwide, with its postdiarrheal (D+HUS) form being the most common. Scarce data are available regarding D+HUS epidemiology from developing countries. This study aims to reveal the characterization of D+ HUS in Egyptian children. This is a retrospective study of all children with D+HUS admitted to a tertiary pediatric hospital in Egypt between 2007 and 2017. The study included epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data; management details; and outcomes. A cohort of 132 children aged 4months to 12 years was analyzed. Yearly incidence peaked in 2017, and spring showed the highest peak. All cases had a diarrheal prodrome that was bloody in 83% of the cases. Edema and decreased urine output were the most frequent presentations (50.3% and 42.4%, respectively). Escherichia coli was detected in 56 cases. Dialysis was performed in 102 cases. Eight patients died during acute illness, while five patients experienced long-term sequels. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) positively correlated with serum creatinine and negatively correlated with reticulocytic count. Univariate analysis showed that longer anuria duration, short duration between diarrheal illness and development of AKI (P = 0.001), leukocyte count above 20 × 109 cells/L (P ≤ 0.001), platelet count below 30 × 109 cells/L (P = 0.02), high LDH levels (P = 0.02) and hematocrit above 30% (P = 0.0001), need for dialysis (P = 0.03), and neurological involvement (P ≤ 0.001) were associated with unfavorable outcomes. This is the first report with a detailed insight into the epidemiology of D+HUS in Egyptian children. The incidence of D+HUS is increasing in our country due to increased awareness of the disease and the poor public health measures. Anuria duration, leukocyte count, and neurological involvement are predictors of poor outcome in the current work, and LDH is introduced as a marker of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham Eid
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Bakr
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Atef Elmougy
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Zedan
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nahla A Allam
- Nora Center for Pediatric Kidney Diseases and Kidney Transplantation, Soba University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amr Sarhan
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ayman Hammad
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Refaey
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Hamdy
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
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7
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Schack RM, Handby M, Gregory J, Subasinghe N, Coutts SP. A fatal case of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli linked to a private drinking water supply. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2020; 44. [PMID: 33278870 DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2020.44.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In May 2017, a fatal case of Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> (STEC) with haemolytic uremic syndrome was investigated by the Victorian Department of Health and Human Services and a local government authority. Investigation revealed the case used rainwater harvested from the roof of their home and stored in tanks as a private drinking water supply, despite the availability of a reticulated supply from the local water authority. <i>Escherichia coli</I> Stx1 and Stx2 genes were detected in a water sample collected from the private drinking water supply, consistent with those earlier identified in the case’s faecal sample. This case study highlights the potential risks of STEC infection from private drinking water supplies, the importance of proper maintenance of such supplies, and the preferable use of reticulated water supplies when available. It also demonstrated an effective collaboration between local and state government for an environmental public health investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Schack
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Handby
- Environmental Health Officer, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joy Gregory
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nela Subasinghe
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun P Coutts
- Health Protection Branch, Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Awofisayo-Okuyelu A, Brainard J, Hall I, McCarthy N. Incubation Period of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Epidemiol Rev 2020; 41:121-129. [PMID: 31616910 PMCID: PMC7108491 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli are pathogenic bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Severe infections could lead to life-threatening complications, especially in young children and the elderly. Understanding the distribution of the incubation period, which is currently inconsistent and ambiguous, can help in controlling the burden of disease. We conducted a systematic review of outbreak investigation reports, extracted individual incubation data and summary estimates, tested for heterogeneity, classified studies into subgroups with limited heterogeneity, and undertook a meta-analysis to identify factors that may contribute to the distribution of the pathogen’s incubation period. Twenty-eight studies were identified for inclusion in the review (1 of which included information on 2 outbreaks), and the resulting I2 value was 77%, indicating high heterogeneity. Studies were classified into 5 subgroups, with the mean incubation period ranging from 3.5 to 8.1 days. The length of the incubation period increased with patient age and decreased by 7.2 hours with every 10% increase in attack rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedoyin Awofisayo-Okuyelu
- Correspondence to Adedoyin Awofisayo-Okuyelu, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom OX1 3SY ()
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9
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Global and regional source attribution of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections using analysis of outbreak surveillance data. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e236. [PMID: 31364563 PMCID: PMC6625198 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881900116x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections pose a substantial health and economic burden worldwide. To target interventions to prevent foodborne infections, it is important to determine the types of foods leading to illness. Our objective was to determine the food sources of STEC globally and for the six World Health Organization regions. We used data from STEC outbreaks that have occurred globally to estimate source attribution fractions. We categorised foods according to their ingredients and applied a probabilistic model that used information on implicated foods for source attribution. Data were received from 27 countries covering the period between 1998 and 2017 and three regions: the Americas (AMR), Europe (EUR) and Western-Pacific (WPR). Results showed that the top foods varied across regions. The most important sources in AMR were beef (40%; 95% Uncertainty Interval 39-41%) and produce (35%; 95% UI 34-36%). In EUR, the ranking was similar though with less marked differences between sources (beef 31%; 95% UI 28-34% and produce 30%; 95% UI 27-33%). In contrast, the most common source of STEC in WPR was produce (43%; 95% UI 36-46%), followed by dairy (27%; 95% UI 27-27%). Possible explanations for regional variability include differences in food consumption and preparation, frequency of STEC contamination, the potential of regionally predominant STEC strains to cause severe illness and differences in outbreak investigation and reporting. Despite data gaps, these results provide important information to inform the development of strategies for lowering the global burden of STEC infections.
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10
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Analysis of individual patient data to describe the incubation period distribution of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e162. [PMID: 31063091 PMCID: PMC6518530 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a pathogen that can cause bloody diarrhoea and severe complications. Cases occur sporadically but outbreaks are also common. Understanding the incubation period distribution and factors influencing it will help in the investigation of exposures and consequent disease control. We extracted individual patient data for STEC cases associated with outbreaks with a known source of exposure in England and Wales. The incubation period was derived and cases were described according to patient and outbreak characteristics. We tested for heterogeneity in reported incubation period between outbreaks and described the pattern of heterogeneity. We employed a multi-level regression model to examine the relationship between patient characteristics such as age, gender and reported symptoms; and outbreak characteristics such as mode of transmission with the incubation period. A total of 205 cases from 41 outbreaks were included in the study, of which 64 cases (31%) were from a single outbreak. The median incubation period was 4 days. Cases reporting bloody diarrhoea reported shorter incubation periods compared with cases without bloody diarrhoea, and likewise, cases aged between 40 and 59 years reported shorter incubation period compared with other age groups. It is recommended that public health officials consider the characteristics of cases involved in an outbreak in order to inform the outbreak investigation and the period of exposure to be investigated.
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11
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Joseph A, Cointe A, Mariani Kurkdjian P, Rafat C, Hertig A. Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E67. [PMID: 31973203 PMCID: PMC7076748 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of human infection by one of the many Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is determined by a number of factors: the bacterial genome, the capacity of human societies to prevent foodborne epidemics, the medical condition of infected patients (in particular their hydration status, often compromised by severe diarrhea), and by our capacity to devise new therapeutic approaches, most specifically to combat the bacterial virulence factors, as opposed to our current strategies that essentially aim to palliate organ deficiencies. The last major outbreak in 2011 in Germany, which killed more than 50 people in Europe, was evidence that an effective treatment was still lacking. Herein, we review the current knowledge of STEC virulence, how societies organize the prevention of human disease, and how physicians treat (and, hopefully, will treat) its potentially fatal complications. In particular, we focus on STEC-induced hemolytic and uremic syndrome (HUS), where the intrusion of toxins inside endothelial cells results in massive cell death, activation of the coagulation within capillaries, and eventually organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Joseph
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Aurélie Cointe
- Department of Microbiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France; (A.C.); (P.M.K.)
| | | | - Cédric Rafat
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Alexandre Hertig
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Jenkins C, Monteiro Pires S, Morabito S, Niskanen T, Scheutz F, da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Bolton D. Pathogenicity assessment of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and the public health risk posed by contamination of food with STEC. EFSA J 2020. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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13
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Bury S, Soundararajan M, Bharti R, von Bünau R, Förstner KU, Oelschlaeger TA. The Probiotic Escherichia coli Strain Nissle 1917 Combats Lambdoid Bacteriophages stx and λ. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:929. [PMID: 29896160 PMCID: PMC5987069 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx) producing E. coli (STEC) such as Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are the major cause of foodborne illness in humans. In vitro studies showed the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) to efficiently inhibit the production of Stx. Life threatening EHEC strains as for example the serotype O104:H4, responsible for the great outbreak in 2011 in Germany, evolutionary developed from certain E. coli strains which got infected by stx2-encoding lambdoid phages turning the E. coli into lysogenic and subsequently Stx producing strains. Since antibiotics induce stx genes and Stx production, EHEC infected persons are not recommended to be treated with antibiotics. Therefore, EcN might be an alternative medication. However, because even commensal E. coli strains might be converted into Stx-producers after becoming host to a stx encoding prophage, we tested EcN for stx-phage genome integration. Our experiments revealed the resistance of EcN toward not only stx-phages but also against lambda-phages. This resistance was not based on the lack of or by mutated phage receptors. Rather it involved the expression of a phage repressor (pr) gene of a defective prophage in EcN which was able to partially protect E. coli K-12 strain MG1655 against stx and lambda phage infection. Furthermore, we observed EcN to inactivate phages and thereby to protect E. coli K-12 strains against infection by stx- as well as lambda-phages. Inactivation of lambda-phages was due to binding of lambda-phages to LamB of EcN whereas inactivation of stx-phages was caused by a thermostable protein of EcN. These properties together with its ability to inhibit Stx production make EcN a good candidate for the prevention of illness caused by EHEC and probably for the treatment of already infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bury
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Richa Bharti
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Konrad U Förstner
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias A Oelschlaeger
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Paquette SJ, Stanford K, Thomas J, Reuter T. Quantitative surveillance of shiga toxins 1 and 2, Escherichia coli O178 and O157 in feces of western-Canadian slaughter cattle enumerated by droplet digital PCR with a focus on seasonality and slaughterhouse location. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195880. [PMID: 29649278 PMCID: PMC5897018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Often Escherichia coli are harmless and/or beneficial bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and humans. However, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) have been linked to human disease. Cattle are the primary reservoir for STEC and STEC “super-shedders” are considered to be a major contributor in animal to animal transmission. Among STEC, O157:H7 is the most recognized serotype, but in recent years, non-O157 STEC have been increasingly linked to human disease. In Argentina and Germany, O178 is considered an emerging pathogen. Our objective was to compare populations of E. coli O178, O157, shiga toxin 1 and 2 in western Canadian cattle feces from a sampling pool of ~80,000 beef cattle collected at two slaughterhouses. Conventional PCR was utilized to screen 1,773 samples for presence/absence of E. coli O178. A subset of samples (n = 168) was enumerated using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and proportions of O178, O157 and shiga toxins 1 & 2 specific-fragments were calculated as a proportion of generic E. coli (GEC) specific-fragments. Distribution of stx1 and stx2 was determined by comparing stx1, stx2 and O157 enumerations. Conventional PCR detected the presence of O178 in 873 of 1,773 samples and ddPCR found the average proportion of O178, O157, stx1 and stx2 in the samples 2.8%, 0.6%, 1.4% and 0.5%, respectively. Quantification of stx1 and stx2 revealed more virulence genes than could be exclusively attributed to O157. Our results confirmed the presence of E. coli O178 in western Canadian cattle and ddPCR revealed O178 as a greater proportion of GEC than was O157. Our results suggests: I) O178 may be an emerging subgroup in Canada and II) monitoring virulence genes may be a more relevant target for food-safety STEC surveillance compared to current serogroup screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jo Paquette
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Thomas
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim Reuter
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Kalule JB, Keddy KH, Smith A, Nicol MP, Robberts L. Development of a real-time PCR assay and comparison to CHROMagar TM STEC to screen for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in stool, Cape Town, South Africa. Afr J Lab Med 2017; 6:609. [PMID: 29435423 PMCID: PMC5803521 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v6i1.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an emerging infectious pathogen which could lead to haemolytic uremic syndrome. Even though previous studies have compared the performance of CHROMagarTMSTEC to real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in Europe, no study has been done to assess its performance on African isolates. Objectives This project aimed to validate and test an in-house-developed duplex real-time PCR and use it as a reference standard to determine the performance of CHROMagarTMSTEC on African isolates from diarrhoeic stool samples. Methods This study evaluated STEC diagnostic technology on African isolates. An in-house-developed duplex real-time PCR assay for detection of stx1 and stx2 was validated and tested on diarrhoeic stool samples and then used as a reference standard to assess the performance of CHROMagarTMSTEC. Real-time PCR was used to screen for stx in tryptic soy broth and the suspected STEC isolates, while conventional PCR was used to detect the other virulence genes possessed by the isolates. Results The real-time PCR limit of detection was 5.3 target copies/μL of broth. The mean melting temperature on melt-curve analysis for detection of stx1 was 58.2 °C and for stx2 was 65.3 °C. Of 226 specimens screened, real-time PCR detected stx in 14 specimens (6.2%, 95% confidence interval = 3.43% - 10.18%). The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of the CHROMagarTMSTEC were 33.3%, 77.4%, 95.3% and 11.3%. Conclusions The in-house developed real-time PCR assay is a sensitive and specific option for laboratory detection of STEC as compared to CHROMagarTMSTEC in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Kalule
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen H Keddy
- Center for Enteric Disease Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anthony Smith
- Center for Enteric Disease Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lourens Robberts
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Monteiro R, Ageorges V, Rojas-Lopez M, Schmidt H, Weiss A, Bertin Y, Forano E, Jubelin G, Henderson IR, Livrelli V, Gobert AP, Rosini R, Soriani M, Desvaux M. A secretome view of colonisation factors in Shiga toxin-encodingEscherichia coli(STEC): from enterohaemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC) to related enteropathotypes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw179. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Stromberg LR, Hengartner NW, Swingle KL, Moxley RA, Graves SW, Montaño GA, Mukundan H. Membrane Insertion for the Detection of Lipopolysaccharides: Exploring the Dynamics of Amphiphile-in-Lipid Assays. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156295. [PMID: 27227979 PMCID: PMC4881986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is an important cause of foodborne illness, with cases attributable to beef, fresh produce and other sources. Many serotypes of the pathogen cause disease, and differentiating one serotype from another requires specific identification of the O antigen located on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule. The amphiphilic structure of LPS poses a challenge when using classical detection methods, which do not take into account its lipoglycan biochemistry. Typically, detection of LPS requires heat or chemical treatment of samples and relies on bioactivity assays for the conserved lipid A portion of the molecule. Our goal was to develop assays to facilitate the direct and discriminative detection of the entire LPS molecule and its O antigen in complex matrices using minimal sample processing. To perform serogroup identification of LPS, we used a method called membrane insertion on a waveguide biosensor, and tested three serogroups of LPS. The membrane insertion technique allows for the hydrophobic association of LPS with a lipid bilayer, where the exposed O antigen can be targeted for specific detection. Samples of beef lysate were spiked with LPS to perform O antigen specific detection of LPS from E. coli O157. To validate assay performance, we evaluated the biophysical interactions of LPS with lipid bilayers both in- and outside of a flow cell using fluorescence microscopy and fluorescently doped lipids. Our results indicate that membrane insertion allows for the qualitative and reliable identification of amphiphilic LPS in complex samples like beef homogenates. We also demonstrated that LPS-induced hole formation does not occur under the conditions of the membrane insertion assays. Together, these findings describe for the first time the serogroup-specific detection of amphiphilic LPS in complex samples using a membrane insertion assay, and highlight the importance of LPS molecular conformations in detection architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreen R. Stromberg
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Nicolas W. Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kirstie L. Swingle
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Rodney A. Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Steven W. Graves
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Gabriel A. Montaño
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Harshini Mukundan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
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Abstract
This article examines the role of genomics in the understanding and identification of O157:H7 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). We highlight the development of novel molecular typing systems that are based on the genomic sequence that has been generated for this pathotype. The genomic comparisons of EHEC to other E. coli strains highlight the close relatedness of the O157 and O55 isolates and also identify other non-O157 clades of isolates that appear to have a different genomic history. Analysis within the EHEC isolates must be completed on a fine scale using whole-genome sequence-based approaches to assess both the conserved and lateral acquired gene content. The plethora of genomic data for EHEC isolates has provided the ability to examine this pathotype in detail, which has provided opportunities for novel surveillance, detection, and diagnostics.
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Gulesen R, Levent B, Demir T, Akgeyik M, Kuran S. Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Humans between 2011 and 2014. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 69:390-4. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Revasiye Gulesen
- Public Health Institution of Turkey. National Reference Laboratory
| | - Belkis Levent
- Public Health Institution of Turkey. National Reference Laboratory
| | - Tulin Demir
- Public Health Institution of Turkey. National Reference Laboratory
- Ahi Evran University, Research and Training Hospital, Microbiology Department
| | - Mesut Akgeyik
- Public Health Institution of Turkey. National Reference Laboratory
| | - Sibel Kuran
- Public Health Institution of Turkey. National Reference Laboratory
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Guo Z, Yu T, He J, Liu F, Hao H, Zhao Y, Wen J, Wang Q. An integrated microfluidic chip for the detection of bacteria – A proof of concept. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:223-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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PCR-based detection and molecular characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains in a routine microbiology laboratory over 16 years. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3156-63. [PMID: 24920783 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00453-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a heterogeneous group of bacteria causing disease ranging from asymptomatic carriage and mild infection to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Here, we describe patients with STEC infection and characterize the STEC strains detected in our laboratory by use of PCR for stx1, stx2, and eae from 1996 through 2011. Patient information was collected from referral forms and from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases. STEC isolates were characterized with respect to serogroup or serotype, selected potential virulence genes, and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) genotype. STEC strains were isolated from 138 (1.09%) of 12,651 patients tested. STEC strains of serogroups O26, O103, O121, O145, and O157 were the most frequent. These serogroups, except non-sorbitol-fermenting O157, were also the most frequent among the 11 patients (all ≤5 years old) who developed HUS. Twenty-four STEC strains were classified as being HUS associated based on an epidemiological link to a HUS case, including an MLVA genotype identical to that of the STEC strain. The age of the patient (≤5 years) and the genes eae and stx2a were significantly associated with HUS-associated STEC (P < 0.05 for each parameter), while stx1 was associated with non-HUS-associated STEC (P < 0.05). All of the potential virulence genes analyzed, except ehxA, were significantly more frequent among HUS-associated than non-HUS-associated strains (P < 0.05 for each gene). However, these genes were also present in some non-HUS-associated STEC strains and could therefore not reliably differentiate between HUS-associated and non-HUS-associated STEC strains.
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Guy RA, Tremblay D, Beausoleil L, Harel J, Champagne MJ. Quantification of E. coli O157 and STEC in feces of farm animals using direct multiplex real time PCR (qPCR) and a modified most probable number assay comprised of immunomagnetic bead separation and qPCR detection. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 99:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Protection of mice against Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-associated damage by maternal immunization with a Brucella lumazine synthase-Stx2 B subunit chimera. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1491-9. [PMID: 24421050 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00027-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is defined as the triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. Enterohemorrhagic Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (EHEC), which causes a prodromal hemorrhagic enteritis, remains the most common etiology of the typical or epidemic form of HUS. Because no licensed vaccine or effective therapy is presently available for human use, we recently developed a novel immunogen based on the B subunit of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2B) and the enzyme lumazine synthase from Brucella spp. (BLS) (BLS-Stx2B). The aim of this study was to analyze maternal immunization with BLS-Stx2B as a possible approach for transferring anti-Stx2 protection to the offspring. BALB/c female mice were immunized with BLS-Stx2B before mating. Both dams and pups presented comparable titers of anti-Stx2B antibodies in sera and fecal extracts. Moreover, pups were totally protected against a lethal dose of systemic Stx2 injection up to 2 to 3 months postpartum. In addition, pups were resistant to an oral challenge with an Stx2-producing EHEC strain at weaning and did not develop any symptomatology associated with Stx2 toxicity. Fostering experiments demonstrated that anti-Stx2B neutralizing IgG antibodies were transmitted through breast-feeding. Pups that survived the EHEC infection due to maternally transferred immunity prolonged an active and specific immune response that protected them against a subsequent challenge with intravenous Stx2. Our study shows that maternal immunization with BLS-Stx2B was very effective at promoting the transfer of specific antibodies, and suggests that preexposure of adult females to this immunogen could protect their offspring during the early phase of life.
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Hosseini H, Jamshidi A, Basssami MR, Khaksar R, Zeynali T, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Khanzadi S. Isolation, Identification and Virulence Gene Profiling of E
scherichia coli
O157:H7 in Retail Doner Kebabs, Iran. J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Abdollah Jamshidi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Azadi Square, Mashhad 9177948974 Mashhad Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Basssami
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - Ramin Khaksar
- Department of Food Science and Technology; National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Tayebe Zeynali
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Azadi Square, Mashhad 9177948974 Mashhad Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Islamic Azad University; Science and Research Branch; Tehran Iran
| | - Saeid Khanzadi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquaculture; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Azadi Square, Mashhad 9177948974 Mashhad Iran
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Lorenz SC, Son I, Maounounen-Laasri A, Lin A, Fischer M, Kase JA. Prevalence of hemolysin genes and comparison of ehxA subtype patterns in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and non-STEC strains from clinical, food, and animal sources. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6301-11. [PMID: 23934487 PMCID: PMC3811216 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02200-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) belonging to certain serogroups (e.g., O157 and O26) can cause serious conditions like hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), but other strains might be equally pathogenic. While virulence factors, like stx and eae, have been well studied, little is known about the prevalence of the E. coli hemolysin genes (hlyA, ehxA, e-hlyA, and sheA) in association with these factors. Hemolysins are potential virulence factors, and ehxA and hlyA have been associated with human illness, but the significance of sheA is unknown. Hence, 435 E. coli strains belonging to 62 different O serogroups were characterized to investigate gene presence and phenotypic expression of hemolysis. We further investigated ehxA subtype patterns in E. coli isolates from clinical, animal, and food sources. While sheA and ehxA were widely distributed, e-hlyA and hlyA were rarely found. Most strains (86.7%) were hemolytic, and significantly more hemolytic (95%) than nonhemolytic strains (49%) carried stx and/or eae (P < 0.0001). ehxA subtyping, as performed by using PCR in combination with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, resulted in six closely related subtypes (>94.2%), with subtypes A/D being eae-negative STECs and subtypes B, C, E, and F eae positive. Unexpectedly, ehxA subtype patterns differed significantly between isolates collected from different sources (P < 0.0001), suggesting that simple linear models of exposure and transmission need modification; animal isolates carried mostly subtypes A/C (39.3%/42.9%), food isolates carried mainly subtype A (81.9%), and clinical isolates carried mainly subtype C (66.4%). Certain O serogroups correlated with particular ehxA subtypes: subtype A with O104, O113, and O8; B exclusively with O157; C with O26, O111, and O121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C. Lorenz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Microbiology, College Park, Maryland, USA
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Insook Son
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Microbiology, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Maounounen-Laasri
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Microbiology, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Lin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, San Francisco District Laboratory, Alameda, California, USA
| | - Markus Fischer
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julie A. Kase
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Microbiology, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Taylor EV, Nguyen TA, Machesky KD, Koch E, Sotir MJ, Bohm SR, Folster JP, Bokanyi R, Kupper A, Bidol SA, Emanuel A, Arends KD, Johnson SA, Dunn J, Stroika S, Patel MK, Williams I. Multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O145 infections associated with romaine lettuce consumption, 2010. J Food Prot 2013; 76:939-44. [PMID: 23726187 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause severe illness, including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). STEC O145 is the sixth most commonly reported non-O157 STEC in the United States, although outbreaks have been infrequent. In April and May 2010, we investigated a multistate outbreak of STEC O145 infection. Confirmed cases were STEC O145 infections with isolate pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns indistinguishable from those of the outbreak strain. Probable cases were STEC O145 infections or HUS in persons who were epidemiologically linked. Case-control studies were conducted in Michigan and Ohio; food exposures were analyzed at the restaurant, menu, and ingredient level. Environmental inspections were conducted in implicated food establishments, and food samples were collected and tested. To characterize clinical findings associated with infections, we conducted a chart review for case patients who sought medical care. We identified 27 confirmed and 4 probable cases from five states. Of these, 14 (45%) were hospitalized, 3 (10%) developed HUS, and none died. Among two case-control studies conducted, illness was significantly associated with consumption of shredded romaine lettuce in Michigan (odds ratio [OR] = undefined; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6 to undefined) and Ohio (OR = 10.9; 95% CI = 3.1 to 40.5). Samples from an unopened bag of shredded romaine lettuce yielded the predominant outbreak strain. Of 15 case patients included in the chart review, 14 (93%) had diarrhea and abdominal cramps and 11 (73%) developed bloody diarrhea. This report documents the first foodborne outbreak of STEC O145 infections in the United States. Current surveillance efforts focus primarily on E. coli O157 infections; however, non-O157 STEC can cause similar disease and outbreaks, and efforts should be made to identify both O157 and non-O157 STEC infections. Providers should test all patients with bloody diarrhea for both non-O157 and O157 STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Taylor
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Frye JG, Jackson CR. Genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance identified in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Enteroccocus spp. isolated from U.S. food animals. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:135. [PMID: 23734150 PMCID: PMC3661942 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AR) in bacteria isolated from U.S. food animals has increased over the last several decades as have concerns of AR foodborne zoonotic human infections. Resistance mechanisms identified in U.S. animal isolates of Salmonella enterica included resistance to aminoglycosides (e.g., alleles of aacC, aadA, aadB, ant, aphA, and StrAB), β-lactams (e.g., blaCMY−2, TEM−1, PSE−1), chloramphenicol (e.g., floR, cmlA, cat1, cat2), folate pathway inhibitors (e.g., alleles of sul and dfr), and tetracycline [e.g., alleles of tet(A), (B), (C), (D), (G), and tetR]. In the U.S., multi-drug resistance (MDR) mechanisms in Salmonella animal isolates were associated with integrons, or mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as IncA/C plasmids which can be transferred among bacteria. It is thought that AR Salmonella originates in food animals and is transmitted through food to humans. However, some AR Salmonella isolated from humans in the U.S. have different AR elements than those isolated from food animals, suggesting a different etiology for some AR human infections. The AR mechanisms identified in isolates from outside the U.S. are also predominantly different. For example the extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are found in human and animal isolates globally; however, in the U.S., ESBLs thus far have only been found in human and not food animal isolates. Commensal bacteria in animals including Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. may be reservoirs for AR mechanisms. Many of the AR genes and MGEs found in E. coli isolated from U.S. animals are similar to those found in Salmonella. Enterococcus spp. isolated from animals frequently carry MGEs with AR genes, including resistances to aminoglycosides (e.g., alleles of aac, ant, and aph), macrolides [e.g., erm(A), erm(B), and msrC], and tetracyclines [e.g., tet(K), (L), (M), (O), (S)]. Continuing investigations are required to help understand and mitigate the impact of AR bacteria on human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Athens, GA, USA
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Momtaz H, Safarpoor Dehkordi F, Rahimi E, Ezadi H, Arab R. Incidence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups in ruminant's meat. Meat Sci 2013; 95:381-8. [PMID: 23747633 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To assess the presences of Escherichia coli, its serogroups, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance properties in ruminant's meat, a total of 820 raw meat samples were collected and then evaluated using culture, PCR and disk diffusion methods. Totally, 238 (29.02%) samples were positive for presence of Escherichia coli. All of the isolates had more than one virulence gene including Stx1, Stx2, eaeA and ehly. All investigated serogroups were found in beef and sheep and all except O145, O121 and O128 were found in goat. The O91, O113, O111, O103, O26 and O157 serogroups were found in camel. Totally, aadA1-blaSHV combination was the most predominant antibiotic resistance gene. The highest resistance of STEC strains was seen against penicillin while resistance to nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin was minimal. These findings showed that health care and meat inspection should be reconsidered in Iranian slaughterhouses and butchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Steyert SR, Sahl JW, Fraser CM, Teel LD, Scheutz F, Rasko DA. Comparative genomics and stx phage characterization of LEE-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:133. [PMID: 23162798 PMCID: PMC3491183 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Escherichia coli and Shigella species are among the leading causes of death due to diarrheal disease in the world. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that do not encode the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE-negative STEC) often possess Shiga toxin gene variants and have been isolated from humans and a variety of animal sources. In this study, we compare the genomes of nine LEE-negative STEC harboring various stx alleles with four complete reference LEE-positive STEC isolates. Compared to a representative collection of prototype E. coli and Shigella isolates representing each of the pathotypes, the whole genome phylogeny demonstrated that these isolates are diverse. Whole genome comparative analysis of the 13 genomes revealed that in addition to the absence of the LEE pathogenicity island, phage-encoded genes including non-LEE encoded effectors, were absent from all nine LEE-negative STEC genomes. Several plasmid-encoded virulence factors reportedly identified in LEE-negative STEC isolates were identified in only a subset of the nine LEE-negative isolates further confirming the diversity of this group. In combination with whole genome analysis, we characterized the lambdoid phages harboring the various stx alleles and determined their genomic insertion sites. Although the integrase gene sequence corresponded with genomic location, it was not correlated with stx variant, further highlighting the mosaic nature of these phages. The transcription of these phages in different genomic backgrounds was examined. Expression of the Shiga toxin genes, stx(1) and/or stx(2), as well as the Q genes, were examined with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays. A wide range of basal and induced toxin induction was observed. Overall, this is a first significant foray into the genome space of this unexplored group of emerging and divergent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Steyert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Novel repressor of Escherichia coli O157:H7 motility encoded in the putative fimbrial cluster OI-1. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:5343-52. [PMID: 22843849 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01025-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a gastrointestinal pathogen that has become a serious public health concern, as it is associated with outbreaks and severe diseases such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The molecular basis of its greater virulence than that of other serotypes is not completely known. OI-1 is a putative fimbria-encoding genomic island that is found almost exclusively in O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains and may be associated with the enhanced pathogenesis of these strains. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel repressor of flagellar synthesis encoded by OI-1. We showed that deletion of Z0021 increased the motility of E. coli O157:H7, which correlated with an increase in flagellin production and enhanced assembly of flagella on the cell surface. In contrast, overexpression of Z0021 inhibited motility. We demonstrated that Z0021 exerted its regulatory effects downstream of the transcription and translation of flhDC but prior to the activation of class II/III promoters. Furthermore, the master regulator of flagellar synthesis, FlhD(4)C(2), was shown to be a high-copy suppressor of the nonmotile phenotype associated with elevated levels of Z0021--a finding consistent with Z0021-FlhD(4)C(2) being a potential regulatory complex. This work provides insight into the mechanism by which Z0021, which we have named fmrA, represses flagellar synthesis and is the first report of a fimbrial-operon-encoded inhibitor of motility in E. coli O157:H7.
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Lienemann T, Salo E, Rimhanen-Finne R, Rönnholm K, Taimisto M, Hirvonen JJ, Tarkka E, Kuusi M, Siitonen A. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O78:H(-) in family, Finland, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:577-81. [PMID: 22469631 PMCID: PMC3309701 DOI: 10.3201/eid1804.111310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STEC carrying stx1c and hlyA genes can invade the human bloodstream. Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a pathogen that causes gastroenteritis and bloody diarrhea but can lead to severe disease, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). STEC serotype O78:H– is rare among humans, and infections are often asymptomatic. We detected a sorbitol-fermenting STEC O78:H–stx1c:hlyA in blood and fecal samples of a 2-week-old boy who had bacteremia and HUS and in fecal samples of his asymptomatic family members. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and the virulence properties of this invasive STEC were investigated. Our findings demonstrate that contrary to earlier suggestions, STEC under certain conditions can invade the human bloodstream. Moreover, this study highlights the need to implement appropriate diagnostic methods for identifying the whole spectrum of STEC strains associated with HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Lienemann
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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33
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Charimba G, Hugo C, Hugo A. The incidence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in minced beef and boerewors. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Sheridan À, Lenahan M, Duffy G, Fanning S, Burgess C. The potential for biocide tolerance in Escherichia coli and its impact on the response to food processing stresses. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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35
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Shimizu T, Tsutsuki H, Matsumoto A, Nakaya H, Noda M. The nitric oxide reductase of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli plays an important role for the survival within macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2012; 85:492-512. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Contribution of urease to colonization by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2589-600. [PMID: 22665380 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00210-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a food-borne pathogen with a low infectious dose that colonizes the colon in humans and can cause severe clinical manifestations such as hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The urease enzyme, encoded in the STEC chromosome, has been demonstrated to act as a virulence factor in other bacterial pathogens. The NH(3) produced as urease hydrolyzes urea can aid in buffering bacteria in acidic environments as well as provide an easily assimilated source of nitrogen that bacteria can use to gain a metabolic advantage over intact microflora. Here, we explore the role of urease in STEC pathogenicity. The STEC urease enzyme exhibited maximum activity near neutral pH and during the stationary-growth phase. Experiments altering growth conditions performed with three phylogenetically distinct urease-positive strains demonstrated that the STEC ure gene cluster is inducible by neither urea nor pH but does respond to nitrogen availability. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) data indicate that nitrogen inhibits the transcriptional response. The deletion of the ure gene locus was constructed in STEC strain 88-0643, and the ure mutant was used with the wild-type strain in competition experiments in mouse models to examine the contribution of urease. The wild-type strain was twice as likely to survive passage through the acidic stomach and demonstrated an enhanced ability to colonize the intestinal tract compared to the ure mutant strain. These in vivo experiments reveal that, although the benefit STEC gains from urease expression is modest and not absolutely required for colonization, urease can contribute to the pathogenicity of STEC.
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37
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Jinneman KC, Waite-Cusic JG, Yoshitomi KJ. Evaluation of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) method for the detection and identification of STEC O104 strains from sprouts. Food Microbiol 2012; 30:321-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Mohammed MAM. Molecular characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from meat products sold at Mansoura city, Egypt. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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39
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Subramanian S, Aschenbach KH, Evangelista JP, Najjar MB, Song W, Gomez RD. Rapid, sensitive and label-free detection of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O157 using carbon nanotube biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 32:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Schaffzin JK, Coronado F, Dumas NB, Root TP, Halse TA, Schoonmaker-Bopp DJ, Lurie MM, Nicholas D, Gerzonich B, Johnson GS, Wallace BJ, Musser KA. Public health approach to detection of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: summary of two outbreaks and laboratory procedures. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:283-9. [PMID: 21554779 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811000719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine laboratory testing may not detect non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) reliably. Active clinical, epidemiological, environmental health, and laboratory collaboration probably influence successful detection and study of non-O157 STEC infection. We summarized two outbreak investigations in which such coordinated efforts identified non-O157 STEC disease and led to effective control measures. Outbreak 1 involved illness associated with consuming unpasteurized apple cider from a local orchard. Public health personnel were notified by a local hospital; stool specimens from ill persons contained O111 STEC. Outbreak 2 involved bloody diarrhoea at a correctional facility. Public health personnel were notified by the facility infection control officer; O45 STEC was the implicated agent. These reports highlight the ability of non-O157 STEC to cause outbreaks and demonstrate that a coordinated effort by clinicians, infection-control practitioners, clinical diagnostic laboratorians, and public health personnel can lead to effective identification, investigation, and prevention of non-O157 STEC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Schaffzin
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Scientific Education and Professional Development Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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41
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Rivero MA, Passucci JA, Rodríguez EM, Parma AE. Seasonal variation of HUS occurrence and VTEC infection in children with acute diarrhoea from Argentina. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:1131-5. [PMID: 21938536 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the seasonality of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) infection in children, 437 patients under 6 years of age with acute diarrhoea were studied, 8% of whom progressed to HUS. VTEC was found in 10% of all of the stool samples analysed and seasonal occurrence of HUS (p < 0.01) was confirmed. VTEC infection was more prevalent in warm months, although the differences were not statistically significant. Moreover, a significant difference in the detection of O157:H7 serotype and in the vt profile between cold and warm months (autumn and winter; spring and summer, respectively) was established. The O157:H7 serotype was isolated more frequently during warm months. Moreover, a predominance of vt (2) was noted, which was partially replaced by the combination of vt (1) with vt (2) in the cold season. The results of this study indicate the seasonal variation of the disease and the presence of serotype O157:H7 and the vt types. They also reinforce the need to develop prevention programmes considering the seasonal pattern of the disease, which would generate an impact on public health. Control strategies of the pathogen in cattle in the most risky season of the year would also be of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rivero
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
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42
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Rivero MA, Passucci JA, Rodriguez EM, Signorini ML, Tarabla HD, Parma AE. Factors associated with sporadic verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in children with diarrhea from the Central Eastern Area of Argentina. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:901-6. [PMID: 21492023 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are one of the most important emerging foodborne pathogens and the principal cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). This entity has been recognized worldwide as a priority issue in the field of zoonoses and public health, and Argentina is the country with the highest incidence of HUS in children less than 5 years of age.The lack of specific treatment, combined with the high morbidity rate of VTEC infection, makes prevention the main tool for reducing the incidence of HUS. The current work aimed at assessing the factors associated with sporadic VTEC infection in children with acute diarrhea from the Central Eastern area of Argentina where the incidence rate of HUS in children under 5 is the highest worldwide. A univariate analysis was performed to identify potential factors associated with VTEC infection by calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Then, a multivariate logistic regression model was performed. Interaction and association between significant factors were checked. "Recent consumption of food prepared outside home" (OR: 2.4, 95% CI 1.05-5.7) and "recent vegetables consumption" (OR=0.4; 0.2-0.8) were identified as independent factors associated with VTEC infection. We believe that the data obtained from this study further the current knowledge about the epidemiology of VTEC infection in Argentina and could be considered when planning strategies for the prevention of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alejandra Rivero
- Fac. de Cs. Veterinarias-UNCPBA, Depto. de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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43
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Sidari R, Caridi A. Methods for Detecting EnterohaemorrhagicEscherichia Coliin Food. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2010.535232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Li G, Hong J, Ren X, Yin J, Feng S, Huo G. Prokaryotic expression of Stx1B subunit of Escherichia coli O157:H7 used to generate monoclonal antibody. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 29:283-9. [PMID: 20715986 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Shiga-like toxins (Stx) are critical virulence factors for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), causing severe human illnesses of bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). A subunit of Stx, Stx1B protein, mediates the interaction between EHEC and the specific receptor of host organs. In this article, the recombinant expression vector pGEX-Stx1B bearing a signal peptide sequence-deleted Stx1B gene was constructed and the expression of protein of interest was achieved in a prokaryotic system. The resulting Stx1B protein was used to immunize BALB/c mice followed by the preparation of corresponding monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). One MAb (1G11) was generated. Western blot analysis showed that the MAb was capable of reacting with EHEC Stx1B protein. It had high affinity binding to the Stx1B protein and it distinguished EHEC from other control bacteria. Therefore, the MAb generated in this study can be used as a specific reagent to investigate the pathogenesis mechanism and to develop a diagnostic method of EHEC infection in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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45
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Functional and phylogenetic analysis of ureD in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2010; 193:875-86. [PMID: 21148732 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00922-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a food-borne pathogen that can cause severe health complications and utilizes a much lower infectious dose than other E. coli pathotypes. Despite having an intact ure locus, ureDABCEFG, the majority of EHEC strains are phenotypically urease negative under tested conditions. Urease activity potentially assists with survival fitness by enhancing acid tolerance during passage through the stomach or by aiding with colonization in either human or animal reservoirs. Previously, in the EHEC O157:H7 Sakai strain, a point mutation in ureD, encoding a urease chaperone protein, was identified, resulting in a substitution of an amber stop codon for glutamine. This single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is observed in the majority of EHEC O157:H7 isolates and correlates with a negative urease phenotype in vitro. We demonstrate that the lack of urease activity in vitro is not solely due to the amber codon in ureD. Our analysis has identified two additional SNPs in ureD affecting amino acid positions 38 and 205, in both cases determining whether the encoded amino acid is leucine or proline. Phylogenetic analysis based on Ure protein sequences from a variety of urease-encoding bacteria demonstrates that the proline at position 38 is highly conserved among Gram-negative bacteria. Experiments reveal that the L38P substitution enhances urease enzyme activity; however, the L205P substitution does not. Multilocus sequence typing analysis for a variety of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli isolates combined with the ureD sequence reveals that except for a subset of the O157:H7 strains, neither the in vitro urease-positive phenotype nor the ureD sequence is phylogenetically restricted.
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46
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Souza MRSM, Klassen G, Toni FD, Rigo LU, Henkes C, Pigatto CP, Dalagassa CDB, Fadel-Picheth CMT. Biochemical properties, enterohaemolysin production and plasmid carriage of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:318-21. [PMID: 20512247 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-eight strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were characterised in terms of biochemical properties, enterohaemolysin production and plasmid carriage. A wide variation in the biochemical properties was observed among the STEC, with 14 distinct biotypes identified. Biotype 1 was the most common, found in 29% of the strains. Enterohaemolysin production was detected in 29% of the strains. Most of the bacterial strains (95%) carried one or more plasmids and considerable heterogeneity in size and combinations was observed. Seven distinct plasmid profiles were identified. The most common profile, characterised by the presence of a single plasmid of ~90 kb, was found in 50% of these strains. These data indicate extensive diversity among STEC strains. No correlation was found among biotype, serotype, enterohaemolysin production and plasmid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario R S M Souza
- Departamento de Patologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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47
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Characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in New Zealand using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 139:464-71. [PMID: 20478087 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) has been proposed as an alternative to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7. In this study we characterized 118 E. coli O157:H7 isolates from cases of gastrointestinal disease in New Zealand using XbaI PFGE profiles and a MLVA scheme that assessed variability in eight polymorphic loci. The 118 isolates characterized included all 80 E. coli O157:H7 referred to New Zealand's Enteric Reference Laboratory in 2006 and 29 phage-type 2 isolates from 2005. When applied to these isolates the discriminatory power of PFGE and MLVA was not significantly different. However, MLVA data may be more epidemiologically relevant as isolates from family clusters of disease had identical MLVA profiles, even when the XbaI PFGE profiles differed slightly. Furthermore, most isolates with indistinguishable XbaI PFGE profiles that did not appear to be epidemiologically related had distinct MLVA profiles.
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48
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Karmali MA, Gannon V, Sargeant JM. Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC). Vet Microbiol 2010; 140:360-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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49
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Lanier WA, Leeper MM, Smith KE, Tillman GE, Holt KG, Gerner-Smidt P. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Subtypes of Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coliO157 Isolated from Ground Beef and Humans, United States, 2001–2006. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:1075-82. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William A. Lanier
- Office of Field Operations, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Canby, Oregon
- Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Molly M. Leeper
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kirk E. Smith
- Acute Disease Investigation and Control Section, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Glenn E. Tillman
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kristin G. Holt
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter Gerner-Smidt
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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50
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Narang N, Fratamico PM, Tillman G, Pupedis K, Cray WC. Performance comparison of a fliC(h7) real-time PCR assay with an H7 latex agglutination test for confirmation of the H type of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2195-7. [PMID: 19833045 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.10.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen that causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Positive identification of E. coli O157:H7 is made using biochemical tests and specific antisera or latex agglutination reagents for the O157 and H7 antigens. However, under certain conditions, some E. coli O157:H7 isolates can appear to be nonreactive with H7 antisera and may require multiple passages on motility medium to restore H7 antigenicity. In this study, we compared the performance of a real-time PCR test with that of a method using latex agglutination reagents to detect the presence of the fliC(h7) gene or the H7 antigen, respectively, in E. coli O157:H7 isolates. One hundred twenty-six E. coli strains were tested including reference strains and strains isolated from meat. Lyophilized E. coli O157:H7 isolates were rehydrated and were plated on sheep blood agar without passage on motility medium. All strains were analyzed in parallel by a real-time PCR test targeting the fliC(h7) gene and by a latex agglutination test that detects the H7 antigen. The real-time PCR assay showed 100% agreement with the H7 status reported for reference strains and E. coli O157:H7 meat isolates. The latex agglutination test results agreed with the H7 status reported for the E. coli O157:H7 reference strains and non-O157:H7 strains, except for one, E. coli O117:H7; however, 42% (42 of 100) of the E. coli O157:H7 meat isolates tested negative for the H7 antigen by latex agglutination. The real-time fliC(h7) PCR test can be used to confirm E. coli O157:H7 strains that are not expressing the immunoreactive H7 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Narang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Outbreak Section of the Eastern Laboratory, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
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